Hundred years war

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Introduction

The Hundred Years' War was a long struggle between England and France over succession to the French throne. It lasted from 1337 to 1453, so it might more accurately be called the "116 Years' War." The war starts off with several stunning successes on Britain's part, and the English forces dominate France for decades.

Then, the struggle see-saws back and forth. In the 1360s, the French are winning. From 1415-1422, the English are winning. After 1415, King Henry V of England revives the campaign and he conquers large portions of France, winning extraordinary political concessions. From 1422 onward, however, the French crown strikes back. war conflict france

The teenage girl Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc), a remarkable young mystic, leads the French troops to reclaim their lands. She was the daughter of prosperous peasants from an area of Burgundy that had suffered under the English. Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular visions of divine revelation. Her “voices” told her to go to the king and assist him in driving out the English. She dressed like a man and was Charles' most charismatic and feared military leader! She brought inspiration and a sense of national identity and self-confidence.

With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims. She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell into English hands. Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to divine guidance, she was condemned and burned as a heretic in 1432.

She instantly became a symbol of French resistance. Here's the brief outline of events.

The Hundred Years' War, 1336-1453

Fighting started in the Hundred Years' War because the Kings of England - descendants of William the Conqueror who still spoke French -wanted to rule France as well. France was temptingly weak and divided. It began with the English King already ruling a large part of France (see Map 1); it ended with him ruling hardly any, but with what is now Nord - Pas de Calais split off under foreign rule for several centuries.

The English claim began in 1328, when the French king died with no children. The English king Edward III actually had a good "claim" to inherit the French throne. Edward's claim was through his French mother, Eleanor, who was the dead French king's aunt. It was usual for medieval royal families to intermarry like this, always seeking to make alliances. French nobles faced a choice: who would give them more power and independence in their own lands - a French King in Paris who they had helped into power, or a distant English King ruling often from London? The first faction rushed to crown a French cousin whose claim was not as good as Edward's. With their new king, they attacked Edward's lands in SW France (Aquitaine) and in 1337, Edward III declared war.

The other faction allied with Edward. Counts of Flanders tended to take England's side against France in any conflict, because of links with England in the vital wool trade. Powerful lords in other outlying regions such as Brittany and Normandy feared the ambitions of those who wanted a stronger centralized French kingdom. They allied with the English to help keep their independence.

Tactically Edward had a strong position, with the French caught in a "nutcracker" between Edward's lands held as Duke of Aquitaine in the south and his Flemish and other allies in the north. In 1340, the French king prepared the first blow: he assembled a great fleet, carrying an army to crush England's allies in Flanders before invading England itself. But the English attacked and destroyed the French fleet at sea off Sluys (east of Dunkerque, in modern Holland). Both sides anchored their ships and fought something like a land battle across the wooden decks. Edward III now controlled the Channel and was free to invade and wage war over the enemy's lands - which proved catastrophic for the people of the North.

The English army was a mixed force of infantry, archers, pike men and light cavalry - battle-hardened after successfully fighting the Welsh and Scots, and made up of well-trained and organized English mercenaries, enthusiastic supporters of his cause and eager for plunder. They proved to be the most effective army Europe had seen since the Romans. In 1346, the English invaders were weakened by sickness and retreating to the channel ports. They took a stand on a hill at Crecy. As the heavily armored French knights struggled up the muddy hillside in a traditional feudal cavalry charge.

They were massacred by the English infantry and archers - a lesson they did not learn. Edward III then besieged Calais. After a year, the inhabitants were starving - but under medieval tradition, they would expect to be killed if the attackers succeeded, because they had fought back. Six leading citizens offered their own lives if Edward III would spare the rest of the townsfolk. His queen took pity on them, and asked if the brave burghers could also be spared if the town surrendered. The citizens of Calais were permitted to leave their town without further bloodshed; their homes were given to new English settlers, who made Calais into a fortified English stronghold - a base for military expeditions into France and the near-Continent for the next two centuries.

The first half of the Hundred Years War proved as catastrophic for the North as well as the rest of France. Destructive fighting disrupted the economy: there were appalling plagues (at least a third of the population of both England and France died in 1348 in the Black Death), and violent and bloody revolts in which peasants looted nobles' houses and castles. Peace was declared in 1360. The English won a massive victory at Poitiers (1356), capturing the French King Jean le Bon. He was released for a ransom paid in gold coins called "franc-or" - "free gold".* He agreed to end the fighting, and to leave the English in control of large areas in western France - as well as Calais.

