Town planning schemes and fortifications of the map by R. d’Otto (1772)

Build Conservation Department

Senior Research

Аналізуються містобудівні об'єкти, зафіксовані на «Генеральній карті маршу Ц.К. армійських груп, що перебували в Гоммоні в Угорщині, до головного міста Лемберґа в Польщі» авторства Рудольфа д'Отто (1772 р.).

Методика дослідження вимагала виконанння побільшених відручних прорисів об'єктів (міст і замків) з оригіналу, оскільки зображення на карті подано у дрібному масштабі. Проведено ідентифікацію планувальних схем міст та об'єктів, аналізувалися їх особливості та збереженість.

Наукова новизна. Для українських фахівців карта Р. д'Отто відома лише з публікації її останнього аркуша із планом міста Львова. Проте вона складається з 9 аркушів, і цінна інформація міститься й на решті сторінок. Рукописна мапа складена таким чином, що показує лише дорогу від Гоммони до Львова та схематичні плани населених пунктів на цьому шляху. Це було фактично перше знімання, яке детально фіксувало топографію та урбаністичну структуру Львівщини. Особливу цінність становить прагнення автора зафіксувати оборонні об'єкти, зобразити планувальний характер міст, позначаючи площі, храми, будівлі тощо. Чимало з цих об'єктів не дійшли до нашого часу або збереглися у трансформованому вигляді.

Тому метою нашої роботи стало введення цих об'єктів у науковий обіг та аналіз їх розпланувальної структури, історико-містобудівної цінності.

Висновки демонструють унікальність планувальних схем міст і фортифікацій, їх історико-архітектурну цінність. Матеріали аналізу можуть бути корисними при плануванні археологічних досліджень у Скелівці (Фельштині), Сусідовичах, Рудках, Наварії, Львові.

Ключові слова: міста, фортифікації, планувальні схеми, Галичина, урбаністична історія, ідентифікація, ХУІІІ ст

The object of our study was a map from 1772 by Rudolf d'Otto: “General Carta von dem Marche der bey Hommona in Hungarn gestandenen K.K. Trouppen, bis zur Hauptstadt Lemberg in Pollen; welcher 9. kleine Special Charten mit einigen Anmerkungen bey gefuget sind. Feld Laager bey Lemberg. d. 20= Augusti. ao: 1772”Kriegsarchiv, Osterreichisches Staatsarchiv, Wien (next - Kriegsarchiv). Sign. B IX a 394. G I h.. The original of the map is stored in the State Archive of Austria, its military department. We had the opportunity to work with the original of this card. After getting acquainted with the map, we made hand-drawn drawings of the most interesting objects (towns and castles). These are objects from sheets 4-8.

At first, we need to say about the author of the map. This is necessary because the Polish and Ukrainian publications on the map and the lithography with the view of Lviv do not correctly spell the name of the author. For example, the book “Widoki Krakowa i Lwowa” lists his name as Rittin d'OttoОпалінська C., Петрів Т. Види давнього Львова і Кракова: Спільна виставка історичного музею міста Кракова і Львівського історичного музею. - Вид-во “Trans-Krak”, 1997. - Рис.9, c.67, 108, 120.. We have similar writing in the book “Ukrainian Historic Towns Atlas”Атлас українських історичних міст / Наук. ред. М.Капраль. - Т.1. - Л.; К., 2014. - Карта 1.4.. The correct spelling of the name is - Rudolf Ritter von OttoSchinzl A. Otto, Rudolph, Ritter v. // Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie [Електронний ресурс]. Word “Ritter” means a member of the lowest order of nobility in Germany or AustriaRitter: A member of the lowest order of nobility in Germany or Austria // Online Dictionary [Електронний ресурс]. Rudolf Ritter von Otto is descended from Saxony from the noble family Otto. All his life was connected with service in the army. He began his military career in the army of Saxony, later he joined the Austrian army in 1753. He was a participant in the campaign of General Andreas Hadik's army group to occupy Lviv and Halychyna (Galicia) in 1772. He held the rank of captain at the time. In the following years, he distinguished himself in the wars with France and in the late 18th century in the wars with Turkey. He rose to the rank of general. Few biographers have noted the comprehensive geographical, historical, mathematical, and especially militaristic-cavalry knowledge of the d'OttoSchinzl A. Otto, Rudolph, Ritter v. - S.2.. A map of the campaign of the A. Hadik's army in Halychyna and a panoramic drawing of Lviv show the talents of this person not only in military affairs but also in artistic ones.

