Architecture Miyan towers in Ankhoi China province

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Architecture Miyan towers in Ankhoi China province

Wang Wei, Syschik M.V.

Changchun, China

Khabarovsk, Russia

Abstract

This article introduces the architectural features, buildings, and uses of Wenfeng Tower in Fuyang, Anhui Province, China, and compares it with other types of ancient towers. The buildings are located at the junction of the upper part of the north-western part of Fuyang and the lower part of the southeast. The stone base of the tower is made in the form of an octagon. The internal space is not very large compared to other types of towers, as there is no need to place large Buddha statues. The exterior walls are decorated with stone carvings of religious patterns. The eaves of the tower decrease as the height increases, and the appearance of the tower becomes softer. The lower floors have a larger interior space and are reduced every second floor. These towers show an inseparable connection between architecture and religion.

Keywords: tower, sculpture, Buddpism, constructions, comice, dynasties

Абстракт

Ван Вэй, Сущик М. В.

ЦУС Чанчунь КНР; ТОГУ Хабаровск Россия

Архитектура башен Миян в провинции Аньхой Китая

В статье рассказано об архитектурных особенностях, строительстве и назначении башен Миян в провинции Аньхой, Китай. Все строения расположены высоко в горах на стыке северо-западной и юго-восточной частей Фуян. Каменное основание башен выполнено в форме восьмиугольника, а завершение из дерева. Просторные интерьеры вмещают большую статую Будды. Резьба из камня на религиозные мотивы украшает стены внутренних помещений. Карнизы башен уменьшаются по мере увеличения высоты, что делает башню визуально легкой. Внутренние помещения на нижних этажах большие и уменьшаются с каждым следующим этажом. Башни показывают неразрывную связь между архитектурой и религией.

Ключевые слова: башня, скульптура, буддизм, конструкции, карниз, династии.

As one of the main styles of Chinese pagodas, the Miyan pagodas are considered by scholars to be evolved from the pavilion pagodas. And mostly for the masonry structure. But although the Wenfeng pagoda in Fuyang city is a typical tower with close eaves, in fact, the carving of the pagoda body is mainly embodied in Taoist architecture, not buddhist pagoda. And the type of Wenfeng pagoda is the wind and water tower in Taoism (the early feng shui is related to the site selection, orientation and principle of palaces, houses, villages and cemeteries, which is a metaphysics to choose the right place for them).

Geomantic theory is actually a natural science integrating geophysics, hydrogeology, astrology, meteorology, environmental landscape, architecture and other disciplines. But from a modem scientific point of view, feng shui theory is not only an indigenous science in ancient China, but also a collection of myths and superstitions. For example, the ancients observed that fluids must flow to lower elevations (the Yangtze and yellow rivers flow from the high western plateau to the lower eastern Pacific). So the ancients speculated that other forms of things followed the same pattern, even illusory things.Based on the flow of water, Taoism imagines that the transmission of culture is like an artery, invisible but real.

Fuyang city in Anhui province is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. According to historical records, in the early kangxi period of the Qing dynasty, there were not many officials in Fuyang who passed the examination. The Taoist geomantic theory is that culture flowed away from Fuyang like water. Therefore, in the 35th year of the reign of emperor Kangxi (1696), this Miyan pagoda with Taoist characteristics was built in the south of Fuyang city (now located in Wenfeng park, Yingzhou avenue, Fuyang city).

Fuyang city Wenfeng tower for the whole brick structure. There are seven floors. The plane is octagon. During the tang dynasty (618-907), most of the Miyan towers were square. Such as small wild goose pagoda (today's Xi 'an city, Shaanxi province), Fa wang si pagoda (Dengfeng city, Henan province) (Fig. 1). This kind of square tower is mostly masonry, the middle is empty cylinder, and then in the inside of each layer frame.

Fig. 1. Fa -wang si pagoda

Floors and escalators are provided. However, in the Song, Liao and Jin dynasties (960-1279), the development of Miyan Small Wild Goose Pagoda (Fig. 2) different from that before. During this period, the Miyan tower developed into an octagonal plane, and the tower was not only a single tower and a relatively small base, but a large base and a xumi seat were built under the tower. The reasonable proportion of the high xumi seat and the tower body reflects the high aesthetic ability of architects at that time. The tower, with its Windows, doors and buddhist sculptures, including the brackets and eaves, is made entirely of stone, a kind of religious carving made of brick [1].

