The review of methods of improvement of the use of motor transport without the release of pollutants in the atmoshere

The review of methods of improvement of the use of motor transport without the release of pollutants in the atmoshere

Abstract. The article presents a comparison of Euro-5 and Euro-6, data for the period of 2012-2017, according to the level of air pollution in the towns of Rostov region. The methods of eliminating the effects of emissions of harmful substances emissions into the atmosphere from motor vehicles are given.

Keywords: atmosphere, motor transport, pollutant emissions, Rostov region, electric cars.

Air pollutant emissions are linked to the development of infrastructure. With the increase in the number of industrial enterprises, the construction of new facilities, as well as the intensive production and use of motor vehicles, a number of factors appear that adversely affect the health of the population. To reduce the level of negative impact on the ecosystem, it is necessary to conduct an analysis of technological risk.

First, we need to clarify what does the concept of “risk analysis” mean. Risk analysis is the process of identifying risk factors and determining their influence for individuals, objects, and the environment as a whole [1]. The objectives of the analysis of techno-genic risk are such elements as:

- identification of hazard sources;

- identification of further danger development;

- assessment of the consequence levels

- establishment of measures for prevention and mitigation.

This article will discuss the pollutants emissions from motor vehicles. Over the past ten years, the number of registered cars in the Rostov Region exceeded to1.3 million vehicles, which amounted to almost 3% of the total Russian motors. Naturally, it ensures the increased amount of emissions into the atmosphere. If the citizens of the Rostov region asked, if they have transport78 out of 100 people answered positively, only 22 people answered negatively. On July 1, 2018, Rostov region is in the top of five biggest regions in ground transportation. Engine exhausted gases are pollutants from motor vehicles.

Since 2014, Russia has introduced Euro-5 standards for gasoline engines that have the same emission standards as Euro-6 in Europe. According to these standards, for gasoline engines are allowed:

- carbon monoxide (CO) - 1;

- hydrocarbon (CH) - 0.1;

- nitric oxide (NOx) - 0.06;

- suspended particles (PM) - 0.005.

However, standards for diesel engines in Russia and Europe differ significantly [2]. Comparative standards are presented in table 1.

Table 1 - Requirements of Euro-6 for diesel engines for Russia and Europe

Further development of the danger is as follows. The exhaust gases of internal combustion engines contain about two hundred different substances, most of which are toxic, therefore, they have a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on human health.

So, for example, carbon monoxide, entering the body, inactivates oxygen deficiency of tissues, thereby causing a breakdown of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Exhaust gases are likely affect the ozone holes and lead to appearing carcinogenic substances in the air To determine the long-term air pollution, the Atmospheric Pollution Index (API) is used, which is calculated by the average annual concentrations.

The calculation of the API is determined by the formula:

In = I = I (Xi/n^Ki) Ci,(1)

where Xi - is average annual concentration of substance I;

Ci - is the coefficient showing degree of danger of i-that substance in comparison with sulfur dioxide;

In - API

Proceeding from the received size it is possible to judge pollution level: less than 5 - low; from 5 to 7 - raised; from 7 to 14 - high; more than 14 - very high [3].

Based on the obtained value, it is possible to judge about the level of pollution: less than 5 - it is low; from 5 to 7 - is increased; from 7 to 14 - is high; over 14 - is very high [3]

Analyzing the API data for Rostov region for the period of 2012 - 2017, it is possible to construct a graph of changes in the level of pollution from motor transport.

Figure 1 - Changes of API on the certain towns of Rostov region

From the graph it is clear that in Novocherkassk there is a very high level of pollution. As such, it is due to the large number of industrial enterprises of power engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, building materials, as well as food products and the use of motor vehicles, which together gives a huge range of various pollutants. But despite this, in terms of the amount of pollution from motor transport, Rostov-on-Don occupies a leading place due to increased urbanization.

To prevent the consequences of a huge amount of emissions into the atmosphere, several methods are allocated to improve the quality of fuel and to switch to other resources.

One of the methods to mitigate the effects of exhaust gases is the replacement of fuel for motor vehicles. The quality of fuel, the conformity of the grade to this engine, and also the condition of its operation play an important role in the level of environmental friendliness of transport. The introduction of molybdenum additives reduces the amount of harmful substances, and also increases the engine power. For prevention of consequences of a huge number of emissions in the atmosphere several methods are allocated on the improvement of quality of fuel and transition to other resources.

The introduction of new technologies also contributes to reducing emissions in the ecosystem. Making and using a Tesla electric car in Russia will reduce the amount of pollution entering the air several times. Noiselessness, absence of smoke, ease of use and convenience in the average daily car mileage in cities are, of course, the advantages of this mechanism. However, there are disadvantages of electric cars. Firstly, the operation of an electric vehicle requires the manufacture of an expensive, compact and lightweight battery, and secondly, the consumption of power plants increases dramatically, so an increase in reserve capacity is required tens of thousands of electric car batteries for daily recharging.

Therefore, to reduce emissions into the atmosphere, you first need to take into account economic point of view whether a country, region or city, has a financial basis to move from a more polluting mode of transport to a less polluting one without disrupting the course of life. This question remains open. But it can be said that every year the country improves environmental standards, requirements for regulating emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.The question remains open. But it is possible to tell that every year in the country environmental standards, requirements for regulation of emissions of pollutants in the atmosphere will be improved. As well as to improve the ecological state of atmospheric air and minimize the negative impact of stationary and mobile sources of pollution, it is necessary to develop a unified system of administrative, technological, planning and sanitary-technological measures.

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