Civil War of 1861-1865

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Содержание

Introduction

1. Civil war background

1.1 Causes of the war

1.2 Slavery and attitude towards it in the South and in the North. The abolitionist movement

2. Stages of the Civil War in the United States of America

2.1 The precession of the Union

2.2 Army of the North and the South

2.3 The first period of the war

2.4 Second period of the war. (1863-1865)

2.5 Results of the war

Conclusion

List of sources

Introduction

The problem of civil war is relevant at all times. Of all the wars, this war is the most terrible, since the people of one country are fighting among themselves. Civil war is one of the most dangerous crisis-conflict situations with which it is destined to face human society. Like other conflicts, civil wars are largely logical. Their threat signals serious unhappiness in the decision of the society and the state of urgent problems by usual legal means. The study of the causes of civil wars and their consequences can help prevent their occurrence in the future

The object of this work is the emergence and development of democracy in the United States.

The subject of the work was the Civil War of 1861-1865.

The chronological scope of the study covers the period from the mid-1930s XX century up to 1865: the upper border is connected with the moment of the formation of radical abolitionist societies that had a significant impact on the course of the war and its results; the lower boundary marks the end of the war.

The territorial scope of the work is the territory of the Union (23 states, including the slave states of Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri and Maryland) and the Confederation (11 states, including Virginia, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, South Carolina) took part in hostilities.

The purpose of the work is to assess the significance of the Civil War in the establishment of democracy in the United States. The formulated goal implies the solution of the following tasks:

1. Give a description of the social situation in the US in the period preceding the war;

2. Identify the role of public and sociopolitical societies and movements in the emergence and escalation of a crisis;

3.To trace and analyze the course of military operations

The history of the United States is unique: it is the only state in the world that built capitalism and democracy based on the exploitation of slave labor. And his democracy, constitution and economy serve as an example for a huge number of countries. The history of the USA is extremely interesting for studying. The most striking moment is the Civil War between the North and the South. The main problems of American historiography of the civil war in the United States are analyzed in the fundamental monograph of Dementyev "American Historiography of the Civil War in the USA (1861-1865)." Now, the US publishes many works, whose authors seek to prove that the Civil War was no more, as a tragic and useless episode of American history .

1. Civil war background

1.1 Causes of the war

In the first half of the XIX century in the United States formed two systems ¬¬- slavery in the south and capitalism in the north. These were two completely different socio-economic systems , which coexisted in the same country. The situation was aggravated by the fact that despite the stable population growth and growth of economic development, the USA was a federal country. Each state lived its political and economic life and integration processes proceeded slowly. Therefore, the South, where slavery and the agrarian system of management was widespread, and the industrial North were separated into two separate economic regions. Entrepreneurs and the bulk of emigrants aspired to the North of the USA. In this region, the enterprises of machine building, metalworking, light industry were concentrated. Here the main workforce was numerous emigrants from other countries who worked in factories and other enterprises. Working hands in the North were enough, the demographic situation here was stable and the standard of living was high. Quite the opposite situation had developed in the South. In the course of the American-Mexican War, the USA received huge territories in the south, where there was a large number of free lands. On these lands planters settled, who had received huge land plots. That is why, unlike the North, the South had become an agrarian region. However, in the South there was one big problem - there was not enough manpower. Most of the emigrants traveled to the North, so from Africa, dating back to the 17th century, Negro slaves were brought in. By the beginning of the secession, one-fourth of the white population of the South was slave-owning. The South was an agrarian "appendage" of the United States. There were grown tobacco, sugarcane, cotton and rice. The North needed raw materials from the South, especially cotton, and the South needed cars of the North. Therefore, for a long time, two different economic regions coexisted in one country. Despite all the differences between the regions, in the South were carried out the same social changes like in the North. In the North, a flexible tax policy was implemented, money from state budgets was allocated for charity. The government tried to improve the living conditions of the white population. However, in the conservative and closed South, no actions were taken to emancipate women and to equalize the rights of Negroes with whites. A major role in the outlook of the southerners was played by the so-called "top" - wealthy slave owners who owned large land plots privately. This "top" played an important role in the politics of the southern states, as it was interested in maintaining its dominant position.