Fig. 2. Small Wild Goose Pagoda

No matter be square or octagonal close eaves tower, pay attention to the shape of whole appearance very much. The cornice of the tower is overhanging and will decrease with increasing height (Fig. 3). This allows the tower to take on a parabolic shape, making it more lively rather than rigid. For the more robust tower, this method can make it out of the unwieldy image, while for Wenfeng tower, such a slender tower, it can make it appear tall and not sharp.

Fig. 3. Cornice the carving of Wenfeng pagoda is mainly in the form of Taoism

The loft tower is a wooden structure, which is modeled after the loft form, using a tower stacked with multiple lofts. The interior can be made into a relatively large space for the Buddha statue. And the close eaves type tower for the masonry structure, which is the attic tower evolved. It can be seen that the closed eaves type is completely made of brick and stone according to the form of wooden structure in the appearance of the tower to make eaves, walls, beams and doors and Windows of each layer. However, because of the brick and stone structure of the Miyan tower, its internal size is not suitable to make a larger space for the worship of Buddha, so the Miyan tower is mostly for carving Buddha statues outside the tower. Although the Wenfeng pagoda is a typical tower with close eaves, it has nothing to do with Buddhism. Therefore, the first floor of Wenfeng tower is very large, and its height and width are the largest. While the height and width of the second floor decrease, the other floors decrease in order. The distance between the eaves of the upper part of the tower and the eaves of each floor decreases, and the visual effect tends to overlap. This is also the usual practice and characteristics of the closed eaves tower. The height of Wenfeng tower is 31.8m, with only one room on each floor and less space. This is because the Wenfeng pagoda is only for symbolic purposes, not for Buddha statues or other purposes, and its interior does not need a large space. The north of the tower is the entrance. There is no hall at the entrance [2] (Fig. 4). architectural anhui buddha

Fig. 4. Wenfeng Tower

The exterior image of Wenfeng tower is gray and white, and each floor has three layers of brick carvings to form a closed eave, imitating the wooden structure of the brackets to the outside. The roof is an octagonal roof (an informal roof of ancient Chinese architecture, that is, no roof in the palace).

Sculpture forms on Wenfeng tower:

Iron phoenix. On the top of Wenfeng tower is an iron phoenix sculpture, life, showing the image of fluttering wings to fly. In Chinese culture and Chinese language context, if people are compared to the phoenix. Outstanding person outstanding person outstanding person outstanding person And the iron phoenix mounted on the top of the tower, is a symbol of intention, on behalf of the talent. To express the importance the local people attach to the cultivation of talents with both integrity and ability. The iron phoenix on Wenfeng pagoda is probably the work of modem cultural relic protection and restoration period.

Relief. The long-lived deer is also a spiritual beast in traditional Chinese mythology. Generally speaking, the pattern carving of the long-lived deer also means longevity and prosperity. Wenfeng tower was built in traditional Chinese culture to revitalize the region's talent cultivation (ancient China adopted the imperial examination system for talent selection). The point of selecting the best is to help the region prosper

Ganoderma lucidum. Since the Qin dynasty, Ganoderma lucidum has been one of the leading roles in religious art. The artistic image that appears on Wenfeng pagoda is one of the sculptural images of Ganoderma lucidum (Fig. 5, 6).

Fig. 5. Sculpture of Ganoderma lucidum

Fig. 6. Carp Jumping Dragon Gate

This also directly proves the inseparable relationship between architecture and religious art, which is an embodiment of religion in architectural art. Carp leaping longmen: the relief image is a very important tower relief. As early as the western Han dynasty, the legend of carp leaping over the dragon gate was formed. Legend has it that if a Yellow River carp can jump over the dragon gate, it will turn into a dragon. The fairy tale is also a metaphor for passing examinations and examinations, career advancement and so on. It also inspires students to work hard, face difficulties head-on, and strive to change the fate of individuals and countries through learning.

References

1. Huang Gongwang, Dwelling in the Fuchun mountains [Электронный ресурс] / URL: baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AF%86%E6%AA%90%E5%BC%8F%E5%A1 % 10856032?fi-aladdin&http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%A5%BC%E9%98%81 %E5% BC%8 (дата обращения: 19.12.2019).

2. Bureau of Cultural Relics of Anhui Province. Fuyang Wenfeng Tower [Электронный ресурс] / URL: https://www.123rf.com/photo_38954794_wenfeng-pagoda-at- fuyang.html (дата обращения: 18.10.2019).

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