The Republic of Kazakhstan

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Almaty College of Printing

PROJECT

Theme: The Republic of Kazakhstan

Almaty 2015

The Republic of Kazakhstan

Geographical position

Geographical position. Kazakhstan is located at the junction of two continents - Europe and Asia, between 45 and 87 degrees east longitude, 40 and 55 degrees north latitude. The geographical center of European- Asian subcontinent is precisely in Kazakhstan ( at the intersection of the meridian of 78 to 50 parallel ) .Kazakhstan occupies an area of 2724.9 square kilometers and stretches to the east of the Caspian Sea and Volga plains to the mountainous Altai foothills of the Tien Shan in the south and south- east to the West Siberian Plain in the north. The length of the territory from west to east is more than 3000 km from north to south - 1700 km.

Kazakhstan on the occupied area is in ninth place in the world after Russia, Canada, China, the USA, Brazil , Australia, India and Argentina.

Natural conditions and resources. In the east , north and north- west Kazakhstan borders with Russia (border length 6,477 km to the south - with the states of Central Asia - Uzbekistan ( 2300 km) , Kyrgyzstan ( 980 km) and Turkmenistan ( 380 km ) and in the south- east - China (1460 km) . The total length of the borders of Kazakhstan is almost 12.2 thousand km , including 600 km across the Caspian Sea.

Kazakhstan is located in the center of the Eurasian continent, almost equidistant from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , as well as significantly removed from the Indian Ocean . Such a deep continental location largely determines its natural conditions.

More than a quarter of the country is steppe, half - of the desert and semi-desert, the rest a quarter - the mountains, the sea, lakes and rivers.

In Kazakhstan, nearly 22 million. Hectares of forests and plantations are located, there are 11 thousand. Rivers, more than 7 thousand. Lakes and reservoirs; floral Fund exceeds 6 thousand species, diverse fauna. The terrain rises from the vast plains located below sea level, to the highest mountain ranges reaching 5,000 m. Its territory from north to south is divided into the following climatic zones: steppe, steppe, semi-desert, desert, then the foothills and mountainous areas.

The largest rivers of Kazakhstan - Irtysh, the total length is 4248 km, of which 1,700 km falls on the territory of our republic , Ishim ( 2450 and 1400 km respectively) , the Urals ( 2428 and 1082 km), the Syrdarya ( 2219 and 1400 km ) or ( 1001 and 815 km), Shu ( 1186 and 800 km) and others.

One of the main treasures of Kazakhstan - is its minerals. According to scientists, Kazakhstan ranks sixth in the world reserves of natural resources.

Of the 110 elements of the found in its depths 99 , 70 explored , 60 extracted and used items. Kazakhstan - one of the richest countries of the world reserves of oil, gas , titanium, magnesium , tin, uranium, gold and other nonferrous metals . Globally, Kazakhstan is already the largest producer of tungsten , and he reserves ranked first in the world, the second - on stocks of chrome ore and phosphate , the fourth - lead and molybdenum , the eighth - on the general reserves of iron ore.

Kazakhstan is currently known 14 promising oil basins located virtually across its territory, which is explored only 160 oil and gas fields and recoverable oil reserves amount to 2.7 billion. Tons. Total oil reserves in the north of the Caspian Sea are estimated very impressive size - 3-3.5 bln. Tons of oil and 2-2.5 trillion. cubic meters of gas .

In today's Kazakhstan is forecasted about 300 significant gold deposits , of which 173 have been explored in detail.

The republic is now explored more than 100 deposits of coal, the largest of which is the Ekibastuz deposit, characterized by high power brown coal seams and Karaganda coal basin, with reserves of over 50 billion. Tonnes of coking coal. In the best years of work these pools produces only 131 million. Tons of coal.

Population and Demographics

Population - 15,672,000 ( 01.01.1998 ) . Kazakhstan is one of the sparsely populated countries in the world - 6.1 people. per 1 sq . km . The country is home to 120 nationalities : Kazakhs - 53.4 % , Russian - 30 % , Ukrainians - 3.7 % , Uzbeks, 2.5 % Germans - 2.4 % , Tatars - 1.7 % , the Uighurs - 1.4 % , Bashkirs 1.1 % , Koreans - 0.9 % Belarusians - 0.7 % other - 2.3 % . Moreover, almost 56 percent of the population are urban dwellers and workers' urban settlements , and the rest - the villagers.