The causes of secession were complex and have been controversial since the war began, but most academic scholars identify slavery as a central cause of the war. James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further complicated by historical revisionists, who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war. Slavery was the central source of escalating political tension in the 1850s. The Republican Party was determined to prevent any spread of slavery, and many Southern leaders had threatened secession if the Republican candidate, Lincoln, won the 1860 election. After Lincoln had won, many Southern leaders felt that disunion was their only option, fearing that the loss of representation would hamper their ability to promote pro-slavery acts and policies. [15]

1.2 Slavery and attitude towards it in the South and in the North. The abolitionist movement

civil war sociopolitical military

Slavery in the United States was born in the 17th century: in 1619, when a representative government arose in Virginia, the first black slaves were imported into it. Until the end of the XVII century. The number of slaves remained relatively small, but then it began to grow rapidly. The vast majority of slaves were concentrated in the southern colonies, almost half of them were in Virginia. [13]

Even before the July 4, 1776, the North American colonies of England, having proclaimed independence, had become an independent state, there was a social hierarchy with two varieties ¬-- the northern and southern. In the South, at the head of its section was a wealthy class of planters (often descendants of aristocratic English families), whose business appendage was merchants, mass operations carried out, too complex for Belarussian aristocrats and "unworthy" them. The immense plantations of the South -- first of all tobacco (from the end of the 18th century --cotton ones), as well as sugar, rice and all sorts of others -- were processed by Negro slaves deprived of any rights.

The history of the Negroes in North America was that, being formally free (in the North), they were lower-class creatures from the point of view of all white Americans in the 17th and 18th centuries, and for the southerners they were just a household item, wordless animals, differed from cows or horses only functional use. "Respectable" northerners, among whom traders, and then industrialists played the leading role, did not care at all about what happened to "these blacks" in the expanses of the southern plantations. However, in the North, slavery did not exist. A part of the Negroes even had tiny farms there, sometimes had small shops and workshops, which only Negroes visited. The whites looked indulgently at this, sincerely rejoicing at their "democracy"

This situation developed until the early 20-ies XIX century, when not individual opponents of slavery appeared in the USA (this was before), but groups of people more and more resolutely opposed this institution incompatible with the rapid development of capitalism in the country and bourgeois-democratic ethics. Mostly it was the working people of the North and to a lesser extent of the South: farmers, artisans, later also industrial workers, the best part of the intelligentsia. Protecting the rights of the in the 50's ceased to be the monopoly of singles and small groups, called abolitionists, objectively becoming an organic part of the interests of the bourgeoisie of the northern states, for slavery and large landholding flourishing in the South hampered the development of the country along the capitalist path. However, the plantation oligarchy of the South did not intend to yield. Moreover, it was eager to spread slavery to the rest of the states, especially since the crisis of the slave-owning plantation economy had deepened by that time, and in the acquisition of new lands the planters saw their salvation [1].

In general, the anti-slavery movement was the largest movement throughout the history of the United States in terms of the number of participants and the scale of the propaganda, the revolutionary movements that carried out the great historical task of abolishing Negro slavery, the overthrow of the political power of the slave oligarchy. It arose among the people, attracted support and strength in it, and was associated with it with a thousand threads. The movement consisted of a number of currents and groups. Those who stood for the immediate and unconditional liberation of slaves were called abolitionists

The most striking manifestation of the movement of abolitionists in the late 20's. became a pamphlet written by David Walker and published in "Fridomas Journal." The pamphlet contained a radical program of liberation, and was called "Walker's call” in four paragraphs, together with the preamble, to the colored citizens of the world, but especially to those of them who are in the United States. This pamphlet called the Negroes to an armed war against their masters.

The initiator of the organized abolitionist movement was William Lloyd Garrison. First, he professed the Christian doctrine of non-resistance to evil by violence. But soon his views changed: he spoke with a militant program for the immediate release of slaves (although until the end he was opposed to revolutionary action).

From January 1831, Harrison began to publish the weekly newspaper Liberator (Liberator), which was soon banned in the South. It was around Harrison's newspaper began to group opponents of slavery. [3]

Over time, the abolitionists were divided into radicals who supported the idea of the immediate abolition of slavery, and moderate, who preferred step-by-step political measures to limit slavery.

December 4, 1833 in Philadelphia opened a congress of anti-slavery organizations, standing on the platform for the immediate release of slaves. The Congress declared the establishment of the American anti-slavery society and the adoption of the charter (constitution) and the program (the Declaration of Principles) of this society. The society united all the major abolitionist organizations and initiated the organized stage in the abolitionist movement [5].