The map is not a classic carpet map of the area. This is a manuscript plan drawn up during the campaign of General Hadik's army. The map is made in such a way that it shows the road from Hommona to Lviv and has schematically outlined plans of settlements lying or adjacent to the mentioned path. Therefore, the map designations are schematic and only some of them are drawn in relative detail. Nevertheless, the map is noteworthy because it captures, albeit in simplistic terms, the topography and urban structure of our territories. Of particular value to us is the author's desire to capture the defensive objects that fall into his field of view. The images show that d'Otto tried to reflect the basic planning character of the settlement, fixing the main squares, temples, defense objects. Many of these defense objects are not preserved today. Therefore, our goal is to show these objects and to analyze their planning structure.

Analyzing the image of the terrain on the map, we give the names of the settlements and place names as they are signed on the map. The first sheet contains the title inscription in the cap (fig.2). The sheets of the card are made in handwriting with a pen, in black ink. Watercolor paints were used for color markings. The city of Hommona (Slovak - Humenne) is a settlement in Slovakia in the Presov Region. It is a historic city that has long been known for being a large part of the population of the Ukrainian and Greek Catholic communities. Local Ukrainians call it - Humenne.

The two sheets of the map are independent and do not combine with the rest. The first sheet is the title page, and the last one shows a schematic plan of the city of Lviv. Three more sheets of the map are not shown. They are small fragmentary additions to sheets 2-4

Fig. 1. The set of map sheets by R. d'Otto

Fig. 2. The first capital sheet of the d'Otto map shows the way of Austrian army between the cities of Hommona and Lviv

Fig. 3. Scheme showing the landscape conditions and urban character of the town of Dobromil (Dobromyl) in Halychyna on the map by R. d'Otto, 1772 (Enlarged outline from the original map, M.Bevz).

Designation: 1 - Market square with buildings in the perimeter; 2 - town hall; 3 - lines of buildings around the market; 4 - Basilian Monastery; 5 - the ruins of the castle (Pallaise Rudera); 6 - saltworks; 7 - the river

The first sheet (capital) of the map shows, in the form of a separate diagram, the territory between Hommona and Lviv. The objects and settlements on both sides of the Hommona - Lviv road are marked with points only. Cities are marked with the major ones and then with conditional icons only. The villages are marked in the same way. The same sheet indicates the Dnister and San rivers and their respective tributaries. Near the frame is a barely visible (lowercase) signature: “delin.: R. d'Otto. Ritter sk”. Each map contains a brief reference to the area. The sheets of the map are interconnected and are a continuation of each other. The second sheet (labeled as “Litt: A. No I”) shows the scheme of the city of Hommona (Humenne) and the road from the city to the border with Poland along the river, which is called “Laporezh”. Hommona is marking as a city. The border line between Hungary and Poland is marked. To the right of the road after the border, there is a small fortification on the hill: “i” - old redan-shaped fortifications erected by the Confederates.

Fig. 4. Scheme showing the landscape conditions and urban character of the town of Chyrow (Khyriv) in Halychyna (map of R. d'Otto, 1772; enlarged outline from the original map, M.Bevz)

Designation: 1, 2, 3 - designation of temples; 4 - Town Hall (?); 5 - mill; 6 - castle, 7 - perimeter building of the market square; 8 - the river

The third sheet (No: 2) identifies only a few of the major settlements, with Shavne and Lisko highlighted. The small rectangular market square through which the road runs from south to north in the middle is in Ustryki town. The drawing of the city plan is more informative in the town of Lisko.

