The architectural features of the hanging houses Xiangxi

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Changchun China

PNU, Khabarovsk, Russia

The architectural features of the hanging houses Xiangxi

Xu Duo

Ryabkova E.B.

Abstract

hanging building terrace

The western hunan hanging foot tower belongs to the category of ancient ganlang-style buildings. The so-called dry-lane building is a kind of house with a large volume, an overhead lower house, and planks on the upper floor for living purposes (Zhuang Yuguang's "Lanlan Building"). This type of building is mainly distributed in the south, especially the Yangtze River Watershed areas, and mountainous areas. Because these areas are rich in water and rain, and the air and the ground are humid, the dry-type building is overhead, which is extremely beneficial to moisture and ventilation.

Keywords'. Lanlan building, climate, humidity, dry house, frame, mountainous area, construction, wooden columns.

Сюй До, Рябкова E.Б.

ЦУС, Чанчунь, КНР, ТОГУ, Хабаровск, Россия

Архитектурные особенности висячего дома Сянси

Абстракт

Висячий дом Сянси относится к категории древней архитектуры стиля ганланг. Так называемый сухой тип зданий -- это своего рода дом с большими помещениями и открытыми деревянными террасами на верхних этажах (здание “Ланлан” Чжоу Югуана). Этот тип зданий в основном распространен на юге, особенно в районах водосбора реки Янцзы, а также в горных местностях. Поскольку в этих районах высокая влажность из-за обилия дождей, здания располагаются высоко над землей, что способствует отведению влаги и вентиляции.

Ключевые слова: здание Ланлан, климат, влажность, сухой дом, каркас, горный район, конструкция, деревянный колонны.

Pic. 1-2. Architectural Structure of Xiangxi Hanging Tower

In the provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, and Sichuan in the southwest, "Xiangxi Hanging Loulou" is a traditional residential style of ethnic minorities such as Miao, Dong, Zhuang, Buyi, and Tujia. Especially in the southeast of Guizhou, it is extremely common for the Miao and Dai people to hang their feet in western Hunan. The natural conditions here are known as "the sky is not sunny for three days, and the land is not sanliping", so the ancestors of the mountain area created a unique "Xiangxi hanging foothouse."

The western Hunan hanging foot building is built on the mountain, and the locally produced fir is used to build a two-story wooden frame. The pillars stand on the slope according to the slope. There is no partition wall on the lower floor of the house, which is used as a shed for pigs and cows, or stacked with farm tools and sundries. The upper floor is divided into guest halls and bedrooms, and a corridor is protruded outwards for the owner to do their work and rest. Most of the corridor columns are not floor-mounted (to facilitate the passage under the corridor). The main supporting function is a number of beams selected from the floor. The corridor pillars support the suspension, which suspends the corridor in the air. The shape and structural characteristics are called "Xiangxi Hanging Tower". The advantages of hanging feet in Xiangxi are obvious. People live upstairs to prevent moisture and protect them from beasts and poisonous snakes. Such houses are still being built in the southwest mountainous area.

In different places, the western Hunan hanging foot building is full of changes in its morphological characteristics and building structure. Generally speaking, the Xiang- xiHangjiaolou should still belong to the southern dry-lane buildings, but it is different from the ordinary dry-lane. The dry fence should be all suspended, so XiangxiHang - jiaolou can also be said to be a semi-dry fence building.

The hanging comer tower of Yishan is supported by wooden pillars on the flat ground and divided into two floors, which saves land and is cheaper; the upper floor is ventilated, dry and moisture-proof, and it is a living room; The size of the house is generally a 4-row fan with 3 houses or a 6-row fan with 5 houses. The medium-sized family has 5 pillars, 2 rides and 5 pillars and 4 rides. Those with 4 rows of fans and 3 houses, the hall is in the middle, and the left and right sides are called Rao Jian, for living and cooking. Rao Jian is divided into two halves with the center column as the boundary, with the front part as a fire urn and the back part as a bedroom. There is a curving hall around the upper floor of Xiangxi hanging feet, and the curving hall is also equipped with railings.

