Соціокультурні та політичні процеси у містах Східного Поділля (1920-ті – початок 1930-х років)

Ключові слова: Східне Поділля, регіон, соціокультурні процеси, міське населення, більшовицька політика, етнодемографічна ситуація, «нова інтелігенція», репресії.

Трухманова С. Л. Социокультурные и политические процессы в городах Восточной Подолии, 1920-е - начало 1930-х гг. - Рукопись.

Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук по специальности 07.00.01 - история Украины. - государственное высшее учебное заведение „Переяслав-Хмельницкий государственный педагогический университет имени Григория Сковороды”. - г. Переяслав-Хмельницкий, 2009.

Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию социокультурных процессов в городах Восточной Подолии в течение 1920-х - начала 1930-х годов. Впервые в отечественной историографии комплексно проанализированы особенности социокультурного и политического развития городов Восточной Подолии 1920-х - начала 1930-х годов. Выяснены характерные черты этнодемографической ситуации в городах Подолии после демографической катастрофы 1914-1923 гг., связанной з временами Первой мировой и украинско-российской воен периода Украинских освободительных устремлений. Рассмотрены закономерности социокультурных изменений городской жизни Подолии в годы «военного коммунизма», новой экономической политики и контроверсионной политики украинизации. Выяснено влияние большевистской диктатуры на деформацию социально-политического, общественного и культурно-образовательного развития городской среды, что дополнительно усложнялось приграничным расположением региона и идеологически искусственным поддержанием в СССР/УССР коммунистическим тоталитарным режимом состояния «осажденной крепости». Доказано, что советский режим, чтобы удержаться у власти, опирался на репрессивный аппарат, отслеживая настроения граждан с помощью разветвленной сети чекистско-полицейской агентуры, беспощадно и жестоко репрессируя всех нелояльно настроенных. Показаны методы и приемы власти по ускоренному формированию в регионе преданного большевистской администрации поколения служащих, работников умственного труда, для чего разрушались традиции высшей и средней школы, отстранялись от учебно-воспитательного процесса представители интеллектуальной элиты края.

Ключевые слова: Восточная Подолия, регион, социокультурные процессы, городское население, большевистская политика, этнодемографическая ситуация, «новая интеллигенция», репрессии.

S. L. Trukhmanova. Social, cultural and political processes in the towns of Eastern Podilya, during 1920th - at the beginning 1930th. - The Manuscript.

The thesis for getting candidate of history degree. - Speciality 07.00.01 - History of Ukraine. - Skovoroda Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi state pedagogical university. - Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi, 2009.

The present thesis dedicated to complex investigation of social and cultural processes in the towns of Eastern Podilya during 1920th - at the beginning 1930th. For the first time in domestic historiography the complex analysis of social, cultural and political development of the towns of Eastern Podilya was made. The author cast light on distinctive features of ethno demographic situation in the towns of Podilya after the demographic catastrophe of World War I and Ukrainian liberation movement of 1914-1923. The patterns of social modification of Podilya municipal life during the period of “military communism”, new economic policy and controversial police of ukrainization were traced. The author found out the influence of Bolshevik dictatorship on deformation of social, political, civil, cultural and educational development of municipal life, which complicated by the frontier location of the region as well as, by the creation of artificial image of the USSR/Soviet Ukraine as “the fortress under siege”. It was proved that Soviet regime relied on secret services, which traced the state of public opinion with the help of spy network and punished anyone who suspected to be disloyal. The author showed how the Soviet authority could quickly manage to form loyal Bolshevik administration in the region. To grow the generation of loyal administrative servants, Soviet regime removed intellectual elite out of the educational process, as the result, the traditions of higher and secondary education were ruined.

According to the social structure of the regional towns, only 10% of town-dwellers were employed in the towns, while the rest - 90% were occupied in agriculture. The small group of communist administration sent here from East, counted on the support of working class, who predominantly consisted of migrants from Russia or Eastern Ukraine. The other reserve of support formed the local poor peasantry. From these two social strata (workers and poor peasantry) Bolshevik tried to recruit new Soviet intelligentsia given them numerous benefits for education and promoted their careers, expected, that in their turn, “new intelligentsia” would support Soviet regime.

The “old” intellectuals of Podilya, the bearer of the best tradition of prewar education, considered by Bolsheviks as dangerous ideological rival because of their engagement in the Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921. That's why the spy network of Podilya's GPU directed their efforts against national conscious intellectuals, especially teachers who were in the vanguard of the group.

The significant efforts put to the transformation of ritual Podilya holidays into new Soviet ones. Subottniks (work at day off), “Komsomol weddings”, “anticlerical canavals”, celebration of Bolsheviks anniversaries slowly, but steadily became the tradition in the region as well as in the whole republic, and, in that way, denying the latest memory of tradition and anniversaries of incomplete Ukrainian revolution 1917-1921.

The important factor of the municipal life of that period was housing problem. The Soviet authority tried to solved this problem nationalizing the buildings and spreading its according to the class criteria. The granting of flats as well as registration had distribution of furniture was, in fact, the requisition. The authority established new Soviet way of life in the region.

The communal flats left in the life of Soviet people as the grotesque of commune-house phantom that imagined in their dreams early ideologists of new socialistic way of life. Every family in communal flat lived their own life as it could. Besides, communal flats were the forced measure, caused by the lack of dwelling houses. The house-building was very low in comparison with demands of population. Hence the crowd nestled into small flat. The flat assigned for one family, settled by several families; big rooms had been partitioned. According to sanitary standard of big towns, every person had the right only for 9 m2. There were even bigger restrictions of dwelling space. The housing shortage caused the formation of communal way of life the distinctive features of which were terrible crush and forced contact with strange people.

During 1920s there were some attempts of Bolshevistic authority to create new way of life that could satisfy the requirements and ideas of socialist structuring. Accordingly to the theoretical structure a person had to live and learn inside the collective body. So the former government was harmful as people lived separately - in families or one at a time, in the detached houses or flats that dissociated persons, consolidated individualistic and proprietary habits. So it should be broken and replaced with another way of life, the collectivist one. Individual life was detruncated for making subordinate inside the collective body.

The characteristic feature of the soviet Ukrainian frontier region was the high degree of concentration of military garrisons, units of CHK- GPU, militia, units of special destination which were quartered on Podilya in the event of probable attack of hypothetic imperialistic aggressor and from this there was additional pressure on housing sphere of cities and towns whose development wasn't interesting and the new authority didn't hurry to put up money in it.

Key words: Eastern Podilya, region, social and cultural processes, townspeople / urban population, Bolshevik policy, ethno demographic satiation, “new intelligentsia”, repression.

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