To Frank Lloyd wright’s architectures

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To Frank Lloyd wright's architectures

Lu Xiaosheng, E. B. Ryabkova

JLJU, Changchun, China; PNU, Khabarovsk, Russia

Abstract

This article describes the author's architectural tour to four buildings designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Built in his home state of Wisconsin. These buildings were the residential house and office of Wright named Taliesin, Unitarian Meeting House, a Church run by Lloyd's Family, Monona Terrace, a public building in the capital of the state of Wisconsin-Madison, and a private residential project. The author was fortunate enough to visit buildings constructed from sketches and models of Frank Lloyd Wright. This article will help to generate interest in drawing up plans for your travels and familiarity with the work of the architect Wright, get acquainted with his concept of organic architecture.

Keywords: Taliesin, unitarian meeting house, Monona terrace, organic architecture.

Лу Сяошэн, Е. Б. Рябкова

ЦУС, Китай, Чанчунь; ТОГУ, Россия, Хабаровск

В ГОСТИ К АРХИТЕКТОРУ ФРЕНКУ ЛЛОЙДУ РАИТУ

architectures building tour

Абстракт

В этой статье описывается архитектурный тур автора и посещение четырех зданий, спроектированных и построенных американским архитектором Фрэнком Ллойдом Райтом, которые возведены в его родном штате Висконсин. Эти здания являлись жилым домом и офисом Райта и уже при жизни имели следующие названия: Тэрри Эссен, унитарный дом для собраний, семейная церковь Ллойда, террасы Монона. Автору посчастливилось посетить здания, построенные по эскизам и моделям Фрэнка Ллойда Райта такие как общественное здание, и частный жилой проект в Мэдисоне, столице штата Висконсин. Эта статья поможет вызвать интерес к составлению планов ваших путешествий и знакомству с работой архитектора Райта и его концепцией органической архитектуры.

Ключевые слова: Тэрри Эссен, унитарный дом для собраний, терраса Монона, органическая архитектура.

Introduction

The trip to America was planned by me in December 2017, when the Department of Education of China proposed a summer camp project for the summer of 2018 in the United States.The work on the preparation of documents took some time and was not easy due to various factors, including the continuation of my studying in Russia.© Lu Xiaosheng, Ryabkova E. B., 2019

In the summer of 2018, traveling around America, I visited four buildings designed by one of the most famous architects of this country, Frank Llord Wright. Named: Taliesin, the Unitarian Meeting House, the Monona Terrace and the little-known private residence.

Wisconsin is a place in the north central United States, near the Great Lakes region. Wisconsin is full of hills, growing grass, where there are many farms with more than two million cows. More than half of the land is forested. Forest and pastoral landscapes complement each other.

Frank Lloyd Wright (Frank Lloyd Wright, 1867-1959) An American architect who proposed organic architecture principles. Born June 8, 1867 in the center of Richland, Wisconsin. Father William Russell Wright is a music teacher and church leader, and his mother is Anna Lloyd Wright, a teacher from the Wisconsin-famous Lloyd family. Wright studied at home and was raised in the canons of the Unitarian church. Wright's parents divorced in 1885. In the same year, he entered the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Wisconsin and was an assistant to local civil engineers. Wright left the university without a degree. Moved to live and work in Chicago in 1887.

Taliesin

After the divorce from his first wife, Catherine Lee Tobin, in 1911, Wright returned to his hometown of Spring Green, Wis., to build Taliesin.

Fig. 1. Taliesin aerial view Fig. 2. Author and two Russian architects

In this building, he beautifully designed and explained the "organic architecture". Taliesin began his work as an architecture teacher. For the first time he recruited students to create a design studio, exhibition hall and theater room.