Moderate abolitionists who found themselves in the majority, organized in 1840 the Freedom party, which, debuting the same year in the presidential election, collected only 7 thousand votes. In the elections of 1844 the party was supported by 63 thousand people. In 1848, the Free Freedom Party was replaced by the Free Soyle Party ("free land"), which required the prohibition of the spread of slavery to new territories - and this was limited. But the freesylers could not challenge the positions of the two leading parties - the Whigs and the Democrats .

The "road" was neither "underground" nor "iron"; according to the Negro writer Henrietta Buckmaster, it was the embodiment of anti-slavery beliefs. Until 1831 this organization was called the "underground system", and received its full name, paying tribute to the "miracle of the century" -- the appearance of the railway. The organization had about 3,211 permanent agents, who were called "operators" and "conductors." The two main "routes" of the "road" passed in the west through Ohio and Indiana in the direction of Chicago and the Great Lakes region, in the east through Pennsylvania to Buffalo, New York and the states of New England. The end of both was often Canada .

The organization consisted of a chain of calls called "stations"; "Trains" were called groups of whites and Negroes who accompanied the fugitives at night. "Routes" began on the southern plantations. Among the leaders of the organization, the most famous were: the family of priest John Rankin; Quaker Levi Coffin; a native of the slaveholding family John Feuerfield; mulatto Robert Purvis; former slaves John Mason, Josiah Henson, William Steele, Harriet Tubman (she was also called "Moses" of the Negro people) and many others . About 100 thousand Negroes were liberated by the forces of this organization.

Shortly before the start of the military operations, the abolitionists received their first martyr, a man who was hanged on December 2, 1859, for preparing and carrying out an armed insurrection in Harpers Ferry. This man was John Brown, fanatically hating slavery. He and another nineteen people on October 16 seized the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry. Brown hoped that the seizure of the arsenal would signal a rebellion of slaves. After a two-day shootout, Brown and those of his people who were still alive were captured by marines under the command of Col. Robert E. Lee.

The Harper's revolt had a stunning effect on the slave-owners of all the southern states: they realized that the opponents of slavery were able not only to talk ,but also to act and that they would not stop before an armed uprising. [9]

2. Stages of the Civil War in the United States of America

2.1 The precession of the Union

Political and public organizations that opposed slavery, formed in 1854 the Republican Party. The winner in the presidential election of 1860 was the candidate of this party, Abraham Lincoln. It became a sign of danger for the slaveowners and led to secession. On December 20, 1860, an example was filed by South Carolina, followed by:

Mississippi (January 9, 1861),

Florida (January 10, 1861),

Alabama (January 11, 1861),

Georgia (January 19, 1861),

Louisiana (January 26, 1861).

The legal justification for such actions was the absence in the US Constitution of a direct ban on the withdrawal of certain states from the US (although permission was also not available). These six states in February 1861 formed a new state - the Confederation of States of America. On March 1, Texas declared independence, which the next day joined the Confederation, and in April-May, his example was followed:

Virginia (independence -- April 17, 1861, accession to the KSA - May 7, 1861),

Arkansas (independence -- May 6, 1861, accession to the KSA - May 18, 1861),

Tennessee (independence -- May 7, 1861, accession to the KSA - July 2, 1861),

North Carolina (independence -- May 20, 1861, accession to the United States -- May 21, 1861).

These 11 states adopted a constitution and elected as their president a former senator from the Mississippi Jefferson Davis, who, along with other leaders of the country, said that slavery would exist on their territory “forever”.

The capital of the Confederation was Alabama city Montgomery, and after the accession of Virginia -- Richmond. These states occupied 40% of the entire US territory with a population of 9.1 million people, including more than 3.6 million Negros. On October 7, the Confederation included the Indian Territory, whose population was not loyal to the Confederacy (most of the Indians were expelled from the territories where the slave states were formed), nor to the US government, which in fact authorized the deportation of Indians from Georgia and other southern states. However, the Indians did not want to give up their slavery and joined the Confederation. The US Senate was formed by two representatives from each state, as well as one representative from each Indian republic (there were 5 republics in the Indian Territory according to the number of Indian tribes: Cherokee -- most slaves, -- Choctaw, Scream, Chikaso and Seminole). Indian representatives in the Senate did not have the right to vote.

