Secret societies of Europe

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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ПЕНЗЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

Кафедра «Перевод и переводоведение»

Курсовая работа

по дисциплине «История и культура стран изучаемого языка»

ПГУ 1.114040062.04.001

Направление подготовки - 45.03.02 Лингвистика

Профиль подготовки - Перевод и переводоведение

На тему: Secret societies of Europe

Выполнил студент:

Сидорова Т.Н.

Группа: 15ИЛ1

Руководитель: к. п. н.,

доцент Хайрова Х. Ж.

2016



Introduction

A secret society is a club or an organization whose activities, events, and inner functioning are concealed from non-members. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence. The term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla insurgencies, that hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence. The exact qualifications for labeling a group a secret society are disputed, but definitions generally rely on the degree to which the organization insists on secrecy, and might involve the retention and transmission of secret knowledge, the denial of membership or knowledge of the group, the creation of personal bonds between members of the organization, and the use of secret rites or rituals which solidify members of the group.

Anthropologically and historically, secret societies are deeply interlinked with the concept of the the all-male "warrior-band" or "warrior-society" of pre-modern cultures. secret society member conceal

A purported "family tree of secret societies" has been proposed, although it may not be comprehensive.

Secret society as an organization that:

* Is exclusive.

* Claims to own special secrets.

* Shows a strong inclination to favor its own.

* It has "carefully graded and progressed teachings"

* Teachings are "available only to selected individuals"

* Teachings lead to "hidden (and 'unique') truths"

* Truths bring "personal benefits beyond the reach and even the understanding of the uninitiated."

Internet-based secret societies first became known to the public in 2012 when the secret society known as Cicada 3301 began recruiting from the public via internet-based puzzles. They are involved in cryptography and cryptocurrency.



1. England

1.1 The Freemasons

The former nod-and-a-wink club of Winston Churchill, Peter Sellers and Rudyard Kipling isn't secret any more. But these pros pretty much invented the secret society formula, with a lexicon of handshakes, passwords and symbols. They're also as London as they come: the first Grand Lodge was founded in St Paul's Churchyard in 1717.Free masonry is one of the world's oldest and largest non-religious, non-political, fraternal and charitable organisations. It teaches self-knowledge through participation in a progression of ceremonies. Members are expected to be of high moral standing and are encouraged to speak openly about Freemasonry. The following information is intended to explain Freemasonry as it is practised under the United Grand Lodge of England, which administers Lodges of Freemasons in England and Wales and in many places overseas.

Freemasonry is a society of men concerned with moral and spiritual values. Its members are taught its principles (moral lessons and self-knowledge) by a series of ritual dramas - a progression of allegorical two-part plays which are learnt by heart and performed within each Lodge - which follow ancient forms, and use stonemasons' customs and tools as allegorical guides. Masons do not discuss religion or politics. Atheists are not welcome. The secret Masonic password originated as a job tool

Freemasonry instils in its members a moral and ethical approach to life: its values are based on integrity, kindness, honesty and fairness. Members are urged to regard the interests of the family as paramount but, importantly, Freemasonry also teaches concern for people, care for the less fortunate and help for those in need.

Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry. Members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons.

The basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the Lodge. The Lodges are usually supervised and governed at the regional level (usually coterminous with either a state, province, or national border) by a Grand Lodge or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry; each Grand Lodge is independent, and they do not necessarily recognise each other as being legitimate.

Modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups. Regular Freemasonry insists that a volume of scripture is open in a working lodge, that every member profess belief in a Deity, that no women are admitted, and that the discussion of religion and politics is banned. Continental Freemasonry is now the general term for the "liberal" jurisdictions who have removed some, or all, of these restrictions.

Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are independent and sovereign bodies that govern Masonry in a given country, state, or geographical area. There is no single overarching governing body that presides over worldwide Freemasonry.

Freemasonry, as it exists in various forms all over the world, has a membership estimated by the United Grand Lodge of England at around six million worldwide. The fraternity is administratively organised into independent Grand Lodges (or sometimes Grand Orients), each of which governs its own Masonic jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or constituent) Lodges. The largest single jurisdiction, in terms of membership, is the United Grand Lodge of England with a membership estimated at around a quarter million.