Francs became the official national money of France at the French Revolution 1789, until the euro (2002). The peace allowed the French King to establish more control. In 1369 the Count of Flanders died, and the French king, Charles V, had - for the time being - driven the English from their early conquests in the north of France. He broke the Anglo-Flemish alliance, by forcing the Count's only child, Marguerite of Flanders, to marry his brother Philippe, Duke of Burgundy. The marriage joined the Low Countries in the north with Burgundy in the east. After a few skirmishes, Flanders acquiesced.

The dying English king Edward III had hoped to strengthen the Anglo-Flemish alliance by marrying the sought-after heiress to his fifth son - instead his ally was now controlled by France. As the English grew weaker, Philippe brought the whole area of Falnders firmly under his control. It remained Burgundian for four reigns of French kings. Young Richard II faced an English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. - fuelled by bitter resentment of the unfair Poll Tax raised to pay for the costly French wars. The French took advantage of English weakness. Having driven the English out of all but Calais and a few other strongholds in France (see Map 2), the French struck across the Channel, helped by Spanish warships based in Rouen. In savage raids in the 1380s, the French briefly captured the Isle of Wight, and burned south coast towns like Sandwich, Winchelsea and Gravesend. In Kent, Canterbury and Dover hurriedly build town walls. Bodiam Castle was built to protect Sussex. The English knew the French had gathered a big fleet; and expected an invasion in 1386.

French success did not last! In 1380 the French king Charles V was succeeded by his son, Charles VI, who sadly became insane. He had no children, and a feud developed over who should take over. In 1407 the French royal family divided into two camps - the Armagnacs (Maison d'Orleans) and the Burgundians. Their feud plunged France into civil war. The powerful Duke of Burgundy failed to win the French crown, but decided to set up his own empire instead. The English took advantage of French divisions to invade Normandy again. In 1415 Henry V, king of England, was returning towaeds Calais when the French army, superior in number, caught up with hom at Azincourt. This resulted in another annihilation like Crecy, English archers wiped out the flower of the French nobility. After this victory, Henry V conquered the north and west of France very nearly succeeding in achieving his grandfather Edward III's ambitions. Allied again with England, the Duke of Burgundy conquered the county of Boulogne, then Hainaut and the bishopric of the Cambrйsis.

While the weak French king cowered south of Paris in the small remaining part of his kingdom.In1420 he signed the Treaty of Troyes with Henry V., agreeing to English rule over N France, and that Henry would inherit the crown of France on his death - to run the two countries as a dual kingdom. In 1429, Joan of Arc began her quest to unite the French behind the future Charles VII and drive the English out of France. She relieved siege of Orleans, and led the Dauphin to be crowned at Rheims in 1429. But Joan was captured by Burgundian troops and handed over to the English. They burnt her as a witch (for wearing men's clothes), at English-held Rouen in 1431. English Henry VI was crowned king of France in Paris. However Joan had inspired a French revival. With a well-organized disciplined army, the French king Charles VII now had the war-weary English on the run. In 1435 Charles VII bribed Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, to break the alliance with the English in exchange for Ponthieu. Only four years later, though, he re-established the important wool trade relations with England and the Flemish economy took off again. One by one, Charles VII besieged and captured the remaining English strongholds.

With the capture of Bordeaux (1453), the English had lost all their French all their French lands except Calais. That was really the end of the One Hundred Years war so far as England was concerned, though a formal treaty to end the war between England and France was only signed in 1475. Charles VII's son, Louis XI (1461-1483) now fought to assert his power over the mighty nobles - especially the Duke of Burgundy. In 1461 Louis XI confronted Charles the Foolhardy, the last duke of Burgundy, who ruled a huge and very rich state stretching from the North Sea to the Alps the frontier lands between them, Artois and Picardy, were ravaged once again by bitter fighting. In 1477 Charles the Foolhardy was killed in a siege of Nancy, near what is now Switzerland. Louis XI quickly took advantage, conquered much of the North, and permanently seized Burgundy itself. Before the dead Duke's inheritance had completely fallen to Louis XI, Marie, his heir and the new Duchess of Burgundy, married a Hapsburg, the future Emperor, Maximilian of Austria. It took Maximilian 20 years to re-establish control over the lands of his predecessor. Louis XI continued fighting on this distant frontier, reluctant to leave the North in foreign hands. But by 1493, Maximilian as Duke of Burgundy once again ruled Arras and the Artois region as well Flanders.