Climate.

On the territory of Kazakhstan, located between the two quite different in nature regions of Eurasia - Central Asia and Siberia, crossed the influence of cold air masses north and sultry south.

That's why the basic properties of the climate of Kazakhstan is its sharp continentality and uneven distribution of natural precipitation.

According to spring a huge territory in some years moving from south to north 1.5 - 2 months (when the south is the spring sowing in the north of the land is still icebound and often raging snowstorms).

Polity kazakhstan economy policy geographical

Kazakhstan (official name, Republic of Kazakhstan) is divided into 14 administrative regions. After gaining sovereignty (1990) Kazakhstan - presidential republic. The president is head of state and is elected for five years by universal, equal and direct suffrage. The highest representative body, which has a legislative function, is the Parliament. Parliament consists of 2 chambers - the Senate and Mazhilis acting on a permanent basis. The Senate includes 47 deputies (40 of whom are members elected two persons from each region, and 7 appointed by the President).Majilis deputies form 67 elected by single-member territorial constituencies.

The term of office of the Parliament of 4 years.

The government exercises executive power in the country. At the head of government is the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the president and approved by the Parliament. The government is responsible to the President for his activities and accountable to the Parliament.

The judicial system of the republic is carried out by the Supreme Court and local courts. Kazakhstan's Supreme Court is the highest judicial body for civil and criminal cases. Control over the observance of constitutional laws implementing the Constitutional Council, which is composed of 7 members, elected for a 6-year term.On the ground, governance belongs to the local representative and executive bodies. Local representative bodies - maslikhats express the will of the population of respective administrative-territorial units. Local authorities represented by regional administrations headed by governors of provinces. Regional governors appointed by the President on the recommendation of the prime minister.

Astana is the capital of Kazakhstan

City Astana ( 375 ths . Inhabitants) is the capital city since 1997.

In 1998. in connection with the transfer of the capital from Almaty to Akmola, the city received a symbolic name Astana. This decision was prompted by economic, ecological and geographic expediency . The general condition of the city and its territory, in fact, a central city location , well-developed transport system , a stable environment , and other factors were decisive in the choice. The transfer of the capital to Astana stimulate an economic recovery in the northern , central and eastern parts of the country . In other words, it will be achieved more balanced economic development of the state .Today's reality is staggering. Astana covered in scaffolding. Throughout the city there is a grand building. The majestic building of the Government House and Parliament, a huge number of new institutions and restored buildings attract the attention of residents and tourists.

Astana becomes international business and cultural center of not only Kazakhstan, but also in the whole of the Eurasian continent .

City Almaty

City Almaty ( over 1 million inhabitants) - the financial , cultural and educational center of the country .In 1995 . in connection with the transfer of the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Akmola , Almaty given a special status - the political , financial, economic , scientific, social and cultural center of the state.The city is the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan , a number of other academies, universities , colleges , dozens of colleges , schools , hundreds of secondary schools .

Representative offices in over 50 countries.Attract the attention of a health bathing complex " Arasan ", sports complex " Me- Daewoo ," ski resort " Chimbulak " , museums, theaters .Due to its unique location - in the necklace of emerald- blue mountains with snow-capped peaks Trans-Ili Alatau , distinctive architectural appearance , and green along the picturesque ,Almaty is a true pearl of Kazakhstan , international tourist center - one of the most attractive cities in the Eurasian continent.

National currency

The unit of the local currency is the tenge , in which 100 tiyn .

In circulation are coins of 1, 5 , 10, 20 and 50 m.

Issued banknotes in denominations of 10, 20 , 50, 100 , 200.500 , 1000, 2000, 5000, 10 000,KZT (2016 year 20 000 KZT). Foreign currency and traveler's checks can be exchanged for the Kazakh Tenge in exchange offices , which are located at railway stations, at the airport, major hotels on the main post office .

Cheaper to change the currency is still in the banks , where the most appropriate exchange rate . Many banks are working up to 16 hours on weekdays , and on weekends are not working. The most solid banks in Kazakhstan : the People's Bank , TuranAlem Bank , City Bank, ATF Bank , Kazkommertsbank , Lariba Bank, Bank Caspian , Almaty Merchant Bank , NEFTEBANK , Texaco Bank Currency Transit Bank,Bank CenterCredit, Eximbank Kazakhstan.

