E-waste management system in Ukraine: legal framework and swot-analysis

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E-waste management system in Ukraine: legal framework and swot-analysis

Euvgenia Nosova, Olena Iafinovych, Nataliia Miedviedkova, Vitalina Delas, Nataliia Plieshakova

Abstract

Background: Waste management has been the subject of interest for both Ukrainian and foreign scientists. While Ukrainian researchers have studied waste management and focused on the viability of waste incineration for economic and environmental protection, foreign scientists have directed their attention towards examining the environmental impact of electronic devices. By analysing complex issues related to social-ecological systems, these foreign scientists have studied e-waste management (EWM) approaches to guarantee environmental sustainability and raise public knowledge of EWM. This comparative scrutiny has revealed a research gap, prompting the need to investigate the current state of the e-waste management system (EWMS) in Ukraine to determine the directions for improving EWM.

Methods: To meet the objectives outlined in this paper, various scientific and specialised methods were employed. The structural-functional method was used to consider stakeholders' interests and level of influence in the EWMS by dividing them into four groups. A SWOT analysis was performed to determine the EWMS's opportunities, threats, weaknesses, and strengths. The comparison method was used when Ukraine's regulatory framework in the EWMS was approximated and compared with EU legal actions.

Results and Conclusions: The study examined stakeholders' interests and level of influence over EWMS, categorising them into four categories: KEEP INFORMED (mass media), MANAGE CLOSELY (the Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers, various ministries, and state organisations in Ukraine), KEEP SATISFIED (the President of Ukraine and Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine), and KEEP INFORMED + TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION (international organisations, non-governmental and public organisations, activists, and environmental organisations). A SWOT analysis revealed the EWM system's advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and threats. Taking these factors into account will advance the deployment of EWMS in Ukraine and provide insight into the issues impeding its advancement.

Our analysis of Ukraine's EWM regulatory framework and its adherence to EU law enabled us to conclude that, to effectively manage all waste streams, including e-waste flows, national sectoral laws and regulations that consider international standards and progressive foreign experience should be adopted as the next step in reforming the waste management sector.

Introduction

In modern society, electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) permeates every aspect of daily life. Society's increasing informatisation accelerates equipment obsolescence, prompting enterprises to increase production volumes of constantly updated products. However, the quality of these new products is diminishing, resulting in decreased reliability and shortened service life. Repairing such products often proves impossible or extremely expensive compared to purchasing new equipment. Consequently, this leads to an increase in the consumption of EEE and, consequently, the generation of e-waste. Alarmingly, ewaste accumulates three times faster than other waste. Marija Pazynich, `E-Waste: Market Analysis and Disposal Issues' (Ukrainian Society for Nature Conservation, August 2013)

Global statistics paint a concerning picture: in 2016, 44.7 million tons of e-waste PACE, A New Circular Vision for Electronics: Time for a Global Reboot (World Economic Forum 2019) Vanessa Forti and other, The Global E-Waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, Flows, and the Circular Economy Potential (UNU/UNITAR, ITU 2020) `We Dispose of Old Equipment Correctly: Where to Donate Power Banks, Smartphones and other Devices' (We are Ukraine, 22 September 2023) were generated worldwide, in 2019 - 53.6,3 in 2021 - 57,4 and in 2023 - 61 million tons. Gavin Miller, `E-Waste Day 2023: Is it time to dial back on how we treat our tech?' (Sustainable Future News, 11 October 2023 According to forecasts, in 2030, their volume will be 74.7 million tons Forti and other (n 3).; that is, it will increase by 22.5% compared to 2023 (over seven years). According to the Global Monitoring of Electronic Waste, ibid (n 3). 324,000 tons of e-waste were generated in Ukraine in 2019, averaging 7.7 kg per person. However, calculations by the NGO Let's Do It GREEN Ukraine suggest a higher figure of 28.5 kg per person annually in Ukraine. `Culture of E-Waste Management in Ukraine: Launch of the first E-Waste Ukraine in Ukraine' (Ukrinform, 3 December 2020)