The most commonly shared rules for Recognition (based on Regularity) are those given by the United Grand Lodge of England in 1929:

The Grand Lodge should be established by an existing regular Grand Lodge, or by at least three regular Lodges.

A belief in a supreme being and scripture is a condition of membership.

Initiates should take their vows on that scripture.

The Grand Lodge has complete control over the first three degrees, and is not subject to another body.

All Lodges shall display a volume of scripture with the square and compasses while in session. There is no discussion of politics or religion.

Freemasonry describes itself as a "'beautiful system of morality, veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols". The symbolism is mainly, but not exclusively, drawn from the manual tools of stonemasons - the square and compasses, the level and plumb rule, the trowel, among others. A moral lesson is attached to each of these tools, although the assignment is by no means consistent. The meaning of the symbolism is taught and explored through ritual.

All Freemasons begin their journey in the "craft" by being progressively initiated, passed and raised into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the meanings of the Lodge symbols, and entrusted with grips, signs and words to signify to other Masons that he has been so initiated. The initiations are part allegory and part lecture, and revolve around the construction of the Temple of Solomon, and the artistry and death of his chief architect, Hiram Abiff. The degrees are those of Entered apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason. While many different versions of these rituals exist, with at least two different lodge layouts and versions of the Hiram myth, each version is recognisable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction.

In some jurisdictions the main themes of each degree are illustrated by tracing boards. These painted depictions of Masonic themes are exhibited in the lodge according to which degree is being worked, and are explained to the candidate to illustrate the legend and symbolism of each degree.

The idea of Masonic brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a brother as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another. Accordingly, Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret, and to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law. In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition). In Progressive continental Freemasonry, books other than scripture are permissible, a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges.

The United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) is the governing body for the majority of freemasons within England and Wales. It claims to be the oldest Grand Lodge in the world, by descent from the first Grand Lodge formed in London in 1717. Together with the Grand Lodge of Ireland and the Grand Lodge of Scotland they are often referred to, by their members, as "the home Grand Lodges" or "the Home Constitutions".

Today, the United Grand Lodge of England or Grand Lodge currently has over a 200,000 members meeting in over 6,800 Lodges, organised into a number of subordinate Provincial Grand Lodges which are approximately equivalent to the historic counties of England.

1.2 Ordo Aurum Solis

Ordo Aurum Solis ("Order of the Gold of the Sun") is a Hermetic and Theurgic order founded in England in 1897 by George Stanton and Charles Kingold. It is a vehicle of the Ogdoadic Tradition, itself an important element of the Western Mystery Tradition. Ordo Aurum Solis is best known through the published works of two of its past Grand Masters, Vivian Godfrey and Leon Barcynski. Better known by their pseudonyms, Melita Denning and Osborne Phillips, the husband and wife team together authored many books (some reappearing in newer editions) that cover different aspects of magical practice, such as the Llewellyn Practical Guide to Astral Projection and Llewellyn Practical Guide to Creative Visualization, as well as their seminal work (reprinted in three volumes) outlining the philosophy and practices of Ordo Aurum Solis: The Magical Philosophy.

Despite a few similarities to the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, some of its descendants, various Thelemic orders, and other groups stemming from the Rosicrucian revival of the 19th century, Ordo Aurum Solis represents a distinct and unique system of magical philosophy and practice based on the Ogdoadic Tradition.

1.3 The order of the Golden Dawn

The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn or, more commonly, The Golden Dawn (Aurora Aurea) was an organization devoted to the study and practice of the occult, metaphysics, and paranormal activities during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Known as a magical order, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn was active in Great Britain and focused its practices on theurgy and spiritual development. Many present-day concepts of ritual and magic that are at the centre of contemporary traditions, such as Wicca and Thelema, were inspired by the Golden Dawn, which became one of the largest single influences on 20th-century Western occultism.

The three founders, William Robert Woodman, William Wynn Westcott, and Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, were Freemasons and members of Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (S.R.I.A.). Westcott appears to have been the initial driving force behind the establishment of the Golden Dawn.

