Similarities in the painting of the eras of the Renaissance and Modernism

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Introduction

For research, I chose the theme "Similarities in the painting of the eras of the Renaissance and Modernism." The Renaissance and the era of Modernism are real breakthrough in the art, the time of the birth of genious works of Renaissance masters appeal to elements of their antic activities and totally unique art of modernists.

These ages have given the world great artists, creators of masterpieces, attractive not only for visual perception but also for their detailed study.

If we consider those epochs on the timeline, we see that they belong to completely different historical intervals. However, knowing that history develops in a spiral, we can assume that these periods of art can be similar. The study will try to confirm this hypothesis and find similarities in the painting of artists of the Renaissance and Modernism.

Goal:

"Find similarities in the painting of artists of the Renaissance and Modernism"

Tasks:

1. To compare era to determine general trends in art.

2. To compare the paintings, analyzing the ways of expression (the times, color, form, line, perspective and symbols).

3. To identify and describe the similarities.

Renaissance

The Renaissance is the era in the history of European culture, had come on the changing culture of the Middle ages. The approximate chronological framework of the era -- the beginning of XIV-- the last quarter of the XVI century.

The Renaissance replaced the dark Ages subject to the Church canons. Fine art marked the establishment of realism for a long time determined the development of European culture. This was evident not only in the dissemination of secular images in the development of portrait and landscape or new interpretations of religious stories, but in the radical renewal of the whole art system. With this period associated with the emergence of new styles and techniques in painting. Approach to image the human body has become almost scientific. The artists seek to reality - they are working on every detail. People and events in the paintings of that time looked very realistic. During this period there was a real blossoming of interest in antiquity. The representatives of the Renaissance found in it that is consonant with their own aspirations - a commitment to reality, cheerfulness, admiration for the beauty of the earthly world. A revolution in philosophy, which in contrast to the ossified dogmatic religion preaches the ideals of philanthropy and humanism. The ideas of humanism - faith-based flowering of Renaissance Art. Italian humanists demanded freedom for the person referring the individual. Gum-lowland argued that people in their feelings, in their thoughts, in their beliefs are not subject to any custody that should not force of will, preventing him to feel and think as you want. Works by artists of the Renaissance full of deep inner meaning and sense. Using the finest of the encrypted characters is the painter trying to convey to us the basic ideas of their works.

renaissance art artistic creativity

Modernism

Modernism is the direction in art of the late XIX -- early XX century, characterized by the rupture with the previous historic experience of artistic creativity, the desire to approve a new, non-traditional start in the art, continuous updating of art forms, as well as the Convention (schematization, abstraction.

Shifting optimistically enlightenment, Modernism as a movement was a turning point in content. It is based on the rejection of past traditions, styles, shapes and designs, the desire to adopt a new unconventional get started in the art, continuous updating of art forms, pointedly contrasted with the harmonious forms of classical art. The idea that art should truthfully reflect the real objects, was gone. Modernism does not describe what is seen, and expressed the opinion of the author. The reality is not the copier is like a photograph. Modernism has become a unique cultural phenomenon of the last century, bringing together a large number of artistic trends: futurism, cubism, surrealism, expressionism, constructivism and abstract art. Each of the trends had its ideological, esthetic, artistic and stylistic characteristics, but their general trend has become a protest against the socially-destructive processes, occurring in bourgeois society and rejection of the canons of realism and romanticism. A new humanism, in contrast to the humanism of the Renaissance in Italy, was not elitist based on individualism. It is based on the realization dignity, sympathy with the people, struggle for freedom and education. The development of social life increasingly takes on the character of the liberation movement. The new Outlook was reflected in the mysterious works of the masters and innovators, opening for us an inexhaustible source of meaning where the tradition sees only chaos and nonsense.

General trends in the development of art.

Describing the signs of Renaissance and Modernism, we see the same trends in the development of the art of these two eras:

Ш The denial of the old traditions.

Ш The emergence of a new worldview.