In general, data on the volume of e-waste generation in Ukraine can be obtained based on EEE sales. Despite challenges such as the reduction in electronics sales due to wartime conditions in 2022 (3.3 million smartphones and 657,000 mobile push-button phones were sold, 32% and 42% less than in 2021, respectively), Oleksandr Sharipov, `During the Great War, the Smartphone Market Fell by a Third, and Push-Button Mobile Phones - by more than 42%' (Forbes, 8 February 2023) there has been a demand for EEE, such as batteries, chargers and starting chargers, etc. `“Epicenter” has Sold almost 30 thousand Generators Since the Start of the Shelling of Energy Infrastructure' (Interfax-Ukraine, 22 March 2023) These data give grounds to assert that, despite the hostilities in Ukraine, the volume of e-waste formation shows growing trends.

Household and office EEE contain a large number of hazardous compounds and substances, the release of which into water and soil, causing colossal damage to the environment and, as a consequence, to human health. Although e-waste represents a relatively small portion of municipal solid waste (estimated at 6.8%, according to the RPE "Ecological Laboratory" Culture of E-Waste Management in Ukraine (n 8). and 2%, according to the PACE report), PACE (n 2). its level of danger to nature and human health is colossal. Thus, the RPE “Ecological Laboratory” determines that e-waste in landfills provides 40% of the heavy metals entering water and soil. Meanwhile, the PACE report ibid (n 2) suggests that it could account for up to 70% of hazardous waste in landfills.

Specialised enterprises have the capacity to reuse up to 80% of e-waste components, significantly contributing to resource conservation and recycling efforts. The annual cost of e-waste in the world in 2019 amounted to $62,5 billion, surpassing most countries' GDP. However, despite the economic potential, the PACE report ibid. indicates that only 20% of all e-waste is collected and recycled globally, and in Ukraine, according to the Global Monitoring of Electronic Waste, Forti and other (n 3). the recycling rate was 12,3% of the total amount of generated e-waste in 2019.

Recent examination of current research and publications underscores the pressing need to address Russia's armed aggression and safeguard Ukraine alongside ongoing environmental concerns. Despite the turmoil, environmental issues and environmental protection remain important. Every day, experts record environmental damage, which, as of January 2024, is estimated at more than $56 billion (excluding mined and occupied territories of Ukraine) `Andriy Yermak and Margot Wallstrom held the fifth meeting of the International Working Group on the Environmental Consequences of War' (President of Ukraine, 8 January 2024) and is growing daily.

Ukrainian scientists such as O. Skoryk, O Skoryk, `Forming the Economic Mechanism of Electronic Waste Management in Ukraine' (2017) 2 Efficient economy A. Voitsikhovskaya, O. Kravchenko, O. Melen-Zabramna, and M. Pankevich Alla Voitsikhovskaya and other, Best European Waste Management Practices: Manual (Olena Kravchenko ed, Manuscript Company 2019). have made notable contributions to the discourse on waste management. They have considered the best European practices for preventing waste generation, reuse and recycling, focusing on the feasibility of both economic and environmental protection of waste incineration.

Additionally, scientists like I. Krajnov, V. Krylyuk, E. Shago, and V. Bakharev have focused on environmental safety management in the field of e-waste. IP Krajnov and other, `Ecological Safety Management in the Field of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment' (2012) 1 Ecological Safety 13. Meanwhile, foreign scientists, such as Samuel Abalansa, Badr El Mahrad, John Icely, and Alice Newton, Samuel Abalansa and other, `Electronic Waste, an Environmental Problem Exported to Developing Countries: The GOOD, the BAD and the UGLY' (2021) 13(9) Sustainability 5302, used the DPSIR framework in their research to analyse complex problems associated with social-ecological systems and LCA life cycle assessment for analysis of the environmental impact of electronic devices from their production to recycling. M Khurrum S Bhutta, Adnan Omar and Xiaozhe Yang, `Electronic Waste: A Growing Concern in Today's Environment' [2011] Economics Research International 474230, A group of scientists, such as Rahul S Mor, Kuldip Singh Sangwan, Sarbjit Singh, Atul Singhc, and Manjeet Kharub, Rahul S Mor and other, `E-Waste Management for Environmental Sustainability: An Exploratory Study' (The 28th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, Jaipur, India, 10-12 March 2021) vol 98, 193 researched EWM techniques to ensure environmental sustainability and people's awareness of EWM.