The fourth sheet (No: 3) fixes the road along the Stryonz (ukr. Strviazh) River through several settlements. This sheet has signature - “R. d'Otto. Ritter:”. Dobromill (Dobromyl today) is marked as a town with a center, a market square, a town hall, and a castle or large courtyard in the western part. The road crosses the center and the Market from west to east (Fig.3). The castle is marked on the suburb in a state of ruin - signed by “Rudera”. A special feature of the plan is that the castle and the Basilian monastery are marked on the map near the city. In reality, objects are located at a considerable distance from the city (Fig. 3, item 6).

planning urban planning army march hungary lemberg

Fig. 5. Scheme of the town of Felshtyn (Felsztyn) on the map by R. d'Otto, 1772 (enlarged outline from the original map, M.Bevz)

Designation: 1 - market square with perimeter building; 2 - town hall; 3 - designation of the temple (Catholic church); 4 - fresh of buildings on the market square; 5 - shafts and a stone carved line of bastions; 6 - the main road

The fifth sheet (No: 4 et 5) shows the road runnning parallel to the Strviazh River (signed Stryonz). The road follows through the cities of Khyriv, Felshtyn, Reitarovychi. In particular, the midtown of Khyriv is shown with a large market square. Midtown boundaries are not clearly marked. Boundaries can be deduced from the topography of the terrain and the natural elements. The midtown is located on the island formed by the Strviazh river and its sleeve. In the middle of the market is the town hall (Fig.4). There are three temples noted - Catholic, orthodox Greek Faith, Jewish. The text notes indicate the dominance of Greek Faith in the city. At the western exit from the center to the left near the bridge over the Strviazh sleeve, there is a designation of a mill. The castle is located on the opposite right bank of the river, leading to it two bridges across the river and through the island in the middle of it. The castle is schematically marked as a square in plan, surrounded by a wall, with two buildings inside and a gate from the city side (signed “schloss” - Fig.4, p.6). On later maps, the castle is symbolically designated as an icon only. For example, on the map of F. von MiegGalizien und Lodomerien (1763-1787) - First Military Survey [Kriegsarchiv, Wien. Sign. B IX a 390] [Електронний ресурс]. Therefore, a detailed drawing of it on our map is valuable information.

Fig.6. Scheme of the town of Felsztyn on the map of F. von Mieg, 1781. The market square is not marked by clear outlines; there is also no stone carved line of bastions

Very informative and valuable from the urban point is the designation of Felsztyn. The current name is Skelivka, in the Polish - Felsztyn. This city is depicted with a preserved belt of fortifications (Fig.5). The midtown has a rectangular plan with a market square in the middle and was surrounded by a system of bastion fortifications with four corner bastions. Their image is somewhat schematic, but we can assume that it shows a quadrangle with bastions and courtesans. The black thick line carefully depicts the configuration of a fortified belt formed by an earthen shaft, which is inscribed on the outside by a stone wall. There are bastions at each corner that are different in size. The fortified midtown is located also on an elevated hill.

a

b

Fig. 7. а - Carmelite Monastery with St. Anna's Church and a bastion belt of fortifications on the map of d'Otto in 1772 (enlarged outline from the original map, M.Bevz): 1 - Monastery (Carmeliten. Clost.); 2 - salting room (Saul. Vorwerk); 3 - river; 4 - farmyard; 5 - the road; b - an image of the Carmelites Monastery in Susidovychi, engraved in 1747, fragment

The northwestern bastion, unlike the rest, is marked by a slightly irregular shape and smaller in size. The road enters the middle ground through a gate in the northwestern span of the fortifications and exits through a gate in the northwestern span. The gates were located in the middle of the defensive clumps. The small suburb is located just northwest of the center. Only one temple is marked in the midtown (Fig.5-6).

Fig. 8. The Carmelite Monastery of St. Hana (Anna) on the map of F. von Mieg in 1781

Fig. 9. The Carmelite monastery with St. Anne's Church on the map of the Second Military Mapping ofHalychyna in 1864

Note D gives a brief description: “das Stadel Felsztyn, hat noch alte Waa^en, Wercke, Konte leicht wieder fortificiret und mit 2000 Mann besezt warden, auch zu einem Depot dienen”. The note can be translated: the city of Felsztyn, as an old fortress that was staffed by 2000 citizens who could also serve as a pledge.

To emphasize the importance of the information on the map of R. d'Otto, we have shown in a separate drawing a plan of the same town of Felshtyn, but since 1781, made by F. von Mieg (Fig.6). This plan was completed 10 years later and no further fortifications were identified. Mieg's plan was executed as the first military description of Halychyna. That is, it must be fixed on all the fortifications. The absence of them indicates a quickly lost in the new political environment. As a rule, at this time the old fortifications were dismantled for the build material used for the construction of roads, bridges, new administrative buildings.