Next to them are usually located ATMs, which are necessary for the use of pan-European credit cards .In Kazakhstan, accept credit cards Visa, Eurocard, Mastercard, Amercan Express.For information on bank branches can be found in the relevant section of the city that you intend to visit .

Language

The state language - Kazakh.

Russian real functions as a second official, and as a language of international communication .

Religion

Kazakhstan - a secular state . Kazakhs - Sunni Muslim .

Spread Christianity , Buddhism, Judaism

Economy

Non-ferrous metallurgy

The share of non-ferrous metals in the total volume of industrial production exceeded 12%. From the extracted ore produces copper, lead, zinc, titanium, magnesium, rare and rare-earth metals, rolling on the basis of copper, lead, etc. In terms of production of Kazakhstan is among the world's largest producers and exporters of refined copper. The share of the republic in the world production of copper is 2.3%. At the same time, almost all the copper produced in the country are exported abroad. The main importers of Kazakh copper are Italy, Germany and other countries.

Kazakhstan is the third among the newly independent states , gold producer , mining and production is increasing every year . The country has recorded more than 170 gold deposits.

Ferrous metallurgy

In iron ore reserves Kazakhstan ranks eighth in the world. Its share in world reserves is 6%. Also significant reserves, another advantage of Kazakhstan's iron ore is its relatively high quality. From 8.7 billion. Tons of iron ore reserves of 73.3% are easily extracted. More than 70% of its iron ore in the country is exported. The share of ferrous metals, including chrome and manganese ores in the country's total exports in 1999 amounted to about 4%. Iron and steel industry of Kazakhstan produces more than 12.5% ??of the national industrial output.The flagship industry of the republic is the Karaganda metallurgical combine "Ispat-karmet ." The enterprise has a full metallurgical cycle and specializes in producing various kinds of ferrous metals - sheet , bar , tin plate , pipes, etc. Metal this plant exported in CIS and far abroad. Kazakhstan has large reserves of chromite ore , which operate on the basis of ferroalloy plants of the republic.

Chemical , oil refining and petrochemical industry

The range of chemical and petrochemical industry of the republic - plastics, chemical fibers and threads , tires for cars and agricultural machines , a wide range of rubber products, chromium compounds , calcium carbide , caustic soda, etc . Products.The country has three refineries producing gasoline , diesel , fuel oil , jet fuel , bitumen and other petroleum products. Operates a large complex processing of phosphate rock to produce yellow phosphorus ( more than 90 % of the total production of the former Soviet Union ) , fertilizers , detergents prospect of development of the industry linked to oil processing complex in Western Kazakhstan and the organization of new products on the basis of phosphorite deposits.

Machine-building complex

Production of machine-building industry in the total industrial production is about 8%. Machine-building enterprises of the Republic of release: press-forging equipment (Shymkent), machine tools (Almaty), batteries (g.Taldy-Corgan), centrifugal pumps (Astana), X-ray equipment (Aktobe), and so on. d. Currently, the development of mechanical engineering to attract foreign investment for the organization in the country of new industries, including medical equipment, agricultural machinery and diesel engines, equipment for the food industry, electric motors and other products for industrial purposes.

Building materials

Production of building materials industry in the total industrial production of the Republic occupies more than 4%. The enterprises of the industry is made of cement, slate, asbestos cement pipes, soft roofing materials, linoleum, sanitary and building faience, facing ceramic floor tiles and decoration of buildings , panels and other designs for large-panel construction , kaolin for paper industry , radiators , convectors and a number of other types of building materials and structures. The republic has sufficient reserves of various raw materials for the production of building materials. In addition, in their manufacture are widely used industrial waste: waste products of metallurgical and chemical industries, the ash of thermal power plants and other secondary resources.

Transport

The geographic location of Kazakhstan at the center of the Eurasian continent predetermines its great transport capacity for transit . The length of the ground transportation routes of the republic is 106 thousand . Km . Of these, 13.5 thous . Km - railway lines , 87.4 thous . Km - public highways with paved, 4 ths. Km. - Waterways.Construction of border railway crossing Druzhba - Alashankou between Kazakhstan and China and the opening of railway crossing Sarakhs - Mashhad between Turkmenistan and Iran opened new transit corridors along the route of the Silk Road from the Pacific ports of China - Lianyungang , Qingdao , Tianjin - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan, Iran, Turkey , to the ports of the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf. Today, all this way in full swing loads. The existing road network provides access to the Russian and former Soviet republics, as well as China, Turkey and Iran, which provides access to the ports of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. Maritime traffic is carried on the Caspian Sea (Aktau port) with access through the waterways of Russia in the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. The national airline "Air Kazakhstan" developed more than 40 routes in Kazakhstan, CIS and far abroad. The country also operate the leading foreign companies, such as: British Airways, Lufthansa, KLM, Transaero, PIA, Turkish Airlines, Iran Air, and others.