Ukraine's acquisition of candidate status for EU membership in June 2022 motivates and obliges it to gradually bring national legislation into line with EU directives in this area. It should be noted that the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union are constantly modernising environmental regulations, which are becoming more stringent every year. Thus, Directive 2015/863 (known as RoHS3) Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2015/863 of 31 March 2015 amending Annex II to Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the list of restricted substances (Text with EEA relevance) [2015] OJ L 137/10. expands the list of hazardous substances (four more are added) and imposes restrictions on their use in EEE; from 2018, Directive 2012/19/EU Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) (recast) (Text with EEA relevance) [2012] OJ L 197/38. applies to all EEE, even though e-waste previously only covered certain equipment of this kind.

Furthermore, starting from December 2020, revisions to directives concerning the handling of batteries and accumulators, including waste batteries, led to the adoption on 12 July 2023 by the Council of the European Union of a new Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 concerning batteries and waste batteries, amending Directive 2008/98/EC and Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 and repealing Directive 2006/66/EC (Text with EEA relevance) [2023] OJ L 191/1. on batteries and waste batteries. This provision will regulate the entire life cycle of batteries - from production to reuse and recycling, in connection with the ban on smartphones without a removable battery; at the end of 2022, the EU approved the introduction of a single standard for chargers (USB Type-C), Directive (EU) 2022/2380 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 amending Directive 2014/53/EU on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of radio equipment (Text with EEA relevance) [2022] OJ L 315/30; Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/1717 of 27 June 2023 amending Directive 2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the technical specifications for the charging receptacle and charging communication protocol for all the categories or classes of radio equipment capable of being recharged by means of wired charging (Text with EEA relevance) [2023] OJ L 223/1. the transition period for which for small electronic gadgets is 24 months from the date of approval (i.e. from the fall of 2024), for laptops - 40 months.

Currently, the domestic legal framework for waste management consists of fundamental legislative acts, including the Laws of Ukraine “On Environmental Protection” Law of Ukraine no 1264-XII 25 June 1991 “On Environmental Protection” [1991] Sheets of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine 41/546. and “On Waste Management” Law of Ukraine no 2320-IX of 20 June 2022 `On Waste Management' [2023] Sheets of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine 17/75. (known as “On Waste” until 9 July 2023), Law of Ukraine no 187/98-VR of 5 March 1998 `On Waste' [1998] Sheets of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine 36-37/242. alongside legislative acts relating to individual flows waste. However, significant legislative developments in this direction do not yet allow us to discuss the functioning of a modern and effective waste management model in Ukraine.

- a system of long-term waste management planning at all levels of management (national, regional, and local);

- hierarchy of waste management, which is the determination of the priority order for the protection of the natural environment for the management of waste of all types;

- extended producer responsibility (EPR), which is based on the “polluter pays” principle;

- gradual creation of modern infrastructure and waste collection and treatment facilities;

- improvement of waste management processes, incl. licensing and permitting systems and information support in waste management.

The law is the basis for the development of sectoral legislation. Law of Ukraine no 2320-IX (n 28). The sectoral bills are intended to give rise to the system of EPR, which is especially significant for the management of e-waste. Implementing EPR will allow the use of new methods and tools for e-waste collection and make this process as efficient as possible (for example, by organising the collection of EEE at their points of sale or by manufacturers). Currently, collection points in Ukraine are voluntarily funded by the environmentally responsible corporate sector. Since waste is accepted by the population free of charge, the activities of such centres are unprofitable.