Some Xiangxi hanging foot buildings are three-story buildings, except for the roof tiling, all of which are made of fir. The pillars of the house are chiseled with large firs, and the pillars and pillars are connected by oblique straight firing sleeves of different sizes, although they are very strong without an iron nail. There are hanging towers around the house, and the eaves of the eaves are turning like wings. The four walls of the house are slotted and paved with fir boards, and the inside and outside are painted with tung oil, which is clean and bright.

The ground floor is not suitable for people, it is used for raising poultry, placing farm tools and heavy objects. The second floor is a place for eating and living. There is a bedroom inside, and outsiders usually don't enter. Outside the bedroom is the hall, where there is a fire pond, where the family eats around the fire pond, which is spacious and convenient. Because it has windows, it is bright, well-lit and well-ventilated. Family members often do manual work and rest here, and it is also a place to receive guests. On the other side of the hall, there is a wide corridor connected to it. There is a half-height railing outside the corridor, and there is a large row of benches. The family usually lives here to rest, and the mother dresses her daughter during the festival. The third floor is ventilated and dry, which is very spacious. In addition to being used outdoors, it also has a small room for grain storage and storage.

Pic. 3-4. Architectural Features of Xiangxi Hanging Tower

The western Hunan hanging foot tower is a unique building form of the ethnic minorities in southern China. The building frame is completely constructed by wood and tenon-joint. The so-called "foot" are actually several thick wooden stakes supporting the building. The Xiangxi Hanging Foot Building, built by the water, stretches out two long front "footes", deeply inserted into the river water, and supports a building with the other wall foundation resting on the river bank; The first two "feet" of the Xiangxi hanging foot building are steadily topped on the low place, supporting the building with the wall foundation on the other side. There are also some Xiangxi hanging foot buildings built on flat ground, which are supported by several wooden poles of the same length from the ground. Get up. The floor of the wooden building is about 60 cm higher than the outdoor ground, and sometimes hangs up to 1 meter. In this way, the bottom of the wooden building is ventilated, so that the indoor floor can be kept dry and protected from the invasion of snakes and beasts (earliest).

The western Hunan hanging foot building is divided into two or more layers, and the lower floor is mostly empty. It is mostly used for livestock sheds such as cattle and pigs, and for storing farm tools and sundries. The upstairs is the guest hall and bedroom. There is a promenade around it. The first half of the upper floor is full of light. The owner can do work and rest in the corridor. Some of the pillars of these corridors do not touch the ground so that people and animals can pass underneath. The weight of the corridor is fully supported by the wooden beams that are picked out. XiangxiHangjiao Tower looks beautiful, smart and chic, and wants to fly in the air; it is comfortable to live in, dry and breathable, and airy; its architectural art embodies the philosophical idea of "the ground is flat and the body is flat".

Xiangxi Hangjiaolou is sometimes called a "dry-lane" building with corridors on three sides and wooden railings hanging from it. The railing is engraved with symbols such as 4D tower, hi-zi grid, sub-character grid, and square grid, which symbolize good luck. The suspension column has various shapes such as octagon, square, often carved hydrangea at the bottom, and golden claws. Floor slabs are set up and down on the floor of Xiangxi Hangjiao Building. The window lattice is engraved with double phoenix sunrise, magpie throat, lion ball, and various flowers and plants such as peony, camellia, chrysanthemum, etc. It is simple and elegant.

Observation of the building materials used in Xiangxi Hangjiaolou found that the local fir was used as the main material. Cunninghamialanceolata is one of China's endemic and important fast-growing tree species and is distributed in the area south of the Qinling Mountains of the Huaihe River. The Chinese fir tree is tall, with straight texture, detailed structure, light and soft material, easy processing, no warp and crack, corrosion and insect resistance, strong abrasion resistance, and has an aromatic odor. It has the reputation of the king of wood and is important in China. Timber for construction and furniture. Because of these advantages of fir wood, it is widely used in the building frame, fence, railing, floor, doors and windows and carvings of the western Hunan hanging foot building, which has a strong decorative effect.