Ш The introduction of ideology in art.

Ш The desire to fill the work with meaning.

Ш The search for new styles and techniques.

Ш The change of epochs.

Ways of expressiveness in painting.

The plot, theme, images.

The diversity of subjects that are found in artists is enormous. There are religious stories, sometimes domestic scenes, but a special role in the work of many artists was played by the ancient myths and legends. During the Renaissance, mythological and religious subjects become symbolic, painting became an allegorical meaning, the myth of the pre-rotated from a fairy into a meaningful story, designed to strengthen morale.

Based on paintings of Sandro Botticelli "Pallada and centaur" used mythological motif and characters - the goddess-warrior Athena called Pallas in cases when it was depicted in military equipment and weapons. The second character in the picture is the centaur, a mythical creature also came from ancient Greek stories, a wild creation of the retinue of Dionysus, optical up with uncontrollable behavior and violent temper. The goddess, in whose hands not spear and halberds, keep standing centaur for lush curly hair, and he humbly bows his head in obedience to its absolute authority.

Here you can see the triumph of reason and civilization over wildly and uncontrolled. Allegory of the painting is clear: spirituality, culture and wisdom always have to rise above the animal nature from the beginning.

Cardinal coup in the art in the early twentieth century and is marked by a burning interest in the artistic experience not European people, it seemed, could do an antique legacy is irrelevant. However, this did not happen. For a number of the greatest masters of modern times antiquity retained appeal not only as a fine page artistic annals of mankind, but as a living phenomenon, modern time is able to give new creative impulses.

The clearest example of this is Pablo Picasso. Borrowing from Greek mythology, the image of the Minotaur, Picasso, includes in its imagery and thematic system, only the idea of the dual nature of the Minotaur-the half man, half bull, which is equally known, as animal and as human manifestations. Side story of the Greek myth of the Minotaur (he was the son of Pasiphae and a bull, lived in a Dedalam the labyrinth in Crete, he sacrificed young men and women, he was killed by Theseus with aid of Ariadne) finds the artist-a reflection, his Minotaur exists in other situations, and through them reveals his contradictory nature. The Minotaur in Picasso's image symbolizes duality, common to all people. Most clearly it manifests itself in the painting "Minotaur with dead horse in front of the cave". Although tenderness of the eyes of the Minotaur and his smile is strangely attractive, he keeps the horse, crushed him with my own hands, giving a hand towards the girl, who looks at him in fright. Picasso is trying to show that soul the worst of his creatures is the human principle.

There are too many paintings of religious content. One of the most famous "Last supper" is a mural by Leonardo De Vinci, which is presented in the form of a scene of the last supper of Christ in the midst of his disciples. In the center he places the figure of Christ, separating it from the lumen of the doors. He deliberately pushes the apostles from Christ, to further emphasize its place in the composition. In the same vein, it makes all promising to converge the line at a point located directly above the head of Christ. Disciples of Leonardo breaks into four symmetric groups, full of life and movement, and combines with all Judah, but gives it such features that allow the careful relation of the viewer to immediately identify him among the twelve disciples of Christ. Judas compresses in a hand a small bag, indicating the silver obtaining their betrayal of the mentor. Jesus points to the bread and wine that symbolizes the sinless body and shed blood respectively. The painting contains numerous references to the number three, "God is triune": the apostles of groups of three; behind Jesus ' three windows; the contours of the body of Christ like a triangle.

The main task, which set themselves in Leonardo's “Last supper” was a realistic transfer complex mental reactions to the words of Christ: “One of you shall betray me.” In giving the apostles finished the human characters and temperaments, Leonardo makes each of them its-it to respond to spoken of Christ's words, she reflected primarily in gestures and facial expressions of the figures. According to art historians, the artist deliberately painted the picture exactly the same table and in court, which was at that time in the Church. With this uncomplicated technique, he was trying to show that Jesus and Judas (good and evil) is much closer than we think.

