The temple of Christ the Savior in Moscow

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Vladimir State University

The Temple of Christ the Savior in Moscow

Antonenkova Y.S.

History of building of temple of Christ the Savior in Moscow.

The temple of Christ the Savior in Moscow was built in honor victory over the Napoleon's army in Home war 1812 year in sign of gratitude to God for a help and intercession, and also in memory of the dead in fights. Most monuments in glory of victories of the Russian weapon, that was set in 18 century, were secular . These were triumphal arches, obelisks or columns. Building of temples-monuments is tradition having historical roots. Ivan the Terrible in memory oh victory over the Kazan khanate built in Moscow on the Red Square Church of the Intercession on the Moat, and the cathedral of Kazan Divine Mother is a reminder about the achievement of the Russian warriors in 17 century, that were accomplished during the liberation of Moscow from Polish-Lithuanian oppression.

December 25, 1812 in the day final victory over Napoleon's army, the Emperor

Alexander I signed a manifesto on construction in Moscow Church of the Savior Christ and issued a decree to the Holy Synod about declaring December 25 a public holiday in memory of emancipation of "Church and Empire".

The original idea belonged to the Russian General Mikhail Ardalionovitch Kikin. This idea is conveyed to the Emperor by Admiral Alexander Shishkov and was endorsed not only by the Russian emperor, but also the masses of Russian society. cathedral christ temple sculpture

During implementation of the project have been two competition which were attended the most famous Russian architects. The first project, which has been recognized as the most successful, belonged A. Vitberg. His project was chosen by emperor of the 20 others. As a result, October 12, 1817 start of construction of the temple was made on the Sparrow Hills. But after a while it appeared that the selected area has defects soil. Underground waters were there. It was a unfavorable condition for construction. And construction was stopped.

After the death of Alexander I, Nicholas I stopped all work on the construction of the temple It happened in 1926 . But in April 1832, Emperor Nicholas I approved a new project of the temple, which belonged to the architect K. Ton . There is a theory that the relationship A. Vitberg with a new autocrat did not exist , therefore the new project and a new architect have been selected. Emperor chose the place for construction of the temple personally. Alexius monastery and the Church of All Saints located on the bank of the Moscow River near the Kremlin - it is here that it was decided to build a new temple. The buildings of the monastery and the church were destroyed and the nuns were transferred to Sokolniki, the Red Village. Ceremonial laying of the new church took place on September 10, 1839. It is said that when the abbess of the Alexius monastery learned about the decision of the Emperor, she said: "Being to this place is empty!" It is not known it is true or not, but further destiny of the cathedral there was not the best way.

Temple of Christ the Savior was to be a second center of Moscow that there would be on a par with the Kremlin and Red Square. The building of the cathedral reached a height of over 100 meters, besides, it was based on Alexeyevskoye hill. All this makes the temple the highest point in Moscow at the time. In spite of the existing town planning rules (in Moscow it was impossible to construct buildings higher than bell tower of Ivan the Great which was 81 meters in height), an exception was made for the church.

Direct management of construction was entrusted to the governor-general of

Moscow, D. Golitsyn, who was at the head of the Commission, set up specifically for this enterprise. In the creation of the church attended by the most reputable builders, architects and artists of that era. Surikov, Siemiradzki, Kramskoy, V. P. Vereshchagin, Pleshanov, Makovsky, Bruni and others engaged in pictorial works.

Facade sculpture was performed Baron P. Klodt, NA Ramazanov, A. Loganovsky. The gates of the temple were made by model Earl F. Tolstoy.

More than 15 million rubles has been allocated for the construction of a temple from the state treasury - at that time it was an enormous amount of money. In addition, the funds for the construction were going on all over Russia. Parameters of the building under construction was impressive. The thickness of the walls of the temple reached 3.2 m height from the ground to cross equaled 103.5 m, the height of the cross was 8.5 m. For the temple was selected Byzantine style. The building had the form of equal-cross. The walls were built from bricks and white stone, and they were covered with Italian marble of different varieties, shoshkinskim porphyry and Labrador Kiev on top. Corridors around the whole building were in the double walls like the ancient temples. In the corridors of the memorial placed 177 marble slabs on which the chronology of events described by the War of 1812. Sculptures for the basreliefs were made of marble Protopopovskiy (dense white limestone, mined near Kolomna), is durable, easy to polish and beauty. 177 memorial marble slabs were placed in the corridors, on which was a description of chronology of the war of 1812. Sculptures for the bas-reliefs were made of marble Protopopovskiy, differs durability, easy polishing, as well as beauty. On the edges of the cross towered four bell towers topped small heads. In order to gild the all domes and roofs was needed 422 kilograms of gold and 176 tons of copper. The total number of bells on the bell is 14, and the largest bell weighed in 27 tons.

The interior of the temple were performed with the same thoroughness and scope. The lower half of the walls were decorated with marble and mosaics. The builders made the groundwork for the frescoes sloping way order to protect the frescoes from the damaging effects of moisture. In the decoration of the church dominated bronze and gilding, which were covered railings, crosses in the altars, frame of icons, candleholders. Central iconostasis was made of white marble in the shape of an octagonal chapel.

