Development and use of synanthropic phytocenoses with complex invasion in Kaluga region
Development of self-organizing phytocenoses with varying degrees of invasion, their use on lands temporarily withdrawn from active agricultural use. The influence of mineral fertilizers on the increase in the specific productivity of the phytocenosis.
| Рубрика | Экология и охрана природы |
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| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 17.03.2021 |
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Development and use of synanthropic phytocenoses with complex invasion in Kaluga region
Valeriy A. Burlutskiy1, Vladimir N. Mazurov1, Ivan E. Osokin2, Aleksandr F. Peliy3*, Polina S. Semeshkina1, Ekaterina S. Borodina4, Murat S. Gins5, Aleksey F. Peliy4
'Kaluga Research Institute of Agriculture, Kaluga region, Russian Federation
2Branch of Rosselkhozcenter on Tver Region, Tver, Russian Federation
3Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University),
Moscow, Russian Federation
4Russian State Agrarian University -- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy,
Moscow, Russian Federation
5Federal Scientific Center of Vegetable Growing,
Abstract
Currently, less than 33% of arable land is used in Meshchovskoye Opolye. Optimizing technology elements of resource-saving development of synanthropic fallow phytocenoses with complex invasion is relevant.
The article is devoted to analysis of development of self-organizing phytocenoses with varying invasion degrees and their use on lands temporarily withdrawn from active agricultural use.
Field experiments were carried out on postagrogenic gray forest loamy soils in Kaluga Research Institute of Agriculture in 2006--2018. Influence of mineral fertilizers as an optimization element of technology of fallow development was studied using transects and permanent survey sites on the area of 12.0 ha.
The reasons for change in productivity and its determining elements in hayfields in autogenous -- allogenic phytocenoses were analysed. We established that economic value of plant communities was determined by potential of constituent species and variability of their productivity in years with various environmental conditions. 12 years later phytocenoses become homogeneous and consist of 10--12 main plant species, determining green mass productivity by 75%.
Compared to native species invasive plant species have 1.4--2.0 fold higher productivity which accounts for 60% and more productivity of phytocenoses. Transforming role of Erigeron canadensis L., Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and Solidago gigantea Ait. on their expansion into aboriginal herb (share in mowed mass -- 40% or more) communities was shown; their high adaptive potential for ecological-soil conditions of Meshchovskoye Opolye (center of Nonchernozem Zone of Russia) was established. Application of mineral fertilizers (P40K)0) in the secondary Trifolium medium phytocenoses (more than 40%) contributed to 2.4-fold increase in its productivity (from 1.38 to 3.29 kg/m2) and increased productivity stability by 60%, reducing low-value species in crop structure by 1.6 times.
The total area of cenopopulations increased by 10.4--21.5%, yields -- from 2.31 to 4.41 kg/m2.
Keywords: fallow lands, gray forest soils, synanthropic phytocenoses, invasive species, mineral fertilizers, productivity
Аннотация
phytocenosis invasion land agricultural
Особенности развития и использования синатропных фитоценозов с комплексной инвазией в условиях Калужской области
В.А. Бурлуцкий1, В.Н. Мазуров1, И.Е. Осокин2, А.Ф. Пэлий3*, П.С. Семешкина1, Е.С. Бородина4, М.С. Гинс5, А.Ф. Пэлий4
'Калужский научно-исследовательский институт сельского хозяйства,
Калужская область, Российская Федерация
2Филиал ФГБУ «Россельхозцентр» по Тверской области, Тверь, Российская Федерация
3Российский университет дружбы народов, Москва, Российская Федерация
4РГАУ-МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева, Москва, Российская Федерация
5Федеральный научный центр овощеводства, Московская обл., Российская Федерация
В настоящее время в Мещовском ополье не используется более 33% пашни. Вопрос оптимизации элементов технологии ресурсосберегающего освоения синантропных фитоценозов залежей с комплексной инвазией является открытым. Статья посвящена актуальной научно-производственной задаче -- анализа и динамики развития самоорганизующихся фитоценозов с различной степенью инвазии и их использованию на землях, временно выведенных из активного сельскохозяйственного оборота. В Калужском НИИСХ в полевом опыте на постагрогенных серых лесных среднесуглинистых почвах в 2006--2018 гг. изучали влияние минеральных удобрений как элемента оптимизации технологии освоения разновозрастных залежей методом трансекты и постоянных учетных площадок на площади 12,0 га. Дан анализ причин изменения продуктивности определяющих ее элементов при одноукосном сенокосном использовании в ряду: автогенные -- аллогенные фитоценозы. Установлено, что хозяйственная ценность ценозов определяется потенциалом составляющих видовой вариабельностью их продуктивности в различные по степени напряженности экологических условий годы. Фитоценозы на 12-й год развития являются гомогенными и состоят из 10--12 основных видов, которые на 75% формируют укосную массу. Уровень продуктивности инвазионных видов в 1,4--2,0 раза превышает уровень аборигенных и обусловливает на 60% и более продуктивность фитоценозов. Показана трансформирующая роль Erigeron canadensis L., Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. и Solidago giganteaпри их экспансии в аборигенные разнотравные (доля в укосной массе -- 40% и более) сообщества, и установлен их высокий адаптивный потенциал к эколого-почвенным условиям Мещовского ополья Центра Нечерноземной зоны России. Площадь наиболее ценных в кормовом отношении группировок Trifolium medium L. изменялась в пределах от 7,6 до 17,5% и в среднем составила 11,0% на 1 га залежи. Таким образом, внесение минеральных удобрений (Р40К90) во вторичных фитоценозах с преимущественным участием T. medium(более 40%) способствовало повышению его удельной продуктивности в 2,4 раза (с 1,38 до 3,29 кг/м2) и уровня стабильности продуктивности на 60%, а также снижению доли участия малоценных видов в структуре урожая в 1,6 раза. Общая площадь ценопопуляций возросла на 10,4-21,5 %, урожайность с 2,31 до 4,41 кг/м2.
