Study of the adaptability and resistance of potato genotypes to Fusarium solani (smart.)

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Ukrainian Institute for Plant Veriety Examination, Kyiv

Department of examination for the suitability for reproduction of plant varieties

Department for application consideration, examination of the name and novelty of plant varieties

Sector of technical, fodder and oil varieties of plants

National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine

Study of the adaptability and resistance of potato genotypes to Fusarium solani (smart.)

T. Sonets, Head

Z. Kienko, PhD, deputy head

S. Mykhailyk, PhD, senior researcher

N. Syplyva, PhD, head

A. Gaidai, Senior researcher

V. Borodai, Dr Sci., Docent

Abstract

Research is aimed at studying potato varieties with increased adaptive capacity in terms of yield, as well as resistance to phytopathogenic micromycetes Fusarium solani. The study of varieties with high genetic, adaptive potential, in relation to stress factors, resistance to damage by diseases, pests for growing them in a specific soil-climatic zone, remains relevant. In recent years, diseases caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium are the reasons for a sharp decline in the yield and quality of potatoes. The main criterion of a variety that is characterized by high adaptability in a certain agro-climatic zone is the adaptability coefficient with an indicator of 1 or higher. During 2018-2020, stress resistance, stability, resistance to the pathogen Fusarium solani of thirteen potato varieties were studied in the Polissia zone of Ukraine. Their yield, analyzed through the coefficients of adaptability, of phenotypic stability and the difference between its maximum and minimum value. Among the studied varieties, the Prada variety stood out (25.6 t/ha), which is high-yielding, stress-resistant and stable at the same time (CAA - 1.21, FS - 1.1, (Xmin - Xmax) - 1.8). This variety has a high score (9) of resistance to F. solani. Among the thirteen varieties of potatoes that were affected by phytopathogenic micromycetes genotypes were established that are highly resistant (Prada, Granada, Solokha, Rodynna, Lilly, Esmee, Zhytnytsia, Kniazha) and resistant (Opillia, Paroli, Bellarosa, Vzirets, Constance) to the pathogen F. solani, which causes the disease both during the storage period and during the growing season.

A significant range of species of the family Solanaceae and fungi of the genus Fusarium determines the diversity of their coevolution paths, which is manifested in the variability of the manifestation of signs and causes the need to study stability for the creation of initial pre-selection and selection material (Podgaetskiy, 2012; Hordienko and Zakharchuk, 2017; Borodai and Parfeniuk, 2018; Hussein et al., 2020) [16, 9, 5, 10].

In Ukraine, in recent decades, during the growing season of potatoes, there have been long periods of extremely high temperatures, soil drought, sharp differences in day and night temperatures, high humidity and, at the same time, high air temperature, short-term torrential rains with monthly rainfall, etc. This contributes to the spread of less common diseases, for example, fusarium stolon rot, or increasing the aggressiveness of the causative agents of fusarium wilt (Borodai and Parfeniuk, 2018; Andriychuk and Khomyak, 2013; Levitin, 2012) [5, 1, 12]. This disease is dangerous and harmful not only for the crop of the current year, but also for subsequent reproductions. The causative agents of the disease are various species of Fusarium, including F. oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi, F. solani and F. sambucinum (Hussein et al., 2020; Azil et al., 2021; Xue and Yang, 2021) [10, 2, 23].

Fusarium stolon wilt of plants is caused by a complex of pathogens of the genus Fusarium, which can affect all parts of potato plants, including leaves, stems, and tubers, and is the cause of significant losses in potato cultivation. The causative agent develops in the underground part of plants, which leads to their wilting and the formation of tubers with stolon rot. In the stolonal part of the tubers, at the place of a thin section of the tissue, brown lines of dead cells and vessels diverging in radiant lines are visible.

The species composition of pathogens largely depends on soil and climatic conditions (Hordienko and Zakharchuk, 2017; Borodai and Parfeniuk, 2018) [9, 5]. The main causative agents of potato fusarium in Ukraine in the pathosystem of the potato plant - phytopathogens include the species F. solani, F. sambusinum and F. oxysporum. (Azil et al., 2021) [2].