The Golden Dawn system was based on hierarchy and initiation like the Masonic Lodges; however women were admitted on an equal basis with men. The "Golden Dawn" was the first of three Orders, although all three are often collectively referred to as the "Golden Dawn". The First Order taught esoteric philosophy based on the Hermetic Qabalah and personal development through study and awareness of the four Classical Elements as well as the basics of astrology, tarot divination, and geomancy. The Second or "Inner" Order, the Rosae Rubeae et Aureae Crucis (the Ruby Rose and Cross of Gold), taught magic, including scrying, astral travel, and alchemy. The Third Order was that of the "Secret Chiefs", who were said to be highly skilled; they supposedly directed the activities of the lower two orders by spirit communication with the Chiefs of the Second Order.

1.4 Gormogons

The Ancient Noble Order of the Gormogons was a short-lived 18th century society formed by expelled Freemason Philip Wharton which left no records or accomplishments to indicate its true goal and purpose. From the group's few published articles it is thought that the society's primary objective was to hold up Freemasonry to ridicule. During its brief existence it was accused of being a Jacobite-leaning group. There is some evidence of such an association, since the first known Grandmaster was Andrew Michael Ramsay of Ayr, Scotland, a Jacobite of strong convictions. It also appears to have been a charitable organization, at least according to its surviving bylaws. There are also some surviving pendant badges, bearing their sign.

Jonathon Green suggests in Cassell's Dictionary of Slang that, in the form gormagon, the word is a blend of gorgon and dragon, while the Oxford English Dictionary describes the etymology as "meaningless: pseudo Chinese. In The 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, the word gormagon was humorously defined thus: "A monster with six eyes, three mouths, four arms, eight legs, five on one side and three on the other, three arses, two tarses [penises], and a cunt upon its back." The compiler Francis Grose gave the game away in his dictionary entry by explaining that it was "a man on horseback, with a woman behind him". (His "five legs on one side" description is easily explained - the woman was riding side-saddle.)



1.5 Hellfire Club

Hellfire Club was a name for several exclusive clubs for high society rakes established in Britain and Ireland in the 18th century. The name is most commonly used to refer to Sir Francis Dashwood's Order of the Friars of St. Francis of Wycombe. Such clubs were rumoured to be the meeting places of "persons of quality" who wished to take part in socially perceived immoral acts, and the members were often involved in politics. Neither the activities nor membership of the club are easy to ascertain, for the clubs were rumored to have distant ties to an elite society known only as, The Order of the Second Circle.

The first official Hellfire Club was founded in London in 1718, by Philip, Duke of Wharton and a handful of other high society friends. The most notorious club associated with the name was established in England by Sir Francis Dashwood, and met irregularly from around 1749 to around 1760, and possibly up until 1766. In its later years, the Hellfire was closely associated with Brooks's, established in 1764. Other clubs using the name "Hellfire Club" were set up throughout the 18th century. Most of these clubs were set up in Ireland after Wharton's were dispelled. In 1781, Dashwood's nephew Joseph Alderson (an undergraduate at Brasenose College, Oxford) founded the Phoenix Society (later known as the Phoenix Common Room), but it was only in 1786 that the small gathering of friends asserted themselves as a recognised institution. The Phoenix was established in honour of Sir Francis, who died in 1781, as a symbolic rising from the ashes of Dashwood's earlier institution. To this day, the dining society abides by many of its predecessor's tenets. Its motto uno avulso non deficit alter (when one is torn away another succeeds) is from the sixth book of Virgil's Aeneid and refers to the practice of establishing the continuity of the society through a process of constant renewal of its graduate and undergraduate members. The Phoenix Common Room's continuous history was reported in 1954 as a matter of note to the college.



2. British universities` and colleges secret societies

2.1 Pitt Club

The University Pitt Club, popularly referred to as the Pitt Club, the UPC, or merely as Club, is a private members' club. Membership is open only to male students at the University of Cambridge. Membership is for life.

The Club was a peripatetic organisation during its first few years, meeting variously in the rooms of members and in other venues. In 1907, the Club bought the entire building.

For most of the century, the Club occupied the whole of the prominent neo-classical building. The clubhouse was designated a Grade II listed building in 1950. As the Club went through mounting financial difficulties in the 1990s, it sold a 25-year leasehold on the ground floor of its building to the Pizza Express chain in October 1997. Since then, the Club has occupied the first floor of the building, with the entire ground floor now taken up by the restaurant.