Ключевые слова: залежные земли, серые лесные почвы, синантропные фитоценозы, инвазионные виды, минеральные удобрения, продуктивность
Introduction
Opolye is one of the most fertile type of lands in the central region of Russia, 85% of which was used for agriculture in the second half of the 20th century. Currently, less than 33% of arable land is used in Meshchovskoye Opolye. The regional government together with the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation pays special attention to the solution of this issue; however, the efficiency remains low. Some features of development of secondary meadow phytocenoses and their cultivation have been revealed [1--7]. There is an insufficient amount of research on optimization of technology for resource-saving development of synanthropic phytocenoses with complex invasion in Kaluga region.
Materials and methods
Experiments were conducted on derelict lands with gray forest loamy soils in 2006--2018. Evolution of secondary phytocenoses and developing alternative technologies for accelerated cultivation of fallow lands in Kaluga Research Institute of Agriculture were studied. The monitoring site was located on a gently sloping gulch of floodplain terrace of the Vyssa river within the moderately eroded slope of the southeast exposure. 2 parallel transects were laid at a distance of 50 m from each other on the area of more than 12.0 ha to study allogeneic series. Each transect had 10 permanent plots with 250 m2 in area which were at a distance of 100 m from each other. Effect of mineral fertilizers in doses of P40K60 andon productivity and structure of synanthropic phytocenoses was studied.
Results and discussion
By 2018 phytocenoses had been formed with varying weed invasion level. Initial stages (up to 2--3 years of development) were classified as Stellarietea mediaeTx. et al. Ex von Rochow 1951, and later ones -- Artemisietea vulgarisLohmeyer et al. Ex von Ro- chow 1951 [8]. The series developed in reserve mode from the bank of diasporas after turf development had a common floristic core with previous phytocenoses and were represented mainly by agrobiological group of motley grasses (55%). The most common groups consisted of aboriginal and adventitious species in varying quantities. Such transformers as E. canadensis, L. polyphyllusand S. giganteadeveloped successfully spreading freely throughout the Kaluga region [9]. 12 years later the phytocenoses became homogeneous and consisted of 10--12 main plant species, determining green mass productivity by 75%, and adventitious species -- by 35% (Table 1).
The phytocenoses of Indemutatios quaroliswere determined by potential of individual plant species during their full vegetative development, and by variability of productivity in years with different environmental conditions. The communities of L. polyphyllusand S. giganteawere less dependent on such influences, while agrio- phyte E. canadensiscontributed to the formation of their expansion boundaries. The highest variability of productivity was observed for indigenous species (average 35.99%), ranging from 18.66% for C. epigeiosto 56.31% for H. perforatum. Productivity of adventitious species was characterized by lower variation -- from 19.83% in E. canadensisto 22.72% in S. gigantea. Yields of invasive species significantly exceeded yields of native plant species.
Table 1 Cenopopulation structure and characteristics of invasive secondary meadow phytocenosis, June 2014--2018
|
Species / group |
Productivity, kg/m2 |
W, % |
||||
|
M ± m |
max |
min |
Cv, % |
|||
|
Phytocenosis |
2.08 ± 0.36 |
2.39 |
1.68 |
34.32 |
100.00 |
|
|
Main components: |
1.74 ± 0.25 |
2.01 |
1.42 |
28.81 |
83.84 |
|
|
Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth |
0.39 ± 0.07 |
0.43 |
0.33 |
18.66 |
18.54 |
|
|
Erigeron canadensis L. AiN. S-2 |
0.32 ± 0.03 |
0.37 |
0.25 |
19.83 |
15.30 |
|
|
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. CiN. S-1 |
0.21 ± 0.02 |
0.25 |
0.18 |
21.50 |
10.23 |
|
|
Solidago gigantean Ait. ACiN. S-1 |
0.16 ± 0.02 |
0.19 |
0.14 |
20.31 |
7.91 |
|
|
Tanacetum vulgareL. |
0.15 ± 0.02 |
0.17 |
0.12 |
22.72 |
7.01 |
|
|
Artemisia vulgaris L. |
0.13 ± 0.02 |
0.15 |
0.11 |
33.46 |
6.09 |
|
|
Vicia sepium L. |
0.12 ± 0.02 |
0.14 |
0.09 |
34.77 |
5.71 |
|
|
Chamerionangustifolium (L.) Holub |
0.11 ± 0.02 |
0.13 |
0.08 |
40.87 |
5.08 |
|
|
Hypericum perforatum L. |
0.07 ± 0.02 |
0.10 |
0.05 |
56.31 |
3.58 |
|
|
Equisetum arvense L. |
0.06 ± 0.10 |
0.07 |
0.04 |
44.65 |
2.70 |
|
|
Potentilla anserine L. |
0.04 ± 0.01 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
37.70 |
1.67 |
Note: A-CiN -- Accidental & Cultivated alien Invasive Naturalization plants; Aliens. str. -- invasive naturalized unintentionally and intentionally introduced species, S-1 -- invasive status of transformer; S-2 -- invasive status of agrio- phyte, according to Richardson et al. [11]; W, % -- mass fraction in crop structure.