Pic. 5-6. The main types of XiangxiHangjiaolou

There are various forms of hanging feet in Xiangxi. The types are as follows:

Single hanging type, this is the most common form, some people call it "head hanging" or "key head". Its characteristic is that only the side of the main room is overhanging and suspended by wooden columns.

Double-hung type, also known as "double-headed crane" or "pinching mouth", is a development of single-hung type, that is, there are box rooms hanging on both ends of the main house. The single hanging type and the double hanging type are not formed according to different regions. They mainly depend on economic conditions and family needs. The single hanging type and the double hanging type often coexist in the same place.

The two-room crane type is developed on the basis of a single crane and a double crane, that is, an additional floor is added to the general Xiangxi crane. Both single crane and double crane are applicable. The flat floor lifting type, this form of Xiangxi hanging foot building is also developed on the basis of single crane, both single crane and double crane. Its main feature is that it is built in a flat dam, which does not require lifting feet according to the terrain, but it only raises the room and supports it with wooden columns. The ground on which the supporting wooden pillars fall is flush with the ground of the main house, so that the cabin is higher than the main house. Xiangxi Hangjiaolou has rich cultural connotation. In addition to the deification phenomenon that the residential buildings pay attention to the dragon veins, built according to the situation and coexist with people and gods, it also has a very prominent concept of space cosmization. Xiangxi Hangjiaolou is not only in the embrace of the universe's nature, but the universe is also in the embrace of the universe's nature. This concept of the space that accommodates the universe is manifested in the ritual song of the Tujia Shangliang ritual. The words are on both sides, and the sun and the moon become twins forever .... "" Qiankun "and" sun and moon "here represent the universe. In a sense, the foot building becomes closer and closer to the universe in its subjectivity, so that the house, people and the universe are integrated and inseparable.

Pic. 7-8. Cultural Connotation of Xiangxi Hangjiaolou

The Tujia people have a long development process in the form of their residence. In ancient times, the ancestors of Tujia used rough stone tools and lived a very simple gathering economy and fishing and hunting life. They have been living in poor mountains for a long time, and their living environment is very bad. Its typical folk house, Xiangxi Hangjiaolou, is not only the crystallization of Tujia ancestors' long-term struggle with nature, but also a true portrayal of their bumpy destiny.