There were 23 states left in the Union, including slave-holding Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri and Maryland, who, not without a struggle, preferred to maintain their loyalty to the federal Union. Residents of some of the western districts of Virginia refused to obey the decision to withdraw from the Union, formed their own authorities and in June 1863 were admitted to the US as a new state. The population of the Union exceeded 22 million people, almost the entire industry of the country -- 70% of railways, 81% of bank deposits, etc., was located on its territory.[6]

2.2 Army of the North and the South

Despite the lack of experience and the scarcity of trained military cadres, there was a shortage of the potential soldiers, who were eager to fight. At least at the beginning of the war the Union and the Confederation didn't have this problem. But the northern states also had a huge preponderance in this aspect. By 1861, there were about 4 million white men between the ages of 15 and 40,who were fitted for military service, while in the South there were only 1.14 million. At the same time, the Confederation could not fully use its living resources. For all the years of the war, there were 1 million inhabitants in the armies of the South, but the total strength of its armed forces had reached its peak by 1862 and then was declining. By the beginning of 1863, only 230,000 remained in the army, and by the end of 1864 were 100,000. The north, on the contrary, constantly increased its power. Already four months after the outbreak of the war, the army of the Union had grown 27 times. And by the end of 1865 there were 1 556 000 people -- for those times a huge number.

But, yielding to the North in quantitative terms, the South was superior to its quality and speed of operation of its military machine. There government from the very first day realized the seriousness of the situation and, before the outbreak of the civil war, had begun to establish the armed forces of the Confederation. Already on March 6, 1861 -- more than a month before the guns of General Boregard had opened fire on Fort Sumter, Jefferson Davis appealed to the state governors to give 100,000 volunteers to the government for a one-year.

By that time, the population of the South was already quite ready for this call. In all the cities and villages of the Confederation from the very beginning of 1861, feverishly created armed groups, as a rule, companies. Sometimes they were based on an old militia organization, but in the majority they were created anew. The scheme of their organization was approximately the same throughout the South.

As a rule, the formation was entrusted to some local authority, often a veteran of the Mexican War or a graduate of West Point. The recruits gathered together on the appointed day, bringing with them all the weapons ,which they could get -- from hunting rifles and dueling pistols to Bowie knives and sabers of the War of Independence.

Then, according to the old democratic tradition, which had been practiced in the American militia ever since, officers were elected, and the choice of volunteers did not necessarily fall on the richest and most important compatriots. There were a lot of wealthy planters who sacrificed considerable sums to organize the mouth, and then modestly ceded command posts to their less prosperous but more experienced and educated comrades.

The next important step was the choice of the name of the company, and then the tendency of Americans to show shine and loud words made itself felt in full. There was no such county in the South that could not boast of its "Yankee Barbarians", "Southern Avengers", "Dixie Heroes" or "Lincoln Assassins". There were, however, more original names: "Bulldogs of South Florida", "Yellow jackets from Clayton", "Threshers from Tallapuza" and "Thugs from Chikasou."

The recruits proceeded to elementary military training ,had finished these necessary formalities. Basically it boiled down to several hours of drill training or riding. Then the whole company, including officers and private soldiers, went in the nearest pub. Of course, there was little sense in these "military exercises", but having organized their companies, Southerners still made an important step, laying the foundations for the future army. When the call of Jefferson Davis sounded, the governors could only transform these companies to the regiments and give them to the president. The companies who had reported on their readiness to serve the Confederation, immediately went to the training camps. Finally, the recruits passed through the streets of their native town with a solemn march, accompanied by a jubilant and weeping pride of the female population. They followed to their destination like on a holiday,but they didn't suspect that their free life ended.

In the training camps they were already taken seriously and thoroughly. After the companies were transformed to regiments and their commanders elected their regimental commanders, a drill began and army discipline. Of course, this discipline was not compared to the rigid statutory rules generally accepted at that time in the armies of Europe, but for Americans, accustomed to a considerable degree of personal freedom and educated in the spirit of individualism, and it was more than enough. Aristocrats, planters, who even in the army could not do without their black servants, soon began to complain that their Negroes were more free and suffer less hardship than they.[15]

2.3 The first period of the war.

The war was inevitably coming, and the events that had become its beginning had already unfolded near Charleston, the capital of South Carolina.

April 12-13, 1861 rebels-Southerners after the bombing seized Fort Sumter (this fort guarded the Charleston Bay). Almost everywhere in the South, military ports and arsenals passed into the hands of southerners without a fight . In general, at the beginning of the war, owing to the indecisiveness, sluggishness and vacillations of the bourgeoisie, the North suffered one defeat after another .

Entering the presidency, Lincoln continued negotiations with the southerners. Only on April 15, 3 days after the start of the bombing of Fort Sumter, the Lincoln government declared the southern states rebellious and called for 75,000 volunteers. The appeal responded 300 thousand people.