Close dependencies were observed between yields of phytocenoses and productivity of the group with dominant adventitious species (r = 79.54 ± 0.21), area of subpopulations (r = 91.21 ± 0.18), occurrence (r = 87.47 ± 0.19) and stand height (r = 85.15 ± 0.19). Introduction of the advents contributed to the rapid transformation of phytocenoses -- reducing species diversity and simplifying phyto- cenose structure. Higher levels of specific productivity and stability of adventitious species can be considered as a manifestation of their adaptive potential to the ecological and soil conditions of Meshchovskoye Opolye.
The area of the most valuable feed groups of Trifolium medium in the composition of autogenous phytocenoses varied from 7.6 to 17.5% and averaged 11.0% per 1 ha of fallow lands in 2015-2018. Top mineral fertilizing contributed to the redistribution of quantitative and qualitative links between the phytocenosis elements [11--16]. Increase in fertilizer rates increased stability of their productivity. Application of (P40K90) resulted in increase in the total area of T. medium cenopopulations by 10.4--21.5% and yield increased from 2.31 to 4.41 kg/m2. The specific productivity increased more than 2 times (Table 2).
Using phytocenoses as hayfields in their allogeneic series resulted in significant increase in phytocenotic stability of T. medium. The ratio of T. medium mass fraction to secondary species in structure of mowed mass increased from 1.5 to 3.0, and coefficient of T. medium productivity variation decreased from 61.84 to 38.45%. A close relationship was found between phytocenoses yields and T. medium specific productivity (r = 0.82 ± 0.18), its share in the crop structure (r = 0.94 ± 0.08) and stand height (r = 0.57 ± 0.20). Productivity variability of secondary species was not significantly changed.
Table 2
Structure and properties of T. medium phytocenoses, 2015--2018
|
Species / group |
Productivity, kg/m2 |
W, % |
||||
|
M ± m |
max |
min |
Cv, % |
|||
|
Natural soil fertility |
||||||
|
T. medium L. phytocenosis |
2.31 ± 0.88 |
2.46 |
0.60 |
76.42 |
100.00 |
|
|
T. medium L. |
1.38 ± 0.43 |
2.33 |
0.58 |
61.84 |
59.65 |
|
|
Secondary species |
0.93 ± 0.37 |
2.67 |
0.31 |
79.20 |
40.35 |
|
|
P,-K- fertilization |
||||||
|
T. medium L. phytocenosis |
3.23 ± 0.96 |
4.75 |
0.77 |
59.45 |
100.00 |
|
|
T. medium L. |
2.17 ± 0.60 |
3.42 |
0.65 |
57.28 |
67.18 |
|
|
Secondary species |
1.06 ± 0.45 |
1.33 |
0.21 |
84.33 |
32.82 |
|
|
P,-K„- fertilization |
||||||
|
T. medium L. phytocenosis |
4.41 ± 1.01 |
7.13 |
1.22 |
45.76 |
100.00 |
|
|
T. medium L. |
3.29 ± 0.63 |
6.45 |
1.17 |
38.45 |
74.59 |
|
|
Secondary species |
1.12 ± 0.45 |
2.69 |
0.38 |
81.06 |
25.41 |
Conclusions
Autogenous phytocenoses were established to be developed from a soil bank of diasporas formed by previous communities; therefore, they had a common floristic core and potential feeding value. Hay productivity was extremely low without the use of elements of surface improvement technology.
It has been revealed that invasive species: Erigeron canadensisL., Lupinus poly- phyllusLindl. andSolidago giganteaAit. got advantage during grass restoring process under conditions of Meshchovskoye Opolye. The plants gave the impression of being aboriginal and constituted more than 1/3 of mowed mass.
Application of mineral fertilizers (P40K90) in secondary Trifolium mediumphytocenoses resulted in 1.9-fold increase in vegetative mass, 2-fold increase in T. medium specific productivity and 1.6-fold reduction of low-value species in crop structure.
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