Table 1. Comparative analysis of the approximation of the regulatory framework of Ukraine in the EWMS with EU legal acts

Thus, in 2017 and 2019, the National Strategy and the National Waste Management Plan until 2030 were adopted, respectively. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine no 820-r of 8 November 2017 `On approval of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030; Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine no 117-r of 20 February 2019 `On approval of the National Waste Management Plan until 2030 To bring into compliance with the requirements of the new framework Law of Ukraine “On Waste Management” and European standards on the structure of these documents, in 2023, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine, together with European experts, developed the National Waste Management Plan of Ukraine until 2033 of the year. `Draft National Waste Management Plan for Ukraine until 2033' (Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine, November 2023)

A strategic environmental assessment for the new document was launched in December 2023, and its adoption is scheduled for 2024. For the first time, this plan contains separate components - a biowaste reduction program and a waste prevention program, the last of which plays an important role in EWM. In addition, an innovation of the National Plan until 2033 is the development of indicators for monitoring and evaluating the plan's implementation according to EU standards. It is planned that the source of data for this assessment will be data from the waste management information system designed for waste accounting and reporting, transfer of waste from the generator to the processor, and obtaining a license for hazardous waste management `How to Work in a Waste Management Information System?' (Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine, 29 August 2023) . Creating a waste management information system provides the state, the public, and residents of populated areas with information about the volume of waste generated in the territory, waste management operations, etc. Based on foreign practice, the Ministry of Environment launched an information system in December 2023, which considered business proposals for its improvement based on beta testing.

Stakeholders in the E-Waste Management System

After studying the regulatory framework in the EWMS, it is advisable to move to its institutional component, consisting of stakeholders. Let us analyse stakeholders' degree of impact and interest by putting them into four sectors (Fig.1).

1) International organisations, such as UNESCO and UNIDO, contribute to the improvement of the environmental situation in countries worldwide. In Ukraine, priority areas of cooperation are environmental protection, conservation of natural resources, and the implementation of resource-saving technologies. Even before the war, Ukraine, like the rest of the world, faced serious environmental challenges: a shortage of fresh water, pollution of rivers and seas, droughts, and forest fires. The war in Ukraine increased the relevance of the study of this issue and showed the depth of the environmental crisis and the importance of preserving natural capital. Therefore, environmental protection, the conservation of natural resources, and the introduction of resource-saving technologies remain important areas of cooperation for Ukraine.

2) International organisations promoting information support for the current state of the environment in the country (for example, the European Environment Agency (EEA), the main goal of which is to provide independent information on the state of the environment.

3) International organisations providing financial assistance to environmental protection and ecological projects, such as:

- The European Investment Bank (EIB) `Who We Are' (European Investment Bank, 2023) finances projects up to 50% of the total cost and often collaborates with other international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). `European Investment Bank' (Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine, 2023)

In Ukraine, the EBRD is the largest institutional investor, and today, its key focus is restoring Ukrainian cities. This recovery challenge aims to apply the principle of green technologies - creating greener and more energy-efficient cities, enhancing energy security, and using green transport.

To date, as part of the coordinated EU and international response to the war, the EIB provides financial support under the EIB Ukraine Solidarity Package. Active work continues to resolve issues of further funding for Ukraine to provide critical government services to the population who remain in the country.

In addition, EIB funds are used to address the impacts of climate change on vulnerable groups, protect biodiversity, and promote sustainable agriculture. Thus, the bank sees one of the goals of its activities as preserving natural resources and ensuring the environment is safe for future generations. All projects supported by the EIB must meet the bank's climate objectives.

- The Global Environment Facility (GEF) provides funds to finance additional costs to make the project environmentally attractive. `Who We Are' (GEF Global Environment Facility, 2023)

In the modern system of public relations, the influence of non-state (non-governmental) and public institutions, as well as activists, is growing. They influence the world political process both globally and regionally, exert direct pressure on governments, and control the implementation of international agreements, including environmental agreements.

From year to year, the number of supporters of environmental organisations is growing, and their contribution to the solution of global environmental problems is increasing. In Ukraine, one can single out influential environmental organisations such as "MAMA-86", “Let's Do It GREEN Ukraine”, and the All-Ukrainian Ecological League. Kateryna Dudnyk, `International Environmental Cooperation' Legal Newspaper (Kyjiv, 8 November 2016) 24. Representatives of public organisations take an active part in legislative activities, keeping legislative acts concerning the impact on the environment under control. Environmental organisations are an important driving force in protecting eco-interests, as they can really influence government decisions and society. In 2019, the Professional Organization of Ecologists of Ukraine was created.