Modernist artists often use religious themes in their works. In the paintings of Van Gogh, despite the deep religious beliefs out of the way of the scribe, rarely were scenes of biblical themes, such as "Pieta" (the mourning of Jesus Christ). In Italian, "Pieta" means "pity". The name fully corresponds to the depiction of the figure of the mother by her dead son and detached. The right to write of Christ he recognized a shaft with very few. Many researchers of creativity of Vincent van Gogh's believe in Jesus Christ his only religious painting portrayed himself -- a lonely, misunderstood and suffering, dedicating our life to God and art.

Working on "Night cafй in Arles", one of the most recognized paintings, Van Gogh wrote to his brother that feels the need to speak about religion. At version researcher Jared Baxter, the master painted "the last supper" to their work. In the center stands a waiter with long hair and in a white tunic, resembling the garment of Christ, and around him twelve customers of the cafe that suggests twelve, apostles tables. One of the guests standing in the doorway - according to Baxter, that Judas. Also, the researcher found the picture-how many lines forming a cross. In particular, he wanted to draw attention to the cross, made has crossbar of the window, located directly behind the waiter in white. The main characters "face" painting: night sky and yellow. Master drew public attention to the colors: "Representing night, I did not use black color, just a gorgeous blue..." - the artist wrote. The blue color is associated with some divine.

Against the sky the bright yellow color of the terrace becomes extremely both rich and contrasting. According to the author, "Yellow is supreme light love..." It was as if "flashes" before the viewer, creating the illusion of lighting.

Religious themes, stories with mythical images combine the work of artists of the Renaissance and of Modernism and give us the right to compare such different creators.

Color.

Color in painting of all times played a higher role in the transmission of the meaning of the paintings.

In Renaissance painting the color had a symbolic meaning and can represent the various human qualities -- such as purity, humility, faith, and piety. Color also symbolized certain events in religious calendar such as lent or Pentecost. The black color symbolized the death and Good Friday. Blue color symbolizes the Kingdom of heaven, the virgin Mary and the truth. Brown meant spiritual death and rebirth. Grey is the color of ashes, symbolic abstinence and lent. Green, the color of the foliage, symbolize invested the triumph of life over death. Purple symbolizes repentance and sorrow. Red is the color of blood and of the great martyrs, shed their blood for the faith. White color -- a symbol of purity and Holiness. Yellow symbolized the divine light. The use of bright characteristics of typical to all artists of the Renaissance.

"The Sistine Madonna" by Raphael Sanzio is considered the top of art of the Renaissance. Raphael does not represent sky and earth, all space is filled with clouds which veiled the faces of angels. These unborn souls that are still in heaven and praise God. Angels down her impassive face talking about the inevitability of divine Providence. Mary with the divine son by the hands as if it wants to come down from heaven into our world, the earthly world, she is thoughtful and sad, motherly care she holds a small-who is Jesus. Reservedly and humbly looks into the distance, her eyes filled with anxiety, she was powerless before the inevitable. Now they are together, one whole, but soon she will be forced to carry his son to life and give it to the people. Deep down she is grieving for the sacrifice that she has to bring. Though childishly trusting little Jesus thumb is to his mother, but his look old enough, intelligent and disturbing. He kneeled down and gently laid next to her tiara, Mary meets Pope Sixtus IV, in fact, that is why, it received the name of "Sistine Madonna". Tiara has three crowns, symbolizing the Kingdom of the Father, Son, and Holy spirit. Sixtus hand, outstretched to the people, symbolizes the true meaning of the painting - the appearance of the Virgin to the people. The face and pose of St. Barbara express humility and reverence. She was the patronnes of the Piacenza. This Holy the III century in secret from her father-a pagan turned to the faith of Jesus. The father was tortured and beheaded, the daughter of a renegade. In addition to the story, Rafael puts color accents. Clothing Madonna you performed in the traditional colors. Red means the sacrificial blood of Christ, and the blue cloak is the purity of the Queen of Heaven. Opened the curtain symbolizes the heavens opened up. Its green color indicates the mercy of God the Father who sent the son to die for the salvation of men.