2.2 The Bullingdon Club

The Bullingdon Club is an exclusive but unofficial all-male students' dining club based in Oxford. It is noted for its wealthy members, grand banquets and boisterous rituals, such as the vandalising ("trashing") of restaurants and students' rooms.

The Bullingdon was originally a sporting club, dedicated to cricket and horse-racing, although club dinners gradually became its principal activity. Membership in the club is expensive, with tailor-made uniforms, regular gourmet hospitality, and a tradition of on-the-spot payment for damages.

The club has attracted controversy, due to former members later becoming part of the British political establishment. These include the former Prime Minister David Cameron, former Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne and former Mayor of London, current Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson.

The University of Oxford extends no official recognition to the club, and many local restaurants refuse to host its events. It is regularly featured in fiction and drama, sometimes under its own name, and sometimes easily recognisable under another.

In the last few years, the Bullingdon has been mentioned in the debates of the House of Commons in order to draw attention to excessive behaviour across the British class spectrum, and to embarrass prominent Conservative Party politicians who are former members of the Bullingdon. Johnson has since tried to distance himself from the club, calling it "a truly shameful vignette of almost superhuman undergraduate arrogance.

2.3 The 16' Club

The 16' Club is a dining club established for male members of St David's College also known as "The Sixteens", the "College Sixteen" or simply "16", it has been accused of being a secret society. Some authors agree with that definition, however others do not.

With probable origins in the early 19th century, it is now the only remaining dining club at the College, and the sole remaining collegiate dining club in Wales. The Club's colour is pale blue.

The purpose of the College 16 is officially defined as, "... to maintain the traditions of Saint David's College, and to provide and maintain a fraternity of gentlemen of calibre for mutual support whilst at University and in post graduate life."

Today, The 16' Club is solely a dining club, though vestiges of the Club's clerical origin remain in the retention of the College Prayer and the nominal requirement that members be bachelors.

The clandestine nature of their meetings, and the reticence of their members, means that little is known about the club.

2.4 The Cambridge Apostles

The Cambridge Apostles is an intellectual society at the University of Cambridge founded in 1820 by George Tomlinson, a Cambridge student who went on to become the first Bishop of Gibraltar.

The origin of the Apostles' nickname dates from the number, twelve, of their founders. Membership consists largely of undergraduates, though there have been graduate student members, and members who already hold university and college posts. The society traditionally drew most of its members from Christ's, St John's, Jesus, Trinity and King's Colleges.

The Apostles became well known outside Cambridge in the years before the First World War with the rise to eminence of the group of intellectuals known as the Bloomsbury Group. John Maynard Keynes, Leonard Woolf, Lytton Strachey and his brother James, G. E. Moore, E. M. Forster and Rupert Brooke were all Apostles. Keynes, Woolf and Lytton Strachey subsequently gained prominence as members of Bloomsbury.

2.5 The Society of Thoth

The Society of Thoth (1926-1931) was a secret society at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. The club was founded in 1926 by members of the Ubyssey student paper as an "honorary journalistic society" devoted to "increasing the gaiety of nations, by the development of wit and humor." Members later acknowledged "that the journalistic objects of this society" were "second to its other aims; namely to the assisting in the development of University spirit."

The club first gained notoriety on campus for its 'Royal Egyptian' pantomime at UBC's annual Homecoming Night. Membership in the society, often predicated on academic achievement or campus leadership, was initially restricted to men and determined by a 'Grand Scribe' and a board of directors. Members remained secretive about the club's "awesome and terrifying ceremony of initiation," having sworn an oath of secrecy. The society's meetings were held on the Point Grey campus in secret. Member and UBC classics professor Malcolm McGregor has claimed that club members were the "first habitues of what is now Wreck Beach." Rumored members include former Ubyssey staffers Earle Birney, John Turner and Pierre Berton.