The origin and development of Tujia Xiangxi Hangjiaolou can be roughly divided into four stages: before the Tang and Song dynasties; from the Tang and Song dynasties to the end of the Qing Dynasty; during the Republic of China; after the founding of the PRC. Before Tang and Song Dynasties. During this period, the feudal dynasty basically had no control over the Tujia area, and the Tujia ancestors were still in the semi-primitive period. Production depends on slash-and-bum cultivation, and life is full of clothing and food. A considerable part is still in the primitive hunting state. Its "housing" is a "tri-stable fork", also known as a "shit shed" built from branches and leaves. It has a poor function of sheltering from the wind and rain. At that time, their ability to fight nature was very poor, especially the beast viper threatened them the most. In order to get rid of their threats, the ancestors of the Tujia ties the branches and leaves of the trees in the old forest in the mountains to form a house on the waist of the big tree. The leaves can be sheltered from the wind and rain by the leaves, and the ground can be escaped from the beasts. Because this "house" hangs in midair, there is no support underneath it, so it is called Xiangxi Hangjiaolou. Tang and Song Dynasties to the end of Qing Dynasty. The feudal dynasty implemented the system of custody of the prefecture and the chieftain system, and the upper Tujia people had the opportunity to contact the Han people, absorbed some of the Han culture, and their residence improved. In particular, the ancient toasts paid tribute to the court every year, and witnessed the architectural art of the court. With the continuous development of the ceramics industry at that time, it was not difficult to produce a small amount of earthen bricks and earthen tiles. Wait for house construction. However, due to the mountainous terrain and the specific environment of low temperature and humidity, the structure of the pole-type Xiangxi hanging footbridge has not changed. In the meantime, most people from the lower level of the Tujia family also moved from the tree to the ground, using oil bamboo or branches as wooden boards and thatch as tiles, forming a thatched building style of "a thousand stigma landing". The Republic of China. Relatively enlightened politically, productivity has developed, people's lives have improved, and rich people are quite particular about it. Ordinary civilians can also build ordinary shingle structures. The roof ridges are stacked with tiles, most of which are in the shape of "pin"; the tiles at both ends are raised with warping angles. Although they are not as spectacular as those of the wealthy houses, they also reflect the style of civilians. After the founding of the People's Republic of China. After the founding of New China, the party and the state implemented a policy of national equality, and the Tujia people also lived a new life. Land reform, reform and opening up, these historic changes have greatly improved the material life of people of all ethnic groups and increasingly frequent foreign exchanges. Except for some Tujia people who still retain traditional residential customs, most of them have started to build brick-concrete structures. Orreinforcedconcretebungalows.

Xiangxi Hangjiaolou is a kind of residential building with rich Dong characteristics. Most of the residences of the Shan people of the Shan nationality are small, two- or three-story buildings with a veranda style. Downstairs are placed with stone hoe, stacked with firewood and debris, and raised livestock. Live upstairs. The first half of the upstairs is full of light and is a place for rest or manual labor; the second half is a room with a "fire pond", which is the "ancestor" and is also used for heating and cooking. There is a bedroom on the third floor. Generally, there are one family and some villages, such as Miaojiang, Bajiang, and Linxi in Sanjiang County, Guangxi. They live in a multi-ethnic community and connect the houses of the same family. Here, a banquet is held to receive guests. The Pingba Dais, such as Tianzhu, Xinhuang, and Lianjiang in Rongjiang County, are mostly two-story buildings, living downstairs, and storing grain and debris upstairs. There is a "sacred shrine" in the hall, with bedrooms and kitchens on both sides, and pigs and cow pens behind the house.

The houses of the Qiang nationality in the corridor of Hunan Province still retain the characteristics of Baigan ethnic "ganlang" buildings. Most of them are Ganlang wooden buildings with more than three houses, and the ground floor is a breeding house for pigs and cattle. There are corridors protruding and decorated with railings. There are fixed benches beside the railings for people to rest, commonly known as "Xiangxi Hanging House". This kind of wooden building, which has up to five or six floors, has a rigorous structure. It is not allowed to use a nail. The whole system of tenon and tenon is fitted, which shows the superb craftsmanship of the Dai people.

Indoor layout, the second floor has a fire pond, which is a place for cooking and hospitality. They also retained the ancient custom of "Sit and Squat" by the Vietnamese, and used a few cases of diet with short feet. Sitting on an original wooden stool, it is difficult to find high chairs and tables. Firewood is put in by the West when cooking. Because it is said that the West is where the Dai people originated, Tinder came from the West. The Dai people are a beauty-loving people. They like to dress up the environment very beautifully. For example, the stigma of a house, Xi is carved into the form of bamboo. The water well in the village is covered with carved bluestone slabs, and some red, white and black flowers and fishes are placed in the well. There are ancient trees in the front and back of the village. Even when the road in Zhaili is paved with bluestone or pebble, people always lay it into various patterns, which is very beautiful, so it is called "Flower Street". Therefore, entering Lixiang is like entering a gallery.

Bibliographic references to sources

1. Long Sheqin. A Preliminary Study on the Formation and Development of Tujia Hanging Tower in Western Hunan.

Размещено на Allbest.ru