Colorful artists modernists also often associated with the decision of the figurative and symbolic and stylistic problems. The three primary colors Mikhail Vrubel, yellow, purple and pink are filled with symbolic content when you create pictures unreal content. Yellow is traditionally regarded as the color of the Kingdom of God, violet or purple is the color of divination of wisdom and mysticism, of magic, of vague doubt. In the painting "six-winged Seraph" directly at the viewer watches the messenger of God, the executor of his will. In one hand he had a burning lamp, symbolizing the presence of God, and the other entwined by a snake, he holds the sword. All Seraphim reminds the heavenly world from whence he descended. He is like the angel of death, remind-super that nothing lasts forever in this earthly world. The Seraphim look solid and empty. Speaking about the imminent approach of reckoning, it is only the executor of the Supreme will. His will is not as such, he is the Creator. The overall style of the paintings is reminiscent of ancient frescoes of the Renaissance painter Giotto Di Bondone, whose work laid the Foundation for the art of the Renaissance.

Renaissance artists created a color alphabet in which each element corresponds to its value. Artists modernists through the color you were reflected its internal state. The palette of their colors, which welcomed colors symbolical artists of the Renaissance period.

Form.

Form, like color, has an expressive value. For the three basic shapes - square, triangle and circle is found inherent in it striking characteristics: a square is a symbol of the fixed matter, the triangle that emits itself in all directions, is a sign of thought, and the circle is the eternal movement of the spirit.

In the picture the Conestabile Madonna Raphael presented Mary with the baby by reading books on the background is transparent Umbrian landscape, with gently sloping hills around the lake and thin leafless trees. . From right form for his work round, Rafael accordingly builds his composition. It's all designed in soft rounded lines: the shoulder of the Madonna, head bowed, the second shoulder. Her figure is placed strictly in the center. The body of the baby is at the same slope as the head of his mother. The rhythm of these rounded lines find the natural end of the round picture framing. Tondo is internally, it holds a figurative unity of figures and landscape and gives the whole scene especially harmonic in nature. The Renaissance masters loved form of Tondo, it embodied the perfection, the wholeness of the world, which they portrayed, a symbol of divine perfection.

"Black square" of Casimir Malevich is the most enigmatic painting of the past hundred years of deep philosophical message that is encrypted a great artist. According to one version, Malevich is "locked" in the strict confines of the square of all of realist artists, they can say nothing new, in their stead came the creators of other format, philosophers, showing in his works, feelings, experiences and everything that eye can`t see.

"Black square" is not black, and multicolored cube. The dark color is the result of mixing different colors, among whom was black. The other meaning attached to "Black square" can be formulated as: the world around us, at first, superficial, glance it looks like flat and black and white. If a person will perceive the world volumetric and in the variety of colors, his life will change dramatically. Black color absorbs other colors, so you can see the black square multi-colored cube is difficult. But to see in black and white, lie to the truth the death of life difficult many times. This is the great philosophical formula "square".

Very interesting to reflect on the works that used non-standard forms. "The creation of Adam" by Michelangelo Buonarroti is considered one of the studied frescoes of the Sistine chapel ceiling. It shows not the physical creation of man and gives it life energy, souls. The artist managed to show the dynamics and drama of the scene. Adam already able to breathe and move, but still is an unfinished creation. God reaches out and barely touches the hands of the first man on earth, passing it the spark of life. Adam reaches out a hand not only to God but also to Eve. She wasn't born yet, God covers it with his left hand. In the point of view of the Italian Renaissance, endowing man with the ability to think means to be created in the image and likeness of God." God and the twelve figures of angels depicted in the background of the twisted cloak, which is very similar to the structure of the human brain. Researchers believe that here Michelangelo depicted the Creator as the source of the mind-literally -- in the form of the brain. Michelangelo was constantly studying anatomy, he even managed to portray some of the most complex parts of the brain such as the cerebellum, optic nerve and pituitary gland. This was confirmed not only by researchers of art, but also biologists.