Agriculture

Agriculture is an important sector of the economy. In the north of Kazakhstan climatic conditions favor the cultivation of spring wheat, oats, barley and other grains, as well as allow to develop vegetable growing, melon-growing and cultivating a number of industrial crops - sunflower, flax, tobacco and others. In the south, in the foothills and in the river valleys, where a lot of heat, with artificial irrigation give high yields of cotton, sugar beet, yellow tobacco, rice, fruit orchards and vineyards. In Kazakhstan grain production ranks third in the CIS after Russia and Ukraine.The natural conditions of Kazakhstan, their diversity present a significant potential for the development of animal husbandry. The country has traditionally engaged in sheep , horse , camel , cattle breeding . The desert and semi-desert areas in central and south -western parts of Kazakhstan are widely used as seasonal pastures for cattle. The pastures are used as summer mountain meadows in the east and southeast of the country.

International trade

Currently, the export potential of Kazakhstan has a pronounced raw-material orientation and is formed by the fuel , metallurgical and chemical complex . In the structure of Kazakhstan's exports major share is occupied by oil and oil products ( 35 % ) , other important commodity groups are nonferrous metals ( 17 % ) , ferrous metals ( 16 % ) , ores ( 12 % ) , some of the exports are cereals ( 9 % ).The main imported products are machinery and equipment , vehicles , appliances and machines, chemical products, mineral fuel, food products , finished products and consumer goods . The structure of Kazakhstan's exports and imports each year undergoes a change in the direction of diversification of business relations . However, the share of trade with traditional partners - the countries of the CIS and Baltic countries - is still high , accounting for about 59 % of exports and 63 % of imports . At the same time the main trading partner is Russia . Because of CIS countries are successfully developing trade ties with Germany, Turkey, Switzerland, the Czech Republic , Italy, China , the United States, Britain, South Korea and others.

Investment Opportunities

Republic of Kazakhstan for foreign investors is of great interest. Investment attractiveness of Kazakhstan market provide a ' set of access to natural resources , the size of the market, the strategic location of Kazakhstan , as well as a stable political situation and the presence of an appropriate legislative framework . Since 1991, foreign direct investment in Kazakhstan's economy reached 13 billion. US dollars. But as the need for investment is still far from exhausted, Kazakhstan is still interested in attracting them. Currently, the priority areas for investment are: fuel and energy complex; agribusiness; infrastructure, including transport, telecommunications, social infrastructure. Promising forms of attracting foreign capital are represented such as financial leasing, the sale of shares of large enterprises to foreign companies, attracting foreign investments in the venture capital industry (with equity participation of the state or government guarantees).

History of Kazakhstan

History of Kazakhstan has more than 20 centuries :

The 3 - 1 c. BC appeared Kangyuy public education.

In the middle of 6 - 8 centuries. Turk Empire, the state Karluk.

In the 9th - 12th centuries. Oguz state, Karakhanids.

In the 11th - early 13th centuries. the invasion of the Seljuks, the Khitan, Mongols and Tatars.

At the end of the 15th century. Kazakh Khanate was formed, which was divided into zhuzes.

In the 18th century. Junior and Middle zhuzes voluntarily adopted Russian citizenship. With the addition of the Senior Juz 60-ies. 19 in. all Kazakh lands became part of Russia (Semipalatinsk, Akmola, Turgai, Ural and part Semirechensk and Syrdarya region).

In November 1917 - February 1918 , Soviet vlast.Grazhdanskaya war ended in March 1920 .

08.26.1920 of the RSFSR established the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .

04.19.1925 renamed the Kazakh ASSR. As a result of the national-state delimitation of Central Asia in 1924 - 25 all Kazakh lands were united .

On 05/12/1936 the Federal Republic within the USSR.

In October 1990 the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic.

In 1991, he proclaimed the independence of the country, established the post of president.

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