Pre-project analysis and functional model of energy-efficiency housing on Berakit territory in Bintan Island, Indonesia

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Pre-project analysis and functional model of energy-efficiency housing on Berakit territory in Bintan Island, Indonesia

Rusmin Rum,

Alla Vasileva Kop'eva,

Oksana Vladimirovna Maslovskaia

ПРЕДПРОЕКТНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ И ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ЭНЕРГОЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ПОСЕЛЕНИЯ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ РАЙОНА БЕРАКИТ, ОСТРОВ БИНТАН, ИНДОНЕЗИЯ

Абстракт

В данном исследовании выполнен предпроектный анализ территории района Беракит на острове Бинтан в Индонезии, разработана функциональная модель застройки экологического поселения с общественным центром, стратегии развития которого определены Регламентом региона Бинтан № 1 от 2020 года «О территориальном планировании региона Бинтан на 2020-2040 годы», а также обязательствами правительства по достижению целей устойчивого развития.

Компоненты градостроительного уровня включают анализ ситуационного плана, уклонов местности, ориентации склонов, высотных уровней, анализ инсоляции, почвы, растительности, инженерный и гидрологический анализы, взаимосвязанные друг с другом. На этом уровне были выявлены принципы организации экологичного ландшафта, адаптации к местности, ландшафтного дизайна, а также интегрированной операционной системы. Градостроительные приёмы организации территории включают изменение естественной топографии и растительности, оптимальное соотношение массы и пространства в застройке, включение открытых рекреационных пространств, эффективную организацию транспортного движения, организацию пешеходных путей, близость к общественному транспорту, планирование сетей энергоснабжения, водоснабжения и канализации.

Архитектурно-пространственные компоненты застройки анализируются с учётом окружающей среды и культурных традиций. Выявлены принципы организации архитектурно-пространственных объектов: соответствующая ориентация и форма, подобающая ограждающая структура здания, возобновляемые источники энергии, альтернативные источники энергии, улучшение архитектурного дизайна и улучшение оборудования для обеспечения максимальных результатов при проектировании. Данные принципы легли в основу архитектурно-пространственных приёмов ориентации фасадов, стратегии затенения, эффективной системы освещения, тепловой эффективности ограждающих конструкций здания, температурного комфорта, воздушных потоков и инфильтрации, сбора дождевой воды, очистки сточных вод, потребления альтернативной энергии и резервного питания от возобновляемых источников энергии.

Кроме этого, неотъемлемым компонентом развития территории являются применяемые материалы, требующие анализа и с точки зрения местных традиций, и с точки зрения энергосбережения. Представлен принцип использования экологически чистых материалов в конструкциях и отделке зданий, оборудовании и ландшафтных компонентах.

Выявленные и разработанные принципы и приёмы призваны решить такие проблемы территории района Беракит, как: недостатки в региональном структурировании застройки и поселения в целом, проблемы качества окружающей среды, энергоэффективности застройки, что должно привести к улучшению здоровья и благополучия местного населения. Данные теоретические разработки будут положены в основу экспериментального проекта для обсуждения и принятия решений местными органами власти, заказчиками и застройщиками.

Ключевые слова: устойчивое поселение, планирование регионального развития, принципы и приёмы формирования поселения, энергоэффективная застройка.

Abstract

This study discusses the suitability of settlement development on the Berakit territory in Bintan Island as environmental service centre that functions to serve environmental scale activities between villages in accordance with Bintan Regency Regional Regulation No.1 of 2020 "Concerning the Bintan Regency Spatial Planning 2020-2040". Based on that, the strategies to development of Berakit territory is needed to be in-line with the Government's commitment to achieve targets of sustainable development goals. Therefore, pre-project analysis is needed by prioritizing: physical conditions, land use, ecology and socio-economic in the development of settlement in order to obtain a model functional as a problem-solving principle, namely: on-site reblocking areas both in infrastructure and settlement, improving environmental quality. Last but not least, creating energy-efficient housing that leads to good health and wellbeing in community.

Keywords: neighborhood sustainable settlement, regional development planning, principles and techniques of settlement formation, energy efficient development.

Relevance

Bintan Island in Indonesia is one of the gateways to cross-border between Indonesia-Malaysia and Indonesia-Singapore, so it is very strategic based on the geoeconomics and geo-politics policies. In addition, Bintan Island has a charming and exotic natural beauty as well as a wealth of abundant natural resources, so it is predictable that foreign investors will invest in various sectors. Furthermore, the largest investment sector is the housing sector, the industrial sector, and the office sector based on investment data in 2021 [8].

Based on above, it is necessary to harmonize the design of the territory in developing settlement. According to UN-Habitat that urban and territorial planning influences how we use and access resources, land-use patterns, urban form and urban spatial design, biodiversity and nature, transport investments that is the very nature and form of urban development, including important urban-rural dimensions [5]. Thus, basically sustainable development territory is interconnected with ecological, economy,social and human [2]. So that it must through complex thinking, which includes many interrelated aspects.