A large Carmelite monastery is marked in the short distance from Felshtyn to the east. It is the monastery with 16th-century St. Anne Church, located in the suburbs of Susidovychi. It is surrounded by a system of bastion fortifications with four nozzles, like the midtown of Felshtyn (Fig.7A). There is also an engraving with a view of this monastery in 1747. Some historians have found this image to be false and fanciful (Fig.7B). The plan is presented on the map of d'Otto, as we can see, confirming the truth of the image of the complex on the engraving. This fact can be a good argument for finding traces and identifying other buildings and structures of the monastery also but not only bastion fortifications. Similar to Felshtyn, we present images of the monastery on other later maps. On the map of F. von Mieg the monastery is marked without fortifications (Fig.8). On the map of the second military description of Halychyna from 1864 the monastery is shown in more detail, but the fortification bastion belt is also not drawn (Fig.9). In addition to these settlements, which are located along the route of the army column, several other towns are also indicated. The town of Stara Sil is shown as a settlement without a regular layout with two square yards (Saltzwerken) and a temple. Settlement Chapli on the right bank of the Strviazh marked with a castle. Sambir is marked very arbitrarily on the right side of the map, as a walled city.

The sixth sheet (No: 6 et 7) of maps shows the further route of the column in the interval Vankowyczi and Rudky. Wankowyczi does not have a town designation, but only indicates the presence of a castle or fortified courtyard with a palace and a temple near it. The town of Ruttkj (Rudky today) is marked in great detail on the map. The topography of the area at that time is very well conveyed. The city is located on a peculiar island formed by two arms of the river (Fig.8). In the southern part of the town is a monastery with a church and a double line of fortifications. It is a square in plan with four circular towers, surrounded by an outer belt of an obscure shaft (or another wall) that has an irregular outline. Inside the square courtyard is a large temple.

A large market square with a mid-market quarter is located to the north of the monastery complex. The shape of the Market is close to the correct square. Entry is located in the southeast corner and the middle of the northern quarter of the market. Around the six quarters of the Market is a large number of buildings spread evenly throughout the island. To the northwest of Rudky there is a settlement called Benkolowysznya (Benkowa Vyshnia today), with a small palace complex or a noble fortified manor. We know about this complex from the late nineteenth century when this manor was rebuilded in palace belonged to the Fredro family.

Fig. 10. Scheme of the town of Ruttkj (Rudky) on the map of R. d'Otto, 1772 (the enlarged outline from the original map, M. Bevz). Designation: 1 - the market area with perimeter building; 2 - mid-market block of buildings; 3 - a monastery with fortifications and 4th corner towers; 4 - mill; 5 - river sleeves; 6 - roadside cross; 7 - the main way; 8 - forest

The seventh sheet (No: 8) of the map contains the scheme of Lyubin (today's name is Velykyi Liubin). In the center of the village is indicated a large palace or castle with a park (signed by “Schloss” - Fig. 11-12). Today, the location of the main road here has been completely changed. Nowadays, the reconstructed cardinally palace is on the right side of the street. It has no trace of fortifications. At the entrance to Liubin from the west, there were two mills on the dam, and two separate channels. The entire development was scattered just to the left of the old road by two strands along the stream (Fig. 12). This sheet has some other interesting signs. It is a castle in Voshany and two large mounds opposite this settlement.

Fig. 11. Sheet No. 8 of the map of R. d'Otto, 1772, with marking the road to Lemberg; in the up part - the plan of the town of Lyubin and its environs

Fig. 12. Scheme of the town of Liubin (Lyubin) on the map of R. d'Otto since 1772 (enlarged outline from the original map, M.Bevz)

Designation: 1 - castle (marked Schloss); 2 - the temple; 3 - lake; 4 - two mills; 5 - channels; 6 - the main road; 7 - streets with buildings; 8 - forest; 9 - marking the location of the field army camp; 10 - roadside chapel. The inscription on the map near the city plan: B - Laager platz vor 4000 Mann; F - Abgebrantes Schloss der Graeffin Lumeska geboring

A separate, slightly larger, the eighth sheet of cards (No: 9) contains a plan of Lviv and its western suburbs (Fig. 13). Settlement Navaria is marked as a town with a market square. A very valuable fact is that in the center of Market the quarter is drawn. The road runs diagonally across the Market, entering the corner and exiting in the middle of the north curb. A fortified manor or castle is marked near the Market, on the north side of the center. Just outside this manor is a catholic church.