It is advisable to divide enterprises into those which produce waste and those which recycle it. At the moment, there is practically no waste management infrastructure in Ukraine. There are only a few incomplete recycling enterprises (Waste Management Center `Waste Management Center: The First Service Company Organizing the Proper Disposal of a Large List of Waste' (Waste Management Center, 2014) , SPE “Ecological Laboratory” `About the company “Ecological Laboratory”' (Scientific and Production Enterprise “Ecological Laboratory”, 2010) , State Enterprise “Argentum”) and sorting stations (“Ukraine without waste”), `Waste Sorting Station' (Ukraine Without Waste, 2017) which are engaged only in waste collection. Collection and recycling projects are implemented exclusively with the support of socially responsible businesses.

In 2020, the NGO "Let's Do It GREEN Ukraine" launched the "E-WasteUkraine" project, `E-Waste Ukraine' (Let's do it, GREEN Ukraine, 2020) implemented with the support of five ministries, socially responsible businesses, which include enterprises operating in various fields and taking an active part in environmental projects as investors, producers' electronic equipment and retail chains that trade in it. The goal is to create a culture of social responsibility among the population. The program consists of educational activities among the population, adolescents, and children, with the involvement of adults; the introduction of separate waste collection in educational institutions; and the installation of containers in individual cities.

SWOT Analysis of the e-Waste Management System in Ukraine

The study of EWM performance, regulatory framework, and the impact of stakeholders allowed us to build a SWOT analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities in the system of EWM in Ukraine. Let us begin with the identified strengths of the EWMS:

1. Access to modern recycling technologies worldwide

2. The presence of public organisations that popularise an environmental lifestyle and socially responsible businesses that support the development of environmental projects.

3. Availability of EEE manufacturers and large retail chains willing to finance environmental projects and participate in their implementation.

4. Declaration by the leadership of the state, regions, and local governments to create the prerequisites for the existence of a waste management system and to promote its development.

5. Availability of industrial facilities capable of serving as the foundation for e-waste processing and utilisation infrastructure.

6. Convenient geographical location and extensive transport network.

7. Availability of existing regional programs and waste management plans.

1. Current lack of a sectoral regulatory framework governing the collection, storage, transportation, recycling, recovery, disposal and extended responsibility of producers and exporters for certain waste streams, particularly EEE.

2. Partial absence and non-compliance with EU standards of the regulatory framework for organising accounting and reporting of EEE. Lack of a wellfunctioning and tested information system for accounting and recording indicators in EEE waste management since it is only at the implementation stage.

3. Absence of extended producer responsibility.

4. Lack of control over waste disposal by the State Environmental Inspection and inexistence of proper mechanisms for holding people accountable for noncompliance with legislation.

5. Low incentives for waste prevention and compliance with the waste management hierarchy due to a lack of tools, stimuli, and incentives, low waste disposal tariffs, and low waste disposal taxes.

6. Lack of targets for recycling and recovery of waste products falling under EPR, including e-waste (currently, the minimum targets for preparation for reuse, recycling, and recovery of e-waste are indicated in the draft sectoral legislative initiative of the Ministry of Environment).

7. Non-transparency of the activities of enterprises involved in recycling, the presence of a “grey” and “black” market.

8. Low investment attractiveness due to the war and the unstable political and economic situation in Ukraine.

9. Limited environmental awareness and knowledge from the population on environmental issues and its impact on the social standard of living and personal health.

10. Low population paying capacity leads to an unwillingness to pay for durable and high-quality products and their disposal.

11. Lack of infrastructure for e-waste collection, accumulation, sorting and disposal.

12. Insufficient statistical data on the volume of waste and the volume of its processing, caused by the lack of systematic collection and analysis of information.

13. Lack of motivation among individuals and legal entities for separate waste collection.

14. Low profitability or even unprofitability of the activities of entities involved in collecting and disposing of e-waste due to low processing volumes and lack of infrastructure.

15. Non-compliance of waste management facilities with safety requirements and their low technological level.

16. Low level of communication and cooperation between local authorities at different levels.

17. Disinterest of real estate associations, such as local building-utilities administrator offices and condominiums, in matters of separate waste collection and environmental safety.