Eyewitnesses compared the new cathedral with a huge white iceberg or with giant Sugarloaf. The snow-white facade of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour struck the eye from afar.

December 13, 1880 the temple was named the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. For it was approved by the spiritual state, and clergy. Three years later, on May 26, 1883, the Day of Ascension solemn consecration of the church was held.

In 1901, the choir appeared at the church, which soon became the best in Moscow. All the most important and solemn celebrations, coronation anniversaries were celebrated in this cathedral. In a short time the church became one of the main center of education in Moscow. A rich library appeared here, which contained many rare editions. Also here were conducted excursions, and in 1902 began to operate educational courses for workers. Donations that were going to the temple, went to help the needy.

In 1918, the power of the young Soviet republic issued a decree "On the separation of church and state and school from church," and the church lost the support and assistance of the authorities. The charitable society blessing of Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Tikhon was created, which was taking care of further destiny of the shrine. It was created to prevent the decline of the church.

In 1918, the power of the young Soviet republic issued a decree "On the separation of church and state and school from church," and the church lost the support and assistance of the authorities. It was created a charitable society blessing of Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Tikhon, who was taking care of further destiny of the shrine. It was created to prevent the decline of the church.

The decline and destruction of the temple during the Soviet era.

A number of articles appeared in the Soviet printed publications from the beginning of the 20s, which have questioned any value Cathedral of Christ the Savior. As a rule, the authors of these statements have been people who have no relation to the architecture: Herzen, Demian Poor and others. The fact that the cathedral was built in memory of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, and is not only the construction of a Christian cult, but also historical and architectural monument, was released from the attention completely at the time.

In 1929 in the Soviet state a massive ideological offensive to religion began under the slogan: "For the godless Moscow, for the godless the collective farms." In addition, at this time we began to use a new way to the destruction of churches. It was a blast. In 1921, at the First Congress of Soviet deputies Kirov put forward a proposal to build a "new palace of workers and working peasants" instead of the "palaces of the bankers, landlords and kings." And in 1924, after the death of Lenin, it was necessary to perpetuate the memory of the leader "of the world proletariat." Over time, these two projects merged into one, and on the wave of anti-religious propaganda, it was decided to destroy the Church of Christ the Savior, and in its place erect a grandiose Palace of Congresses. Thus, the temple, the construction of which lasted 50 years, was destined to last for a little more than this period.

The reasons for which the new Palace of Congresses in Moscow, it was decided to build it on the site of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior a few. Firstly, from an architectural point of view, it was the perfect location - it was situated near the Kremlin and Red Square, and perfectly visible from all sides. Second, in 1932, 120 years since the victory in the war of 1912 and the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Emperor Nicholas I decree on the construction of the cathedral. Also, this year celebrated the 15th anniversary of the October Revolution and the 10th anniversary of founding the Soviet Union - these dates would be very symbolic to celebrate by a bookmark the building, symbolizing the victory of the new over the old world. To a certain extent, the assignment of the treasures of the temple was also one of the reasons for its destruction. Among the few defenders of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow was also a painter A. M. Vasnetsov.

In July 1931, it adopted a resolution to hold a competition of projects Palace of Soviets. The competition was closed, and its results beat B. Iofana project architect who, after some refinement, and was approved. Instead, the church had to appear truly gigantic structure, several times larger than the size of its predecessor. The construction was to reach a height of a total of 415 meters - at the time it would be the tallest building not only in the Soviet Union, but also worldwide. And in our time, this is a very solid height. At the top of the building, made in the form of a huge pedestal, was to rise above the statue of Lenin, which would be viewed entirely from all points of the city.

First, the Commission launched the evaluation of items of historical and artistic value. Not for the first time, but now finally Christ the Savior Cathedral has undergone legal plunder. Museum value were found some parts of the wall frescoes of the church plate, a small number of high relief. Marbles, removed from the walls of the temple revived with the metro station Kropotkinskaya and Okhotny Ryad, benches were put on Novokuznetskaya station and transported to the high relief the Donskoy Monastery.

Initially, it was decided to dismantle the temple to the ground. In great haste dismantled gilded dome and part designs, but this idea completely failed - it was built solidly and forever. December 5, 1931 Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, was vandalized blown, and, from the first to destroy the building failed and had to lay explosives Squad again.

According to the plan, the opening of the Palace of Congresses to be held in 1933, but only to clean debris from the site of the temple took about one and a half years. Construction of the palace began in 1937, in 1939 was completed the construction of the foundations, and individual parts of the building, but in September 1941, in connection with the war against Nazi Germany of metal structures, intended for the construction were made anti-tank. After some time had to be dismantled and the foundations on defense and other needs.

After the Great Patriotic War of 1941 ended, the management of the construction of the Palace of the Soviets still existed for some time, and the architect lofan continued to work on the project. But there was no ideological inspirers grandiose construction, and the mentality of the people has changed a lot after the war, and the means for implementing the project, the monster was not, so in 1960 the project was officially closed. It is believed that a more detailed study of the terrain, it was found that the soil will not sustain such a powerful building, which is also spoken in favor of abandoning the construction. In place of the existing pit we decided to build an outdoor swimming pool "Moscow", which has successfully been made. Pool lasted from 1960 to 1994.

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