Overview of location

Bintan Island is located between 01°00' north latitude 1°20' south latitude and 104°00' east longitude 108°30' west longitude with tropical climate and lowest average temperature of 23.9°C with an air humidity of around 85%. Furthermore, Bintan Island has three governments, namely: Tanjungpinang Government is located in Senggarang, Bintan Regency Government is located in Bandar Seri Bintan, and Kepulauan Riau Province is located in Dompak Island in Tanjungpinang territory.

Specifically, the planning location is Berakit territory with located in the northeastern, which is one of the villages in Teluk Sebong District and then remote village from the capital town of Bintan Regency with an area of 30.80 km2. In addition, Berakit as an area for suburban development which is a settlement centre that serves intervillage scale activities in accordance with regional regulation No. 1 of 2020 that spatial planning and spatial patterns issued by the Bintan Regency Government [1]. In short, to achieve pre-project and objectives, the following stages of research were carried out:

The hypothetical framework for pre-project analysis;

The Schematic of a functional model;

Conclusions and suggestion.

Pre-project analysis and functional model

The hypothetical framework for pre-project analysis. In conducting pre-design analysis, study data is needed in determining the assessment and feasibility of development territory and the object itself, so it will encourage increased awareness and recognition of social, economic and environmental lead to well-being [4]. Thereby, all of them can be determinants of healthy communities. Therefore, a hypothetical framework in this study is divided into 3 (three) parts, namely:

Aspects of territory components. This framework relates to the identification of Berakit territory by knowing the composition of territory formed from interactions and interconnections. Furthermore, these factors are influenced by aesthetic, sanitary and hygienic, functional, environmental, the resistance of natural complexes to trampling, technological [9]. Each of these elements can describe territory, so it can be concluded an area is influenced by elements of interaction and interconnection, there are 9 (nine) analyzes, namely:

Situational plan analysis. Shows the general condition of buildings and other infrastructure.

Terrain slopes analysis. Describes the rise and fall of the land surface that it can affect the planned placement of buildings and other infrastructure.

Orientation slopes analysis. Provide an overview of the landscape structure model.

Altitude levels analysis. Describes about condition of an area that it will relate to the quality of its environment.

Engineering analysis. Knowing the model of transportation routes and infrastructure facilities.

Insolation analysis. Overview of heat islands in an area.

Hydrological analysis. Indicates the condition of natural groundwater and reservoirs that it can be used as a water source.

Soil analysis. Provide soil quality information that will relate to soil strength and fertility.

Vegetation analysis. Describes the types and models of vegetation related to altitude levels, so carefully planned vegetation around the building helps in reducing the urban heat island effect and electricity consumption [6].

Aspects of building components. Indonesia has a tropical climate, there are only two (2) seasons as wet season and dry season so that it is affects the level of humidity, temperature, solar radiation, rain and wind. Therefore, the framework relates to the identification of environmental and building aspects so that the design process can be integrated in order to ensure the optimization of energy efficiency as well as energy consumption of buildings can be reduced significantly in every stage of a building life cycle [3]. So it can be divided into 3 (three) analyses, namely:

Environmental adjustment. Explain climatic conditions and their potential, then it can be used to support site and building.

Building adjustments. Describes the condition of the building and the surrounding environment so that it can be made adjustment of both in form design techniques and building technology.

Cultural adjustment. Knowing the character and habit of people as well their dwelling place as a basis for planning housing.

Aspects of material components. Application of materials is adjusted to the conditions and potential of the environment itself, then it can be categories by 2 (two) analyses, namely:

Local wisdom, the use of materials in utilizing the existence of local materials by knowing the potential of the local environment.

Low-energy power, knowing the condition of the material around the environment that neither harmful nor an impact on environmental damage.

Table 1. Hypothetical framework for pre-project analysis

Schematic of the principles in functional model. In conducting a study of the functional model scheme based on the pre-design analysis framework approach, so there are several principles obtained as the basis for the elaboration of the scheme according to the factors of territory, building, and materials, namely:

Territory principles. Sustainable landscape. The construction of landscape and ecological characteristics consists of physical elements and spatial layout [7]. Thus, many aspects need to be considered when designing this principle, including with radiation and heat island as well as all treatments to improve the microclimate.

Place adaptation. The principle takes into account the environment and buildings surrounding on site then also proximity of other buildings or another objects, so that it cannot hinder air circulation and capture sunlight

Softscape and hardscape design. The purpose of softscape is to give character to the landscape, creating an aura, atmosphere that can give a refreshing feeling. Whereas, hardscape is inanimate landscape objects,such as: paving stones, rocks, stones, flower boxes, gazebos, water features, and structures made of wood, natural stone and other materials [10].

Integrated operating system. Functioning as a component of supporting facilities and infrastructure for integrated settlement services in physical, such as: roads and drainage. Similarly, facilities and infrastructure of a system, such as: energy, water and waste networks.

Building principles. Orientation and shape. Basically, the orientation and shape of the building will affect the sunlight and air circulation.

Enclosing structure of buildings. In general, this principle covers the thermal building will allow quality control with respect to the insulation and hermeticism of the building, which is often referred to as the building envelope, such as: walls, roofs, shading, coatings, windows and curtain screens.