Taliesin has acquired 600 acres of land. There are forests, rivers, wetlands, ponds, high hills and meadows. However, Wright decided to make a residence and an architectural studio here. There is another important reason, this is his new home with his wife, Mrs. Cheney. Mrs. Cheney was the wife of Wright's client in Chicago. They flee to Europe and return two years later, in order to avoid public opinion, Wright was forced to leave his office in Chicago and Oak Park.

Wright had carefully thought out the location of the various functional buildings on his plot of land. In the center of the mountain there is a residential complex, which includes all bedrooms, the living room with the best view, a kitchen, Wright's personal work space, a dining room, a storage room and a room for livestock. On the south side of the building is a school with Wright's architectural offices, exhibition halls, staff restaurants and theater halls. On the elevated part of the site stands the windmill "Romeo and Juliet". These buildings are like the same "rags", repeat each other and stand in the mountains and forests. The dam is built on a stream under a hill, and Taliesin has its own power station. Corn fields, wheat fields, vegetable fields and pens for pigs are necessary for a small manor.

The western and southern slopes of the site are the most gentle, and Wright builds three buildings on them, which are interconnected to make up the cliff, varying in size. This includes Wright's understanding of organic architecture. First of all, this group of buildings is located on the edge of a small cliff, overlooking the mountains and forests on the opening distances, and the rivers and wetlands are located at the foot of this mountain. People being in rooms are not limited by space, the glance flies into infinity to the open spaces. Wright intentionally created this feeling of flying. Entering a beautiful living room, from the north - east side of the building, he deliberately left an inclined beam on the sloping roof and a long window of great length.

For interior decoration, Wright chose light yellow sandstone from a quarry a few kilometers from its site, cut it into pieces and embedded it into stone walls. The local tree was painted in a deep red color that Wright loved, he borrowed the name of a great Native American tribe and called it “Red Cherokee”. The use of these natural materials creates a delicate connection between the interior and the external space, which makes it difficult to determine where it is located, indoors or outdoors.

Wright's other talent is revealed in the organization of the inner space of the courtyard. He used the height of the building and the original trees on a gentle slope. This is a very exciting reception in Taliesin. Unlike the ancient Chinese city or atrium in the garden, the atrium here has a wider world. You are surrounded only by slopes, trees and buildings. But the wind can blow right here, facing the larger sky, surrounded by low cypress trees, small pools, fountains, Japanese stone lamps, Chinese porcelain pots and Buddha statues.

Fig. 3. Taliesin theater room Fig. 4. Taliesin courtyard

However, on the night of August 15, 1914, when Wright was building a garden restaurant in Chicago, the servant he hired in Taliesin, set fire to the house with gas, 7 people died included Mrs. Cheney in this fire and more than half of the buildings were destroyed by fire. In such a terrible disaster, Wright restored Tari Essen in the same place and even left a stone that was discolored but still suitable for use in a new stone wall. In 1925, a short circuit caused a fire again. Wright restored the building according to the 1911 drawings.

The uniqueness of Wright's architecture lies in the absorption of the spatial concept and philosophical thinking of Eastern architecture in combination with Western architectural technologies. His "organic architecture" corresponds to the concept of "harmony between man and nature" in architecture and the environment, which China has defended for thousands of years. He described the classics of Laosi when he described organic architecture, and explained this by the presence or absence of Yin and Yang. In the United States, where the land is sparsely populated, large houses are usually built at that time. But Wright's space is particularly low right from the start, and a slightly taller person can definitely hit his head. This is very unique in the United States, but this is normal in Japan, where everyone has a very small entrance. But the living room and public space are spacious and bright. A large roof flies overhead. Why? Since Wright's large roof is mainly a roof of an oriental building, which is a five-pointed construction, Wright borrowed the advantages of a large roof, but refused the disadvantages of a large roof truss and lack of lighting. The roof of the building here does not see the beam system and complex lines, it is decorated with bright lines. The reason for this is that he turned the beam onto the roof and hid the triangular frame of the supporting structure.