The work inspires the strongest energy, impressive realism of the times and by the mysterious shape suggestive. We are now looking at a Renaissance painting, and the impression that we were discussing surrealism. Surrealism in painting explores the knowledge of the human mind and, consequently, claims to know the truth of the world through the subconscious, and not through logical acceptance of reality.

No without reason Salvador Dali drew inspiration from the works of the old masters of the Renaissance, recognizing in them a powerful force. In his work, too, is-use form as a means of conveying meaning. "Three Sphinx of Bikini Atoll" created in 1947, In the picture you can see that 3 symbolic Sphinx of the same shape, have different plans: a human head, divided tree and the mushroom of a nuclear explosion. Dali tells in his pictures about the trials of 1946 that occurred on Bikini island. Dali traces the sequence. Man and nature are one, at the same time the man is the creator of weapons that kills the nature, therefore, of man himself.

Picture, talking about a nuclear explosion, is a weapon of financial defeat, hitting right on target in thinking of the human center.

The artists implemented into their work various forms, conventional and unconventional, to convey the meaning of the paintings. The creators of the Renaissance looked to the future through science, modernists turned to the past for magnetism.

Line.

Exploring the lines and strokes on the paintings, especially attractive line in the form of a spiral. The spiral is the very basis of life, that is the most perfect form. The movement of the spiral found in DNA, fingerprints in the form of galaxies, typhoons, seashells shellfish, spider's net, the core of the sunflower. It symbolizes beginning, birth and death.

Though the graphics spiritual composition of Raphael's "Madonna of the chair" we understand that it is 3.5 turns. The center of the picture is two persons, the mother and the baby. Mentally drawing an arc around the face of the mother, then the second arc, reaching for her sleeve and the hand of the baby, then the third arc on the leg of the baby, grabbing John the Baptist, and doing even a half turn. Such a spiral is a sign of the Universe. And this is not accidental, Rafael knew about this, he was the master of fitting in the shape of characters.

Van Gogh's "Starry night" painting the moon, the stars, the sky smears were placed in a circle, spiral, showing the movement of the frozen night. Cypresses from the Creator symbolize sorrow and death. Getting involved in the eternal race of the Universe, they become a symbol of eternal life.

The same spiral vortex flow four centuries before Van Gogh depicted the genius artist Leonardo da Vinci in the painting "the Flood". In his opinion, one of the most interesting form is spiral. Leonardo, was not only a painter, sculptor and writer, but also an inventor, architect, engineer, mathematician, and scholar of anatomy, in many paintings lined up figures in a mathematical formula, the Golden section and Golden spiral to create a perfect or harmonious forms.

The double helix can be considered as the projection of the two halves of the World Egg, which is mentioned in many myths. It was believed that from him the world was born. Not surprisingly, the saver-high egg-shaped Salvador Dali saw the symbol of birth and even the way of the Universe.

Mikhail Vrubel in the "Pearl" paints a sea-shell, comparing it with a huge world -- "it's kind of galaxy, enthralling glance spiral deep into, as into the mouth of the well". The theme of spiral is one of the most popular. This figure can be seen as the artists of the Renaissance and the modernists. The symbolism in the image of spirals can join us as unconsciously, at the level of human intuition, and had intentionally. Anyway, the artists aspire to the knowledge of harmony, one of the symbols is the spiral.

Perspective

Artists and mathematicians of the Renaissance had discovered laws and developed the theory of linear perspective. For painting it was a revelation it rained to turn the canvas (mural) as an open on the world, on a real deep space. The principles of linear perspective become dominant until the time of Modernism. In the New time artists turn to the perceptual perspective, depicting three-dimensional space in the paintings.