The behavior of President Lincoln at the beginning of the military conflict corresponded to the indecisive position of the bourgeoisie , and was also due to the fact that the attention of the whole country was riveted on the so-called border (slave) states. From the position of these states depended much: they had significantly fewer slaves and more white non-slave population than in the separated rebel states .

The first serious battle between the northerners and southerners that took place at the railway station Manassas (Virginia) on July 21, 1861, ended in a "confusion" of poorly trained northerners.

By the autumn of the eastern battlefields, the North had a well-armed army under the command of General JB McClellan, who on November 1, 1861 became commander-in-chief of all armies. But McClellan turned out to be an incompetent commander, often avoiding active actions. On October 21, his units were defeated near Balls Bluff near the capital of the Union.

The blockade of the sea coast of the Confederation was much more successful. One of its consequences was the seizure in November 1861 of the British steamship Trent, on board which were the emissaries of the southerners, which put the US on the brink of war with Britain.

In 1862, the greatest successes of the northerners reached the western theater of operations, where troops under the command of General US Grant in February--April forced out the enemy from Kentucky, and after a heavy battle with Shilo, cleared from the south Tennessee. By the summer, they had liberated Missouri, and Grant's troops had entered the northern regions of Mississippi and Alabama.

The landing operation of the fleet and the troops attached to it had a great importance. They captured New Orleans at the end of April 1862, an important trading and strategic center.

In the east, McClellan was removed from the post of commander-in-chief (he was replaced by the abolitionist Hooker) and led by one of the armies was sent to capture the capital of Southerners -- Richmond. But he failed this operation, and even allowed the General of the Southerners, R. Lee, to enter Maryland and nearly cut off the communications of the federal army (the second Battle of Manassas on the Ball-Run River in August 30, 1862).

The seizure by the Confederates of the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry with huge supplies of weapons and equipments wasn't less shameful.

And even with almost twice the advantage, the troops led by McClellan could not break the army of General Lee in mid-September 1862, who had to retreat from the battlefield. McClellan could pursue the enemy, but did not do this, saved the southerners from a clear defeat.

Meanwhile, another hope of the rebel-southerners failed -- England and France, who were ready to recognize the Confederacy and join the war on its side, abandoned this intention.

The government of President Lincoln took some steps of a non-military nature that allowed to accelerate the achievement of victory over the rebel-slave owners:

In May 1862, a state act was adopted, according to which every American family could receive, from the state reserve of western lands, a land plot of 160 acres (64 hectares).

On December 30, 1862, Lincoln signed the "Proclamation of the Liberation" of slaves from January 1, 1863 . This "Proclamation", as well as the decision to recruit Negroes in the army, radically changed the goals of the war -- it was the destruction of slavery.

Also 1862 was marked by the first in the history of the battle of armored ships, which took place on March 9 near the coast of Virginia.

The end of 1862 and the first half of 1863 were marked by heavy defeats of the troops of the North by the troops of the Confederation: in the spring of 1863, a great danger loomed over the capital of the Union. The commander-in-chief of the army of southerners, General Lee, ordered a separate army under the command of Jackson to strike at the Chancellorville army of northerners from the flank and from the rear. The battle lasted several days. The commander of the northern army Hooker was wounded.

General Lee moved to the north, to Maryland and Pennsylvania. On the orders of Lincoln, Hooker's army moved quickly to the north to be between Lee's army and Washington. Soon, the wounded Hooker was replaced by General Mead [2].

In the military situation in mid-1863, the loss of the three-day bloodiest battle in the history of the Civil War ,at Gettysburg, played a huge role. The army of General Lee lost all the effects of her previous victories and was forced to leave the occupied lands in the territory of the Union.

Meanwhile, in the western theater of operations, the armies of generals Grant and Banks established total control over the valley of the Mississippi River, dividing the territory of the Confederation into two parts. From that moment, the Southerners began to retreat.

1863 ended with the loss of the southerners from Chattanooga, which was a kind of gateway to the East. [10]

2.4 Second period of the war. (1863-1865)

The campaign plan for 1864 was developed by General Grant, who headed the armed forces of the Union. Two armies, headed personally by Grant in the north, and General Sherman in the south, began to squeeze the ring around the capital of the Confederation of Richmond.

Sherman by the end of 1864 captured the state of Georgia, cutting the transport communications of southerners. November 14, 1864 Sherman with an army of 60 thousand volunteers began his march from the capital of Georgia -- Atlanta -- to the sea. On December 21, he already telegraphed Lincoln from Savannah that he had reached the sea [9].

