Financial offenses and financial and ekonomic consequences during the war

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Financial offenses and financial and ekonomic consequences during the war

Кирило Чикіт, здобувач вищої освіти Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ Науковий керівник:

Наталія ГОРБАЧ, старший викладач кафедри іноземних мов Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ

The economy is one of the most important indicators of the development and success of any country, and it affects all spheres of public life, including medicine, education, production, and the level of comfort of the population. During the war, our economy has not only suffered from material losses, but the number of economic offenses has also increased, which only depresses the social sphere of our country.

Russia's military aggression against Ukraine has caused large-scale destruction of productive capital and infrastructure, resulting in casualties and social losses. The war leads to a decline in employment and income, purchasing power, and the number of accumulated assets. In 2022, the national economy lost 29.2% of real GDP, and 13.5 million people were forced to flee their homes. More than 7 million people live below the poverty line, accounting for 24% of the population. war economy military aggression

In terms of damage or direct losses in the first year of the war, the World Bank and its partners estimate that the housing sector (38% of the total damage), transportation (26%), energy (8%), industry and trade (8%, with the largest losses), and agriculture (7%) suffered the most.) In particular, during the Russian- Ukrainian war, 1.4 million residential buildings (independent apartments, houses) were destroyed or damaged, including 135,000 private apartments and 39,000 dormitories.

Of the total reconstruction needs (USD 410.6 billion), the transportation sector accounts for 22%, the housing sector for 17%, the energy sector for 11%, the social security and livelihoods sector for 10%, the emergency response sector for 9%, and the agriculture sector for 7%.

Generally speaking, the economic losses caused by war include not only the destruction and disruption of infrastructure, production facilities, and government institutions, but also the loss of human capital and the consumption of resources in military confrontations. In 2022, the share of state budget expenditures on defense in GDP will reach 23%, and in 2023 it should reach 20% of GDP. At the same time, as of January 15, 2023, military assistance from Western partners to Ukraine reached USD 65.4 billion, which is 46.5% of GDP in 2022.

The population losses as a result of the hostilities are also significant, but are still difficult to estimate. According to research by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, even 25 years after the end of the war, the population of the affected countries is still much smaller than in similar countries without armed conflicts. The main components of these losses are war casualties, the outflow of refugees, and a decline in the birth rate.

The huge losses of real GDP in the first year of the war set our country apart from other military campaigns. Thus, as a rule, only in countries that surrendered or suffered serious defeats in the war (Germany, Austria, Japan, Iraq), real GDP fell by 25-50% during the year of conflict. ), or a country where hostilities cover more than 50% of the territory (Bosnia and Herzegovina).

Studies show that the total loss of real GDP during the war averaged 40%. At the same time, real GDP fell by an average of 20% in the first year of the war. As a reminder, in 2022, Ukraine's real GDP fell by 29.2%, and industry by 38%. This is a testament to the brutality and massive destruction suffered by Ukraine from Russian aggressors, as well as to the low adaptability of the Ukrainian economy to martial law and the lack of broad government support.

Ukrainian industry suffered significant losses during the war. In 2022, Ukrainian industrial production fell by 38%. According to World Bank experts, the losses to industry and trade amount to USD 10.9 billion. Meanwhile, the recovery needs in these sectors will reach $23.2 billion by 2033. THE TOTAL COST OF THE DAMAGE IS ESTIMATED AT USD 1.5 BILLION. 80% of this amount is the estimated cost of reconstruction and modernization of production sites, machinery and equipment, and restoration of inventories.

Thus, Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 launched one of the largest and most destructive wars in the world since World War II. The cost of damage and recovery needs are already reaching record levels, and the rate of decline in real GDP and industrial production exceeds that of most countries during the wars of the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries. On the other hand, in 20222023, Ukraine managed to avoid macro-financial destabilization and diversify sources of financing expenditures, which will keep the economy from falling further and positively affect the prospects for post-war recovery.

When it comes to economic offenses, it can be said with good reason that the vast majority of types and forms of economic danger are purposeful, generated by social factors, have an anthropogenic nature and, ultimately, manifest themselves in the form of an offense. Each economic entity may suffer losses due to the destruction of its production factors, property, restriction of activities and redistribution of property and income as a result of fraud, robbery, extortion, robbery, theft, restriction of economic activity, damage to its image, etc.

Since the beginning of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, there has been an increase in the number of cases of most types of crime, including fraud.

The publication notes that the Office of the Prosecutor General in 2022 recorded a surge in crime in almost all the "most popular" articles.

Last year, more than 32 thousand fraud cases were registered. This is the highest figure for the last 4 years. The last time about the same number of fraud cases was recorded in 2019, and since then this figure has only been falling," the report says. Analysts note that in the year of Russia's full-scale invasion, the number of registered proceedings under Article 190 of the Criminal Code increased by 34%. At the same time, the share of cases referred to court dropped by half - from 34% to 18%.

Also, the number of registered car theft proceedings almost doubled over the year - from 2,800 to 4,100 cases. It is worth noting that this figure has grown rapidly only in comparison with the 'covid' year of 2021. In previous years, the number of registered car theft proceedings was approximately the same or even higher.

At the same time, despite the rapid growth in the number of proceedings, fewer and fewer of them reach the court. In particular, in 2022, the number of cases under Article 289 of the Criminal Code sent to court decreased almost threefold: from 54% to 19%,

Perhaps the only article of the Criminal Code where the situation has improved is apartment burglaries. Thus, the number of registered proceedings under Article 185 of the Criminal Code decreased by more than 2 times last year," the report says. The situation with the number of cases under this article that were sent to court also improved.

In 2022, almost every second case registered under this article was sent to court. Moreover, in December, the number of cases sent to court was more than twice as high as the number of registered cases. In 2021, the share of such cases that went to court was 39%.

Thus, during the war, the country's economy suffered significantly, which in turn led to an increase in the number of offenses in this area. Not only citizens, but also businesses, the service sector and the market suffer from fraud. Today, there is a need to improve the procedure for investigating economic crimes, to improve the system of law enforcement agencies in the field of cybersecurity and combating economic crimes.

References

Kravchuk S. J. (2009) “Economic Crime in Ukraine” available at: http://westudents.com.ua/knigi/n6-ekonomchna-zlochinnst-v-ukran-kravchuk-sy.html (Accessed 18 February 2018).

Medentsev A. M. (2014) “Characteristics of the subject and conditions of committing crimes in the field of public procurement” available at: http://www.vestnik- pravo.mgu.od.ua/archive/juspradenc8/65.pdf (Accessed 18 February 2018).

Stepanyuk R. L. (2011) “Typical technologies of criminal activity in the budgetary sphere of Ukraine”, Right forum, vol. 1, pp. 977-981.

Kharko D.M. (2010) “Criminological problems in determining the concept and features of modern economic crime as a factor of shadow economy of Ukraine” available at: http://www.apdp.in.ua/v55/119.pdf (Accessed 18 February 2018).

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