Among the painters at the end of the century was Paul Cezanne. In the late 1880s he began a series of paintings that are markedly differed from what did the Western artists previously. Critics and viewers stand in front of his paintings, not knowing how they read. The problem was that they tried to consider the work of Cйzanne within a limited representations, which were considered the norm for hundreds of years. On the canvas, "Still life with drapery and jug", we see a casually folded white cloth, on which are two flat plates of fruit. In the center of the composition Cezanne wrote an amazing pitcher with a light floral ornaments. Thanks to the mild distortion of objects by the shadows you can feel the three-dimensionality. Master playfully works with visual efficiency, tying together the patterns and the outlines of the tissues, thus, giving them the shape and texture. Each piece of the composition Cezanne seemed to be from a different angle. In fact, Cйzanne provided the viewer the opportunity to look at the still life at the same time from different points of view.

This problem was researched by Leonardo Da Vinci 400 years ago. Leonardo also felt the limitations of monocular sight, which is inevitable when using the rules of perspective. He was looking for ways to show a view on the same object simultaneously from many sides. He needed the opportunity to show the relationships between the parts that make up a whole. An example of such work is "a Portrait of Lisa del Giocondo" . On late small image size-the wife of a middle-aged, in the dark cloak, sitting half-turned. According to the official version, this is a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the young wife of a prominent Florentine merchant Francesco del Giocondo.

Leonardo joined in one image, two views, two visual lines using the technique of sfumato. The artist noticed that the three-dimensionality of the images is achieved are not clear lines that depicted objects and people, and a blur of shapes and colors.

Picasso in his works often represents people and objects simultaneously from two sides: the front and profile, deciding problem of three-dimensional space in the plane of the canvas. The painting "Dora Maar with cat" depicts a real woman, a friend of Picasso.

In real life these details ( steel bonnets and long, sharp nails) of the exterior was very important to women, in that the artist has emphasized them in his works.

Leonardo's paintings, the still lives of Cezanne, Picasso paintings -- all of these were attempts to portray the visible world in new ways, freed from the shackles of a powerful perspective. Their findings were magnificent revolution, and they all relied on the same principle.

Similarities of the paintings by artists of the Renaissance and Modernism.

In the previous chapter we compared the pictures of the Renaissance and Modernism and have identified the following similarities:

1. Recourse to the ancient myths.

2. Using mythological images as allegories.

3. Appeal to biblical topics.

4. The use of color as a symbol.

5. The use of geometric shapes as characters.

6. The metaphorical meaning of the stories.

7. Golden spiral as a symbol of the universe.

8. The search for new ways to transfer space.

9. The deepest meaning of the works.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can say the following. In the selection and formulation of the theme was supposed abundance of the literature, namely scientific papers, abstracts. But it was far from it, in rare sources you can see a comparison of the eras of Modernism and Renaissance. Therefore, the study of such topics was a risky task, the result could be anything. Was carried out painstaking work on the study of two eras, a comparative analysis of numerous paintings. Summary of the study surpassed all my expectations, because the similarity was not just obvious, but enormous. Despite the temporal gap of several centuries, I can safely say that details, and tendentious Renaissance and Modernism have a lot in common. The denial of the ruling world order and the emergence of a new, contemporary styles and techniques in art, the birth of a large number of masterpieces, the same way of expression used by artists - the story, imagery, color, form, perspective, lines, and symbols that serve only one, to convey a vast sense of art.

The development of civilization, culture and art, in particular as an integral part of art there is a continuous and necessary historical process. For achieving success, and gaining the status of cultural values requires a certain sequence, in relation to time and talent. It is impossible to create outside of the context of any direction, i.e. any author, painter, musician or architect that follows, willingly or unwillingly, looking back, building on the Foundation that was laid. In General, all historical processes and art in particular, is developing in a temporary space in a spiral, everything new is well forgotten old, only seen from a different angle. Based on the foregoing, I can say that I have done the work, despite the apparent inconsistency of the threads completed successfully, the tasks performed, the goal is achieved.

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