In the north, Grant's troops lost tens of thousands of people in bloody battles, forced the most efficient units of the Confederation to move to strategic defense.

Military success was not slow to affect the presidential elections of 1864. Lincoln, who advocated the conclusion of peace on the conditions of the restoration of the Union and the prohibition of slavery, was triumphantly re-elected for a second term.

In early February 1865, Sherman's army began to move northward to join forces with Grant's main forces. In mid-March 1865, they merged in North Carolina.

Surrounded on all sides, Lee's troops continued their hopeless fierce resistance until the beginning of April 1865, but finally, on April 3, they surrendered their capital, Richmond. And on April 9, 1865, General Lee, with the remnants of his army at Appotomax, surrendered to parts of the northerners headed by General Grant.

The surrender of the remaining parts of the army of the Southerners continued until the end of May 1865. After the arrest of President Davis and members of his government, the Confederation ceased to exist.

April 14, 1865 Lincoln, together with his wife and a young couple, went to the theater of Ford for the play. There, in the presidential box, he was assassinated. The killer who fatally wounded Lincoln was actor John Wilks Booth. He managed to jump out of the box, run to the stage and hide. A few days later, he was tracked down and killed in a gun battle [68]. The president died the next day, April 15, before the surrender of the slave states, 11 days later (they capitulated on April 26) [6].

The civil war between the North and the South ended in a victory for the northerners, which ensured the prohibition of slavery throughout the United States, reinforced by the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution, which entered into force at the end of 1865 [7].

2.5 Results of the war.

As a result of the Civil War, a kind of bourgeois-democratic revolution won in the United States, directed not against feudalism or its survivals, but against slavery. An essential sign of the victory of the revolution was the transfer of power from one class to another -- from the slave owners to the large industrial bourgeoisie of the North . The end of the Civil War meant the onset of the second phase of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, which went down in history as the Reconstruction of the South (1865-1877)[1]

During the war, there were about 2 thousand battles. The total number of casualties on both sides was 364,500 killed and 281,900 wounded - more than in any other war in which the United States participated .

The Civil War of 1861 - 1865 gg. remained the most bloody in US history. Total losses of the North and South only killed were more than 600,000 people, not counting quite a lot of civilian casualties. Only the US government's military spending has reached three billion dollars (about 250 billion modern American dollars).

This war demonstrated new capabilities of military equipment, influenced the development of military art.

Of great importance after the war was the involvement of the broad masses of the Negro population in the political life of the country [4]. But in order to prevent Negroes from exercising their rights, the former slave owners created a number of terrorist organizations in the South: in 1865 a "black cavalry" emerged, the predecessor of the Ku Klux Klan, and in 1866 the Ku Klux Klan, clan. [11]

Conclusion

One of the important features of the United States is that it is the only country in the world created on the basis of mass immigration. In the famous American "melting pot" was constantly maintained a high demographic temperature - there was a continuous process of melting in a single American nation of those who arrived in the country from overseas. However, due to a number of reasons, outside this process there was a large mass of the population of the country - black Americans, and first of all those who lived in the territory of the slave-owning South. This was explained by the fact that American society since its inception was struck by metastases of racism . Black and white Americans were divided by a real economic, social, moral and psychological abyss [7].

The role of Negroes in the history of the United States is enormous: without the black slaves there would be no process of primitive accumulation of capital; black slaves turned out to be the only work force on the plantations of the South, which played a role in the formation of US capitalism. Therefore, the Civil War, apart from its important economic and political significance, played an important role in the moral and psychological terms, restoring (even at first only partially) universal human rights for the most oppressed race on the planet - the Negroes: the right to personal freedom and free labor.

The revolutionary consequences of the Civil War were colossal and found their manifestation in the shortest possible historical time: less than 30 years after the end of the Civil War and in 1894 the United States had already won first place in the world in terms of industrial production, and in 1898 the United States carried out The first test of forces in the struggle for redivision of the world, having unleashed a war against Spain.

For more than 100 years, the United States has not conceded to the place of the most powerful industrial power in the world, despite any West German and Japanese "economic miracle", integration processes in Western Europe and other regions of the world. And for the second decade, the United States of America is the world's only superpower.

The foundations of this rapid rise to the heights of world domination were laid by the end of the Civil War victorious for the industrial North.

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15. http://usa-info.com.ua/history/citizen_war.html

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