A large fortified manor (castle?) is shown in Sokilnyki, as well as a small fortified manor on the hill in Pashuvka (today Basivka). The location of the Austrian army camp is shown near Lviv in the area between Sknyliv and Kulparkiv.

The central part (mid-town) of Lviv is very schematically depicted on the map and its configuration is not correctly transmitted. However, the overall placement of the main assets is correct. They are numbered on the map and placed in the draw of half-arch with a left-side explication. It mentions 50 major monasteries, temples, palaces, institutions, as well as 10 streets and city gates (Fig. 13). The outline of city fortifications is very schematic and inaccurate. However, individual objects are recognizable. First of all, there are city gates and farts, Royal bastion, Bernardine monastery, and others. The High Castle is depicted in the plan quite carefully, and Kriegsarchiv. Sign. B IX a 394. G I h..., Bl, №8. the explication states that it is in the state of ruder. Interestingly, the explication not only mentions the name of this object but also contains the following characteristic: “The ruin of the Castle that King Sobieski built and Charles XII destroyed”.

^Fig.¹³. Sheet No. 9 of the map of R. d'Otto, 1772, with a plan of the city of Lemberg (Lviv) and its environs

The individual objects on the map are very rough or even inaccurate (this is the monastery and the temple of St. Magdalen, the monastery of St. Martin, etc.). It was important for the author of the map to convey the overall scheme and the defensive character of the city as a whole, without delving into the particular details of the planning systems and their localization. In general, d'Otto's plan conveys well the character and condition of Lviv at the end of the 18th century. A uniquely located city hidden in the valley of the Poltva River basin between the mountains. The city has a perfect system of medieval fortifications.

The map shows the city, which consisted of three main elements - a densely built suburban area, a castle, several suburbs that surrounded the suburbs with a semi-ring (on the south, west and north sides), and a system of defensive monasteries that formed a ring around the suburbs. A uniquely located city hidden in a Poltva river basin between mountains. These elements - densely built-up midtown, a castle, several suburbs that surrounded the midtown with a semi-ring (on the south, west, and north sides) and a system of defensive monasteries that formed a ring around the midtown. Very sketchy, but highlighted on the map is the plan of the St. Yura cathedral complex. It was signed under number 39 as “Metropolitan Church and Palace of Rus Bishop Sheptytskyi”. The cartographer's signature on this sheet is clear and gives not only the first sheet of the name: “Rud. d'Otto. Ritter”. It is known that in addition to the city plan in 1772 d'Otto also did his panoramic drawing, which also outlined the main objects and recorded the Lviv landscape on the west side.

Despite its schematics, the Lviv R. d'Otto plan proved to be very useful in clarifying the history of one of the sites belonging to the Lviv Polytechnic today. Let us explain this position in more detail. The number 44 on the map of d'Otto indicates the palace of Moszynskyi (Furst. Moszinskj F. Pallais; Moszynski in Polish) near the hospital of St. Lazarus. This designation of the palace is very important to us because, on other maps (1766, 1770, 1802), this palace with a garden was marked but without indicating the name of its owner. The territory where the palace was located today belongs to Lviv Polytechnic University. This parcel, located at the corner of Copernicus - Kolessa Street, has the university's publishing house and training buildings. All the buildings here are historic. But it is difficult to establish their dating since they all were rebuilt in the late Ibid., №9. 19th and 20th centuries. Therefore, the confirmation on the map of the existence here of Moszynski palace is an important argument for deciphering the history of the site and the identification of buildings. This information indicates that some buildings on the site may be from the eighteenth century. This fact can also be an argument for restoration studies of buildings that today when they have facades from the beginning of the 20th century, but may have older building substations from the 18 th century.