3. Germany

3.1 The Illuminati

The Illuminati (plural of Latin illuminatus, "enlightened") is a name given to several groups, both real and fictitious. Historically, the name usually refers to the Bavarian Illuminati, an Enlightenment-era secret society founded on May 1776. The society's goals were to oppose superstition, religious influence over public life and abuses of state power. "The order of the day," they wrote in their general statutes, "is to put an end to the machinations of the purveyors of injustice, to control them without dominating them".

The Illuminati were outlawed through edict, by the Bavarian ruler, Charles Theodore, with the encouragement of the Roman Catholic Church.

"Illuminati" refers to various organisations which claim to have links to the original Bavarian Illuminati or similar secret societies, though these links are unsubstantiated. They are often alleged to conspire to control world affairs, by masterminding events and planting agents in government and corporations, in order to gain political power. Central to some of the most widely known and elaborate conspiracy theories, the Illuminati have been depicted as lurking in the shadows and pulling the strings and levers of power in dozens of novels, films, television shows, comics, video games, and music videos.

3.2 The Thule Society

The Thule Society was a German occultist group in Munich right after World War I, named after a mythical northern country from Greek legend. The Society is notable chiefly as the organization that sponsored the German Workers' Party, which was later reorganized by Adolf Hitler into the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP or Nazi Party).

The Thule Society is known to be closely connected to the Germanenorden secret society.

The Germanenorden was a secret society in Germany early in the 20th century. Formed by several prominent German occultists in 1912, the order, whose symbol was a swastika, had a hierarchical fraternal structure similar to freemasonry. It taught to its initiates nationalist ideologies of nordic race superiority, antisemitism as well as occult, almost magical philosophies.

Some say that the Nazi Party when under the leadership of Adolf Hitler was a political front, and indeed the organization reflected many ideologies of the party, including the swastika symbol. The Thule Society, another secret society with similar ideologies and symbols was also closely linked to this.

With the victory of the Nazi Party, the occult tradition was carried on in the Third Reich mainly by the SS.

National Socialism and the Third Reich represented a major attempt by high esoteric Adepts to re-establish a Culture based on the Laws of Nature, against the entrenched forces of anti-Life. Nothing that ambitious had been tried since the founding of the American Republic by Masonic adepts.

The truly initiated could establish contact with these beings by means of magic-mystical rituals.

The "Masters" or "Ancients" allegedly would be able to endow the initiated with supernatural strength and energy. With the help of these energies the goal of the initiated was to create a race of Supermen of "Aryan" stock who would exterminate all "inferior" races.

3.3 The Vehmic courts

The Vehmic courts or simply Vehm are names given to a tribunal system of Westphalia in Germany active during the later Middle Ages, based on a fraternal organisation of lay judges called “free judges”. The original seat of the courts was in Dortmund. Proceedings were sometimes secret, leading to the alternative titles of “secret courts”, “silent courts”, or “forbidden courts”. After the execution of a death sentence, the corpse could be hung on a tree to advertise the fact and deter others.

The Vehmic courts were the regional courts of Westphalia which, in turn, were based on the county courts of Franconia. They received their jurisdiction from the Holy Roman Emperor, from whom they also received the capacity to pronounce capital punishment. Everywhere else the power of life and death, originally reserved to the Emperor alone, had been usurped by the territorial nobles; only in Westphalia, called “the Red Earth” because here the imperial Blutbann was still valid, were capital sentences passed and executed by the Fehmic courts in the Emperor's name alone.

3.4 Young Germany

Young Germany was a group of German writers. It was essentially a youth ideology. Against the dominant spirit of absolutism in politics and obscurantism in religion, the writers of Young Germany maintained the principles of democracy, socialism, and rationalism. Among the many things they advocated were: separation of church and state, the emancipation of the Jews, and the raising of the political and social position of women. During a time of political unrest in Europe, Young Germany was regarded as dangerous by many politicians due to its progressive viewpoint. During December 1835 the Frankfurt Bundestag banned the publication in Germany of many authors associated with the movement, namely Heine, Gutzkow, Laube, Mundt, and Wienbarg. In their reasoning, they explained that the Young Germans were attempting to “attack the Christian religion in the most impudent way, degrade existing conditions and destroy all discipline and morality with belletristic writings accessible to all classes of readers.”

The ideology produced poets, thinkers and journalists, all of whom reacted against the introspection and particularism of Romanticism in the national literature, which had resulted in a total separation of literature from the actualities of life.