Wright refers to architecture, decoration, furniture, windows and carpets as details, which should be grafted into organic thinking. So many buildings were built that it often comes back to add or replace interior design. In the production of interior furniture, multilayered boards were used very often. In that era, layered boards were new materials, and Wright used this material to make a large amount of light furniture. Wright has a large collection of Chinese antiques and Buddha statues. He scattered these antiques throughout the Taliesin, and a large number of Buddha statues and wooden objects were placed in these buildings. This interior and exterior furniture will be regularly replaced and organized by Taliesin trainees. Wright believes that civilization is a way of life, and culture is a way to adorn life. Organic architecture begins with life.

The building of Taliesin was “developing” and never stopped as an organic living body. This has changed since the beginning of the creation of Wright.

Unitarian Meeting House

I planned to visit only the Taliesin complex in Springgreen, but during the trip I met two Russian architects and had a good time in their company, in consequence of which I was invited to join their architectural tour. They had a well-constructed architectural travel plan, starting with Wright's birthplace in Wisconsin, through the Springgreen, Madison, Milwaukee, Racine, and finally in Chicago. Although the time was very tense, I was only able to see the architecture of Wright just before Madison. Together we inspected the two buildings of Wright which impressed me very much.

A few hours from Minnesota to Wisconsin, we were at the place where Wright was born, where he grew up, the place where he studied, the place where he worked and lived. Looking at the pastoral landscapes outside the window, I understood what land influenced Wright's early buildings. If what I know in Taliesin relates more to Wright's family nest, what I recognize in the Unitarian Meeting House is Wright's conviction. The entire church chapel was built in 1946, and the original chapel, completed in 1951, is considered one of the most innovative examples of church architecture in the world. In 1960, the American Building Society listed the building as one of the 17 classic buildings built by Frank Lloyd Wright, which symbolizes the architect's contribution to American culture.

Fig. 5. Unitarian Meeting House Fig. 6. Unitarian Meeting Fig. 7. Unitarian Meeting aerial view House plan House section

Wright believes that in the United States and in the twentieth century the typical church of the church does not fit. For the monotheistic conference room he designed next to Talisin's house, Wright said that he “is trying to build a building ... This expresses a general feeling of unity. The plan you see is triangular. The roof is a triangle. Due to this, Wright refused the high part of the church of the minaret and it is very organically suitable for this building.

The low main entrance immediately attracted people to the hall. The difference in height of the room is determined by the slope of the roof. The highest place is located above the pulpit, and then gradually bends down to the hall, in which there are places for visitors, religious people, service, auxiliary space and foyer. The design of the seat is also made according to the drawings and drawings of Wright. The seats can fold, the chain on both sides supports the backrest.

Fig. 8. Podium Fig. 9. Auditorium Fig. 10. Reception room

At the end of the hall is the reception room, and there is also a bronze bell, designed by Wright, which is now used as an exhibit. There is also the ark of the Jews where there is a wall for worship. (Since the monotheistic church does not recognize the Trinity, it is closer to Judaism at this level, therefore the chapel is also open to Judaism)

In 2014, it was completed the construction of a new church in the territory. Since the Unitarian church in Madison has become the center of the distribution of the largest Unitarian sect in the United States in recent years, the original building built by Wright did not accommodate everyone. For the further preservation of the entire complex, this project was completed, which united different buildings under one roof. The building with an area of almost 2,000 square meters contains a room for up to 500 people, an office, meeting rooms, an extended kitchen and a concert venue.

An expert group of nationally recognized architects was organized to support the initial plan and reach a consensus among various stakeholders. The team identified key issues in the design of the expansion and assessed its possible impact on historic buildings and objects. This practice is known as the “model” that creates sustainable buildings for historic complexes.

