Саліцилова кислота: синтез і стрес-протекторні ефекти у рослин

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Abstract

Salicylic acid:synthesis and stress-protective effects in plants

Salicylic acid (SA) is now considered one of the key hormones involved in the regulation of many physiological programs and processes in plants, primarily in adaptation to action of biotic and abiotic stressors. SA is synthesized in plants by phenylpropanoid and isochorismate pathways. The first pathway begins with the conversion of phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, which can be converted into two different metabolites: ortho-coumaric acid, and benzaldehyde. Both metabolites are ultimately converted into SA. In the isochorismate path, the chorismate formed from shikimic acid is isomerized into an isochorismate, the latter being transformed into SA. The effects of SA synthesis pathways activation and its accumulation in plants in response to stressors of different nature are shown: extreme temperatures, dehydration, salinization, heavy metals, etc. Treatment of plants with exogenous SA in optimal concentrations causes an increase in their resistance to abiotic stressors of various natures. Key protective reactions that can be induced by salicylic acid are increased gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, increased content of low-molecularweight antioxidants, as well as multifunctional protective compounds, in particular proline and sugars. Also under the influence of SA, an activation of synthesis of a number of heat shock proteins, dehydrins, and alternative oxidase was recorded. At the level of a whole plant organism, an important reaction is the induction by SA of a stomata closure. Despite the rich phenomenology of the SA effects, its functional interaction with other signaling mediators and plant stress hormones in the formation of plants' adaptive responses remains insufficiently studied.

Key words: salicylic acid, plant hormones, signaling mediators, plant resistance, antioxidant system, compatible osmolytes, stress proteins

Аннотация

Салициловая кислота: синтез и стресс-протекторные эффекты у растений

Салициловая кислота (СК) в настоящее время рассматривается как один из ключевых гормонов, задействованных в регуляции многих физиологических программ и процессов у растений, прежде всего в адаптации к действию биотических и абиотических стрессоров. СК синтезируется в растениях по фенилпропаноидному и изохоризматному путям.

Первый путь начинается с превращения фенилаланина в транс-коричную кислоту, которая может превращаться в два различных метаболита: орто-кумаровую кислоту и бензальдегид.

Оба метаболита в конечном итоге превращаются в СК. В изохоризматном пути хоризмат, образующийся из шикимовой кислоты, измеризуется в изохоризмат, последний превращается в СК.

Показаны эффекты активации путей синтеза СК и ее накопления в растениях в ответ на действие стрессоров различной природы: экстремальных температур, обезвоживания, засоления, тяжелых металлов и т. п. Обработка растений экзогенной СК в оптимальных концентрациях вызывает повышение их устойчивости к действию абиотических стрессоров различной природы.

Ключевыми защитными реакциями, которые могут быть индуцированы салициловой кислотой, является усиление экспрессии генов и повышение активности антиоксидантных ферментов, увеличение содержания низкомолекулярных антиоксидантов, а также мульти-функциональных протекторных соединений, в частности, пролина и сахаров.

Также под влиянием СК зафиксирована активация синтеза ряда белков теплового шока, дегидринов, альтернативной оксидазы. На уровне целого растительного организма важной реакцией является индуцирование СК закрывания устьиц. Несмотря на богатую феноменологию эффектов СК, ее функциональное взаимодействие с другими сигнальными посредниками и стрессовыми фитогормонами при формировании адаптивных реакций растений остается недостаточно изученным.

Ключевые слова: салициловая кислота, фитогормоны, сигнальные посредники, устойчивость растений, антиоксидантная система, совместимые осмолиты, стрессовые белки

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