Renewable energy sources. The principle of renewable energy comes from natural sources and replenishes naturally without human intervention, such as: solar, wind, geothermal energy, water resources and other renewable energy systems available into buildings.

Alternative energy sources, Alternative energy includes only resources, such as: natural gas, coal or any waste energy that cannot be replenished naturally but produces lower carbon emissions, so it is an active design strategy to provide comfort in buildings that are includes mechanical system components.

Architectural design improvements. Mainly about improving architectural elements to relate to the surrounding environment such as: elements for regulating temperature and air flow in buildings, natural elements both in and appearance of building.

Hardware improvements. Energy efficient building design is involving hardware that can maximize energy, both in increasing energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption.

Material principles. Environmentally friendly materials. That materials are free from substances harmful to health and also, it can absorb heat energy and save energy.

Schematic of the techniques in functional model. In order to apply the principles that have been described, it is necessary to find a technique for their application according to the factors of territory, building and materials as follows;

Territory techniques. Berakit territory is a combination of small hills and lowlands, so in developing area that it is necessary to modify natural topography and vegetation classification techniques, so then it can support the formation of open spaces and recreation technique. Furthermore, the organization circulation technique will be supported by the pedestrian ways technique, which will prioritize proximity to public transportation as a technique. In addition, the techniques of specific form and spacemass proportion is needed in order to know the technique of energy, water and waste supply systems to be integrated into the building.

Building Techniques. During the dry season, the weather in Berakit territory reaches 30° C so that facade orientation technique is needed in placing buildings that it is oriented north-south and technique of shading strategies can be used to protect the east-west side. Moreover, the thermal efficiency of building envelope technique is needed as a way to reduce sunlight when perpendicular to the building. In addition, to avoid humidity in a room that is not exposed to sunlight that a temperature comfort technique is needed with modification, then an airflow and infiltration technique so that the airflow can be changed so that humidity can be avoided. Furthermore, renewable energy back-up technique can be useful as a back-up both in support and also as backup in shutdown from power plants. In addition, main use energy for building will be prepared to alternative energy consumption technique as a combination by gas or coal flows from the power plants with solar energy. Afterwards, rainwater harvesting technique will be accommodated for use of bathroom then domestic waste disposal will be use wastewater treatment technique for use of water for watering plants.

Material techniques. In the use of materials, it is strived to use environmentally friendly materials. In addition, it is not having a major impact on the environment and humans but also being able to support according to its function both in for the territory and building itself so that the technique of material structure uses bamboo, rattan and timber as additional and main structures of depending on the building type. Furthermore, the use of materials for inside the building or outside the building still refers to the equipment technique that it consumes less energy, for instance lighting. In addition, the development of territory and buildings cannot be separated from ecological techniques. In particular, wetlands, garden sanitation and recreational park.

Figure 1. Matrix of relationship between principles and techniques

Conclusions and suggestion

In planning the development of settlement in the Berakit territory as a suburb, an integrated and sustainable concept is needed with reference to the pre-project and functional models in location. Initially, the pre-project is divided into 3 (three) components.

Firstly, territory components have a situational plan analysis, terrain slopes analysis, orientation slopes analysis, altitude levels analysis, engineering analysis, insolation analysis, hydrological analysis, soil analysis, vegetation analysis which are interrelated. Then developed which leads to interrelated principles, namely: sustainable landscape, place adaptation, softscape and hardscape design, and integrated operating system. Then, techniques are carried out such as: modifying the natural topography and vegetation technique, specific form and space-mass proportion technique, organization circulation technique, open spaces and recreation technique, pedestrian ways technique, proximity to public transportation, and technique of energy, water and waste supply systems.

Second, the components of the building are not only analysed on the building but also on the surrounding environment, so there are an analysis of environmental adjustment; building adjustments; cultural adjustments. Then to bring up interrelated principles, namely: orientation and shape, enclosing structure of building, renewable energy sources, alternative energy sources, architectural design improvements, and hardware improvements, so to provide maximum results in planning have several techniques as solutions, namely: facade orientation, shading strategies, efficient lighting system, thermal efficiency of building envelope, temperature comfort, air flow & infiltration, rainwater harvesting, waste water treatment, alternative energy consumption, and renewable energy power back-up.

Last but not least, the material is an inseparable component in the development of territory so that it requires an analysis of both in local wisdom and low-energy power then there are a principle of environmentally friendly materials that must be used a basis so that it requires a few techniques for application in materials, namely: structure, equipment, and ecological. In addition, the relationship between principles and techniques in the functional model is not only related to their group but can be related to other groups so that it is illustrated in the "relationship matrix between principles and techniques", such as: sustainable landscape principle not only correlation in territory techniques but also with building techniques as well as material techniques.

Finally, principles and techniques above can be solving the problems on Berakit territory, namely: deficiencies in regional structuring (on-site reblocking) both in infrastructure and settlement, as well as environmental quality including supporting energy efficiency in settlement that leads to good health and well-being in community. Therefore, this research will be continued as an experimental project in order to get maximum result for references to local governments as policy actors and developers as third parties.

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