18. Unclear vision for resolving the issue of collecting and recycling e-waste.

19. Insufficient number of qualified personnel.

1. The high profitability of projects for e-waste utilisation, subject to the existence of appropriate infrastructure, creates opportunities for sustainable development of the country's economy, obtaining additional revenues to the state and local budgets.

2. There is a global demand for e-waste recycling capacity, but the current existing recycling capacity is limited (about five countries have recycling capacity at this time).

3. The volume of e-waste is growing consistently every year, presenting ongoing opportunities.

4. Potential to attract funds from International Financial Institutions and foreign investors to implement projects for e-waste utilisation.

5. Raising the environmental population's awareness and pressure on the authorities to implement environmental projects.

6. Prerequisites for the creation of recycling facilities for e-waste (there are a territory, personnel, enterprises that are ready to do this, and raw materials) (will be realistic after the end of the war in Ukraine).

7. Opportunities for domestic consumption will allow the development of other industries experiencing a shortage of raw materials and exports obtained from the processing of secondary raw materials.

8. Creation of new jobs.

9. Overcoming the problem of overflowing landfills and environmental pollution, reducing the negative impact on the health and social standards of living in future.

1. High level of corruption and abuse of official duties, in part of issuing licenses and exercising control.

2. Increase in the number of “pseudo-utilizers” of EEE with all the resulting consequences.

3. Low level of social responsibility of individuals and legal entities, including the awareness of the need for separate waste collection and disposal.

4. Lack of funds to finance environmental projects, including those related to waste management.

5. The high cost of implementing projects for their high manufacturability (the need to build factories equipped with the latest science and technology).

6. Gaps in legislation, lack of an effective mechanism for implementing the legislative provisions, the possibility of non-compliance with legislation and the lack of inevitable responsibility for its violation. An increase in illegal operating points for the extraction of components from e-waste, where, as a rule, the extraction of useful components occurs in conditions that do not meet environmental standards and are harmful to both people and the environment.

7. Low level of secondary resource use and loss of a significant part of the scarce raw materials contained in e-waste due to poor management of this waste stream.

8. Lack of an effective unified waste management system at the country level, to which subsystems created in accordance with the territorial administrative structure are subordinated through the initial stage of its implementation.

9. Difficulty in determining places intended for processing and disposal of waste through the so-called effect of "someone else's waste", that is, the reluctance of the population of the region to agree to waste recycling from other settlements on their territory.

Concluding remarks

- finding sources of financing for projects, methods and tools for stimulating the interest of subjects involved in the implementation of these projects;

- identifying the reasons that hinder the adoption and implementation of progressive domestic legislation which aims to prevent e-waste creation and set the rules for its management;

- creating a Ukrainian legal framework for the formation of an effective system of extended liability, taking into account its two elements - producer and consumer liability, the latter of which is currently ignored by the legislator;

- reviewing the extent of liability of legal entities and individuals for improper disposal of e-waste and introducing stricter control over non-compliance with the law in this area.

References

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3. Dudnyk K, `International Environmental Cooperation' Legal Newspaper (Kyjiv, 8 November 2016) 24.

4. Forti V. and other, The Global E-Waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, Flows, and the Circular Economy Potential (UNU/UNITAR, ITU 2020)

5. Krajnov I.P. and other, `Ecological Safety Management in the Field of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment' (2012) 1 Ecological Safety 13.

6. Miller G., `E-Waste Day 2023: Is it time to dial back on how we treat our tech?' (Sustainable Future News, 11 October 2023)

7. Mor R.S. and other, `E-Waste Management for Environmental Sustainability: An Exploratory Study' (The 28th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, Jaipur, India, 10-12 March 2021) vol 98, 193,

8. Pazynich M., `E-Waste: Market Analysis and Disposal Issues' (Ukrainian Society for Nature Conservation, August 2013)

9. Sharipov O., `During the Great War, the Smartphone Market Fell by a Third, and PushButton Mobile Phones - by more than 42%' (Forbes, 8 February 2023)

10. Skoryk O., `Forming the Economic Mechanism of Electronic Waste Management in Ukraine' (2017) 2 Efficient economy

11. Voitsikhovskaya A and other, Best European Waste Management Practices: Manual (O Kravchenko ed, Manuscript Company 2019).

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