Экономика соединенных штатов Америки

2

Міністерство освіти й науки України

Тернопільський Національний Економічний Університет

Факультет економіки й управління

НДЗ

на тему:

“The economy of the United States of America.”

Виконала:

студентка

групи СР-31

Штуник У. С.

Перевірив:

викладач

Дудар О. В

Тернопіль 2008

The united states are leading industrial and agricultural nation in the world. It is the world's greatest economic power in terms of gross national Product (GNP) and is among the greatest powers in terms of GNP per capita. The nation's wealth is partly reflection of its rich natural resources and advanced agriculture, but the main factor, nevertheless, is its highly developed industry. International trade plays an important part in the U.S. economy, too.

The U.S. government plays only a small direct part in economic activity, being restricted to few agencies. Enterprises that are often in public hands in other countries, such as airlines and telephone systems, are run privately in the United States.

The principal effort of the government traditionally has been the fostering of competition through enforcement of antitrust laws. These are designed to combat collusion among companies with respect to prices, out put levels, or market shares and, where feasible, to prevent mergers that significantly reduce competition.

The major area of government regulation of economic activity is through fiscal and monetary policy. The government also influences on certain sectors of the economy as a purchaser of goods, notably in the aircraft and aerospace industries. Proposals for governmental controls of prices and incomes have been a frequent source of much controversy.

Farming is a field in which the government strongly regulates private economic activity. It endeavours to support farm incomes through payments to farm-ers, controls on out put, price supports, and the provision of storage and marketing facilities. One disadvantage of the system is that payments are related to farm out put, so that the benefit often goes to the larger commercial farms rather than to the so-called family farms that were originally that main object of governmental concern.

Nearly all of the federal government's revenues come from taxes. By far the most important source of tax revenue is the personal income tax. Excise duties yield another small percentage of total federal revenue, individual states levying their own excise and sale taxes. Federal excises rest heavily on alcohol, gasoline and tobacco. Another major source of revenue is so-cial insurance taxes and contributions.

The labour force in the United States is not highly organized. About three-fourths of those belonging to unions are affiliated with the American Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL CIO), the nationwide federation of unions. Most unions in Manufacturing bargain on a plant or company wide scale.

The U.S. economy benefits from rich natural resources. With only 5 percent of the world's out put of coal, copper, and crude petroleum. The United States is the world's second largest petroleum-producing nation. The major producing fields are in Alaska, California, The Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. Important reserves of natural gas are found in most of these same areas.

Coal deposits are concentrated largely in the Appalachians and in Wyoming. Iron ore is mined in Minne-sota and Michigan. Copper production is concentrated in the mountainous states of the West -- in Arizona, Utah, Montana, Nevada, and New Mexico. Zinc is mined in Tennessee, Missouri, Idaho, and New York. Lead mining is concentrated in Missouri. Important nonmetallic minerals are phosphates, potash, sulfur, stone, and clays.

Regional climatic differences enable agricultural diversity. The agricultural sector of the USA produc-es nearly one half of the world's corn (maize) and more than one tenth of its wheat. Despite the enormous out put of U.S. agriculture, the sector of agriculture, forestry and fishing altogether produce less than 3 percent of the GNP. Farm productivity has grown at a rapid rate, enabling a smaller labour force to produce more than ever before. Farm manpower has fallen, while mechanization and concentration of farm holdings has increased.

Less than 2 percent of the GNP comes from mining and quarrying, despite the fact that the United States is a major world producer of a number of metals and of coal and petroleum.

Manufacturing out put has grown at approximately the same rate as the economy as a whole. The increase in productivity over the years has been in part a function of the increased level of capital investment.

One of the most important sectors in terms of value added is the manufacture of transportation equipment, including motor vehicles, aircraft, and space equipment. Other important sectors include machinery, food products, and chemicals.

Chief manufactured products are crude steel, paper, wood pulp, pig iron, sulfuric and phosphoric acid, coke, cheese, newsprint, aerospace vehicles, machine tools, cotton fabric, carpets and rugs, footwear, motor-vehicle tires, household appliances, television and radio receivers, passenger cars, trucks and buses.

In the second half of the 20th century, services have grown faster than any other sector of the U.S. economy. Services are now second only to manufacturing in contribution to the GNP. The most important components are health and business services.

Exports, at only 7.6 percent of gross domestic product in 1994, show the economy of the USA to be relatively self sufficient and comparatively unaffected by global economic trends. Despite this, the United States is the most important single factor in world trade by virtue of the sheer size of its economy. Its exports present more than 10 percent of the world total. Major exports and imports include machinery and trans-portation equipment (electrical goods, motor vehicles and parts), chemicals, mineral fuel, beverages. Chief exports are also aircraft, computers, tobacco, wheat, and corn. The USA receives in turn paper, clothing, footwear, and food (meat, fish, coffee, tea, and ba-nanas).

A free trade treaty was signed with Canada in 1989, and in 1993 the North American Free Trade Agree-ment created a free trade region comprising the USA, Canada, and Mexico. The leading trading partners are also Japan, Saudi Arabia, China, Great Britain, and Germany.

A negative trade balance took place since 1976 until 1984. This, together with the large federal budget deficit, has aroused world wide concern.

The United States takes part in the economy of the rest of the world not only as a trading power but also as a source of investment capital. The USA has penetrated deeply into the Canadian economy where American multinational corporations have large investments. Mining and smelting, petroleum and natural gas, and much of the manufacturing enterprise are dominated by American firms. Direct investment abroad by U.S. firms is a dominant factor in the economies of many Latin-American countries and is also important in Europe and in Asia.

Vocabulary:

1. gross national product - валовий національний продукт

2. enterprises - підприємства

3. international trade - міжнародна торгівля

4. agencies - agencies

5. government regulation - державне регулювання

6. fiscal and monetary policy - бюджетна і грошово-кредитна політика

7. the aircraft and aerospace industries - авіація і аерокосмічна промисловість

8. American Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations - Американська Федерація Трудового Конгресу Індустріальних Організацій

9. sulfuric and phosphoric acid - сірчана і фосфорна кислота

10. investments - інвестиції.

Використана література:

Агабекян И. П. Английський для менеджеров, вид: Ростов-на-Дону - 2007р.