Let's support our judgments further with other data from the history of this district of Lviv. From another contemporary map of Lviv authored by J.Doetch (1770), we get important information that there were two parcels with noble estates. One of them was signed with the abbreviations that belonged to the Kyiv governor - Franz Salezy PotockiTopographia Urbis Leopolis cum suis adiacentibus Suburbis, circa А 1770 (Topography of Leopolis City with Surrounding Subburbs) [Електронний ресурс]. Plot №68 is signed on the map as belonging to the royal courtier - “Pallatiolum D Stolnik K”, but without the surnameIbid., mark 68.. This honorary title (stolnik - the head of official ceremonies) was owned at the time by August Frederick Constantine Moszynski. He enjoyed it until 1775Wierzbicka-Michalska K. Moszynski August Fryderyk h. Nalcz (1731-1786) // Polski Slownik Biograficzny. - T.XXII/1, zesz.92. - Wroclaw; Warszawa; Krakow; Gdansk, 1977. - S.108-112..

August F. Moszynski was born in Dresden and spent his youth in Saxony. At a young age, he received a good education and traveled extensively in Europe. From 1755 he was appointed head of artistic and theatrical affairs at the court of King Stanislaw August Poniatowski. In the second half of the 18 century in Poland, he was a person known as an architect, landscape architect, collector, economist, and also as a FreemasonIbid. - S.109-110.. He is also known for his alchemical researches, which had a specially designed laboratory and a blast furnace. Our preliminary analysis shows that the house in which the substance of the 18th century stored there is a corner building 2 Kolessy streetБевз М., Рибчинський О. Історична будівля Національного університету “Львівська політехніка” на розі вул. М. Колесси - М.Коперника: результати обстеження та вказівки до реставраційного завдання // Міждисциплінарні методи в дослідженні та реставрації пам'яток архітектури і творів мистецтва. - Л., 2018. - С.90-92.. As an architect, August Moszynski became famous in Halychyna for the construction of the magnificent baroque church of the Dominicans of St. Anne in Ternopil (erected in 1770) and the church of the Holy Trinity in Mykulyntsi (was completed in 1761)Broniewski T. Historia architektury dla wszystkich. - Wroclaw; Warszawa; Krakow; Gdansk, 1980. - S.390-391..

According to the studies of the historian, M.Dolynska of the materials of the Josefinsky metric of 1788, the second part of the Krakow suburb of Lviv includes “Stolnikowa Mu(o)szynska” among the titled persons who owned the propertyДолинська М. Історична топографія Львова ХІУ-ХІХ ст. - Л., 2006. - С.230.. These data again confirm the existence of real estate in the hands of Moszynski or his wife in the city of Lviv at the end of the 18th century. Therefore, the information on the map of R. d'Otto about the Moszynski palace near the monastery of St. Lazarus is true.

The R. d'Otto map is characterized by the fact that it was performed in the field for glorification purposes. The map is approximate in scale and does not have detailed designations for town and village planning schemes. They are all very schematic. However, the map information has scientific historical and urban value. First of all, because the author marked all the fortifications - castles, fortified objects and monasteries, city fortifications. Many of these objects have faded over the next few decades, so information on the map is valuable. Examples of such lost objects are the bastion fortifications of the town of Felsztyn, the bastion belt of the fortifications of the Carmelite monastery of St. Anne in Susidovychi, the fortification with four corner towers of the monastery in the Rudky suburb, the castles in Khyriv and Navaria, fortified manor in Sokilnyky.

The map also recorded the old medieval road network that later in the 19th century was radically changed. Research materials may be useful in planning of archaeological studies of town fortifications in Skelivka (Felshtyn), Rudky and Khyriv, and castles or defensive manors in Navaria, Sokilnyky, Velykyi Liubin, and defensive objects of monasteries in Susidovychi and Rudky.

The example of our confirmation of the localization of the palace complex of Moszynski in the modern territory of Lviv Polytechnic shows that the information from the map of R. d'Otto can be useful in other aspects of the analysis of the urbanistic structure of Lviv.

So far, the R. d'Otto map has not been published in its entirety, so we hope that our publication will revive its study and assist in the study of the turning point in the history of Halychyna, which came after the arrival of the Austrian administration in 1772.