4. Italy

4.1 The Carbonari

The Carbonari was an informal network of secret revolutionary societies active in Italy from about 1800 to 1831. Although their goals often had a patriotic and liberal focus, they lacked a clear immediate political agenda. They were a focus for those unhappy with the repressive political situation in Italy following 1815, especially in the south of the Italian Peninsula. Members of the Carbonari, and those influenced by them took part in important events in the process of Italian unification, especially the failed Revolution of 1820, and in the further development of Italian nationalism. The chief purpose was to defeat tyranny and to establish constitutional government. Though contributing some service to the cause of Italian unity, historians such as Cornelia Shiver doubt that their achievements were proportional to their pretensions.



Conclusion

Summing up, I would say that there are many secret societies in the world, but the Masons and Illuminati are the most significant and large.

Masonry is the activity of closely united men who, employing symbolical forms borrowed principally from the mason's trade and from architecture, work for the welfare of mankind, striving morally to ennoble themselves and others, and thereby to bring about a universal league of mankind, which they aspire to exhibit even now on a small scale. Fundamentally, Freemasonry is a code of living based on the highest ethical and moral standards.

Among its principle aims are:

* to promote the brotherhood of man under the Fatherhood of God;

* to develop such behaviour in daily life as will demonstrate that the teachings of the Order have a profound and beneficial affect on all who sincerely embrace its concepts;

* to encourage the practice of every moral and social virtue.

And the Illuminati operates various departments and programs for the benefit of all people, in all places, from all generations. Among its principle aims are:

1.To establish a One World Government with a unified church and monetary system under their direction.

2. To bring about the utter destruction of all national identity and national pride, which was a primary consideration if the concept of a One World Government was to work.

3. To engineer and bring about the destruction of religion, and more especially, the Christian Religion, with the one exception, their own creation, as mentioned above.

Both Illuminati and Freemasonry are organizations composed of freethinkers and intellectual individuals. They are similar in a way as they both started as secret groups but they have different beliefs and goals. Illuminati members are more of a “leftist” group as it was believed that its goal is to create a New World Order while working behind the scenes, while the Freemasons goal is to promote honor and chivalry among its members. Illuminati are a secret society with vague existence while Freemasons are already known and have been performing charitable works worldwide.

Secret societies - a form of social organization that do not fit into the formal social structure, which is connected with the purposes which secret organizations raise, for example, such a goal may be to change the strategic prospects of the development of modern political systems, where the implementation of long-term projects is designed for decades or even centuries. An important aspect of the secret organization is building of an alternative system of connections and relations between people who are in this system.



Bibliography

1. http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/gormogons.html

2. https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1099104

3. http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/sociopol_thule01.htm

4. https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Vehmic%20court

5. http://www.conspiracyarchive.com/category/secret-societies/

6. https://global.britannica.com/topic/Carbonari

7. http://www.iisg.nl/collections/secretsocieties/



ЗАДАНИЕ

на курсовую работу по дисциплине «История и культура стран изучаемого языка»

Тема: «Тайные общества Европы»

Перечень подлежащих разработке вопросов:

1. Формирование источников и литературы по проблеме тайных обществ Европы

2. Выявление специфических черт, присущих тайным обществам Европы

4. Рассмотрение основных тайных обществ Европы

Руководитель работы,

д.пед.н., доцент Х.Ж. Хайрова

График выполнения курсовой работы

№ п/п	Вид деятельности	Срок выполнения раздела	Подпись руководителя	Подпись зав. кафедрой
1	Выбор, обоснование и утверждение темы курсовой работы; составление плана курсовой работы; формирование корпуса источников и литературы	04.09 - 29.09
2	Написание и сдача на проверку введения и 1 главы (раздела) курсовой работы	02.10 - 01.11
	Текущая аттестация по 1 к.т.	01.11.16
3	Написание и сдача на проверку 2, n... главы (раздела), заключения, оформление библиографического списка курсовой работы	02.11 - 14.12
4	Представление завершенной работы	15.12.16
	Текущая аттестация по 2 к.т.	15.12.16

6. Дата выдачи задания «29» сентября 2016 г.

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