For the next 150 years, France fought to keep hold of the region around Montreuil and Boulogne. Four isolated French strongholds also remained in Burgundian territory, including Therouanne and Hesdin. Maximilian's grandson, Charles V, became Emperor in 1519. To limit his territorial ambitions and to get help in regaining Artois, Franзois I sought an alliance with England. In 1520 they met at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, but failed to agree. Henry VIII went off to Gravelines to join forces with Charles V instead.

1529 - The Treaty of Madrid-Cambrai restored the Artois region to the Charles V as Duke of Burgundy. For a century, Montreuil became the frontier fortress of France. 1537 - Charles V besieged and captured Montreuil with English help. They pillaged and largely destroyed the town. 1544 - Henry VIII besieged and captured Boulogne, but handed it back to France in 1550 for a considerable sum. Montreuil held out against another Anglo-Spanish siege. 1553 - The French continued their bloody incursions into Imperial territory from their Artois strongholds. An infuriated Charles V ordered their total annihilation: Thйrouanne and Hesdin were razed to the ground and the soil rendered sterile with salt. 1558 - The French finally won Calais back from the English. In the 16th century, and until recon quest by the French, blood origins remain of vital importance: under Spanish rule, you were only allowed to work for the local administration if you were born in Flanders, Artois or Hesdin. 1567 - Meanwhile, the French king built a strong Citadelle at Montreuil. It was again attacked by the Spanish in 1594 - they realized the gateway was a weak point, so the town walls were strengthened with only two gateways in and out. In 1604, Henri IV visited Montreuil and declared it "Fidelissima Picardorum Natio." 1659 - Louis XIV's Treaty of the Pyrйnйes rejoined the Artois region to France, leaving Montreuil safely well behind the frontier.

End of the conflict

As the war dragged on, the English were slowly forced back. They had less French land to support their war effort, and the war became more expensive for them. This caused conflicts at home, such as the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 and the beginning of civil wars. Nevertheless, in the reign of Henry V, the English took the offensive once again. At Agincourt, not far from Crecy, the French relapsed into their old tactics of feudal warfare once again, and were again disastrously defeated (1415). The English recovered much of the ground they had lost, and a new peace was based upon Henry's marriage to the French princess Katherine. These events finish the plot for Shakespeare's play, Henry V. Finally, Henry made peace with France in 1453 and the Hundred Years' War came to an official end. With Henry's death in 1422, the war resumed.

In the following years, the French developed a sense of national identity, as illustrated by Joan of Arc, a peasant girl who led the French armies to victory over the English until she was captured and burned by the English as a witch. The French now had a greater unity, and the French king was able to field massive armies on much the same model as the British. In addition, however, the French government began to appreciate the "modern" style of warfare, and new military commanders, such as Bertran du Guesclin, began to fight with guerilla and "small war" tactics. The war dragged on for many years. In fact, it was not until 1565 that the English were forced out of Calais, their last foothold in continental France, and they still hold the Channel Islands, the last remnant of England's medieval empire in France.

This war marked the end of English attempts to control continental territory and the beginning of its emphasis upon maritime supremacy. By Henry V's marriage into the House of Valois, a hereditary strain of mental disorder came into the English royal family. There were great advances in military technology and science during the period, and the military value of the feudal knight was thoroughly discredited. The order went down fighting, however, in a wave of civil wars that racked the countries of Western Europe. The European countries began to establish professional standing armies and to develop the modern state necessary to maintain such forces. From the point of view of the 14th century, however, the most significant result is that the nobility and secular leaders were busy fighting each other at a time when the people of Western Europe desperately needed leadership.

Conclusion

The Hundred Years War was series of three wars that came to end in 1453 with the French victory. The war resulted important changes: France became a stronger country slowly becoming an important power in Europe. It had started the war as a small kingdom had gained more land and was now a large, united country under the control of one king.

However, it took a long time for France to recover from the war as it had been severely damaged during the fighting. England became weaker. Firstly she lost land controlled before, namely Gascony, Guyenne and Normandy. Only Calais remained in English hands. Secondly, England lost money. Finally England lost power both in France and England. In conclusion the war was a disaster for England leaving it with very little land abroad and poor. The barons would now start a new fighting, in the Wars of the Roses.

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