Fig. 11. Old and new parts of Unitarian church Fig. 12. Geometric relationship

In the original chapel, diamonds and triangles are the main geometric figures. The TKWA team believes that the simple and unobtrusive shape of a curve line will be well combined with the geometry on the ground. The new building is designed with a soft curve that keeps it in harmony with the original chapel. This design method masks a huge amount of the new auditorium and makes it interesting and beautiful. The newly expanded roof is well connected with the original chapel and skillfully complements the first impression of the place.

Monona Terrace

The building of the Public Convention Center -- Monona Terrace, is an exhibition hall on the shores of Lake Monona, Wisconsin. Designed by Wright in 1938. At that time, Wright's proposal was rejected, and Wright never had time to bring this building to life.

In 1990, Madison Mayor Paul Saglin revised his plan for the construction of Mo- non Terrace. This proposal has been subject to much controversy, and many objections have been raised, including doubts about the landscape surrounding Lake Monona. The final decision was adopted by a referendum and two years later construction began. In 1997, almost 50 years after Wright's initial offer, the Monona Terrace officially opened.

Monona Terrace is located two blocks from the Wisconsin State Capitol in the heart of the city and stands in front of it, forming a new architectural axis.

Although the design was developed by Wright, the internal execution was performed by the project of the former student of Wright Anthony Puttnam.The building was constructed by J.H. Findorff and Son Inc., a southern Wisconsin contractor.

The building aims to restore the design of Wright's organic architecture in detail. All furniture and equipment are combined with a circular arc of architectural planes. In terms of color matching, white walls are used in the interior and Wright's favorite Cherokee Red is used as the main carpet color.

On the walls of the main hall of the building, a collection of photos of Wright's buildings is shown, on the ground floor there is a small Wright memorial hall, which records the history of the creation of this place, alongside a souvenir shop about Wright.

More than 600 conferences and weddings are held in Monona Terrace annually, with the result that the region's economic activity averages $ 52 million. Monona Terrace also offers a free community program that serves about 56,000 people a year.

Fig. 13. Monona Terrace and Wisconsin State Capitol

Fig. 14. Monona Terrace interior

An unknown private residence

Familiar artists told me that there is another house nearby in La crosse that we can visit on the way back, because the residence belongs to the private sector, there is no public information, and the Internet does not have the necessary information and address, and we have repeatedly asked many passersby to find it in a quiet residential area. This two-story house features Wright's early Prairie style, black and red window frames, red bricks and large roofs that have become a characteristic feature of the surrounding area. This house strongly influenced the neighboring houses and stand there as a monument of Wright House.

Fig. 15. A private residence

Conclusion

"Organic Architecture" a faction in the modern architectural movement, the architect Wright is a representative of this genre. This genre believes that the special appearance of each creature is determined by its internal factors that can survive in the world. The basic idea is the "law of nature", acting in accordance with the principles revealed by nature, and not imitating nature. This genre promotes that architecture should be in harmony with nature, just as it grows out of nature, and tries to stretch the inner space and bring nature into the room. Nature is organic and therefore is called "organic architecture."

Wright will not worship big trees and boulders. He sincerely worships the delicate harmony of nature and worships all the laws that arise from within. And when you truly understand the architecture of Wright, you will find who created his architecture -- not Frank Lloyd Wright, but the nature, whom he followed throughout his life.

References

Meryle Secrest. Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography;University of Chicago Press,1992.

Paul E. Sprague. Frank Lloyd Wright and Madison; Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, 1990.

Drexler.The Drawings of Frank Lloyd Wright;Horizon Press,New York,1962.

Zheng Yukai. East Taliesin, an organic building that will grow; Environment and life,2013.

Yang Peng, Li Jinglin. East and West Taliesin: Wright's two private kingdoms; Southern People Weekly,2014.

https://www.wrightontheweb.net/his-works/17-buildmgs/unitarian/?from=singlemes- sage&isappinstalled=0

https://www.archdaily.cn/cn/750808/tkwa?ad_medium=gallery

https://www.visitmadison.com/listmgs/monona-terrace-community-and-convention- center/177013/

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