For the efficient management of potato cultivation, great importance is attached to the varietal characteristics of potatoes, namely, the ability of the variety to adapt to different soil and climatic conditions and the ability to provide stable harvests. Each variety has a certain specificity regarding the reaction to weather conditions (drought, soil moisture, resistance to damage by diseases and pests) (Furdyga, 2022) [7].

Among the studied isolates of micromycetes of the genus Fusarium, significant polymorphism was found in bioecological, including pathogenic, properties depending on plant genotypes (Hussein et al., 2020; Azil et al., 2021; Xue and Yang, 2021) [10, 2, 23]. Foreign scientists found that 20% of F. solani isolates tested for pathogenicity were highly pathogenic. All isolates of F. solani showed amylolytic, cellulolytic, pectinolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic activities, with a significant difference in the number of enzymes (Hussein et al., 2020) [10] ability, metabolic activity, phylogenetic features, organotropic specialization, the ability to switch to a saprotrophic mode of nutrition, and the formation of propagules highly resistant to external factors (Levitin, 2012; Koltunov et al., 2016) [12, 11].

Ecological studies make it possible to reveal the effect of abiotic and biotic factors of a certain environment on the genotype and establish the degree of their influence on the growth, development and yield of potato varieties. The accumulation of changes in the external environment is manifested in the variability of certain quantitative signs of the phenotype structure - morphological signs of plant structure, productivity, product quality, resistance to biotic and abiotic factors. Adaptation is the adaptation of varieties or hybrids to specific soil and climatic conditions, plasticity is the ability of plants to survive within certain environmental conditions (Ermantraut et al., 2015; Gherbawy et al., 2019; Stefanczyk et al., 2016; Nirmaladevi et al., 2016) [6, 8, 18, 15].

The main criterion of a variety that is characterized by high adaptability in a certain agro-climatic zone is the adaptability coefficient with an indicator of 1 or higher. The general species adaptive response of potato varieties to the conditions of growth and development, which is realized in the value of the average yield of varieties, is an indicator of the reaction of the totality of varieties to the factors of agro-climatic conditions (Sonets et al., 2016) [17].

Research on the identification and use of varieties with high genetic and adaptive potential, regarding stress factors, resistance to damage by diseases and pests for growing them in a specific soil-climatic zone remains quite relevant.

The purpose of the study at the study of potato varieties with increased adaptive capacity in changing conditions of the years in terms of yield, as well as the resistance of potato varieties to phytopathogenic micromycetes Fusarium solani, as an element of the adaptive potential of plants.

The main part

The study of thirteen varieties of potatoes, grown during 2018-2020, was conducted in the Polissia zone at the branch of the Ukrainian Institute for Plant Variety Examination and in the laboratory of industrial biotechnology of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine.

Varieties were characterized according to adaptability parameters: general adaptability, stability, stress resistance according to the yield indicator.

Field studies were carried out in accordance with the Methodology for the qualification examination of plant varieties for suitability for distribution in Ukraine. General part, Methods of examination of varieties of potato plants and groups of vegetables, melons, spicy-flavored for suitability for distribution in Ukraine, Methods of the research work of the Institute for Potato Research of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (Tkachyk, 2016a; Tkachyk, 2016b; Bondarchuk et. al., 2019) [20, 21, 3].

To determine the stability of the yield of potato varieties in short-term observations, the model of D. Levis was determined to be methodically capable. The coefficient of phenotypic stability of Levis (SF) is the ratio of the maximum value of the indicator of the investigated trait to the minimum value over the years of observations. Taking 10% as a significant deviation from the average indicator for these years, the variant of the experiment with the value of SF=Xmax/Xmin=1-1.1 is classified as highly stable, medium stable - >1.1M.2, and low stable - >1.2. The analysis was carried out according to the method of determining the tolerance indicators of the level of weediness of agricultural crops for its effective control (Man'ko et. al., 2014) [13].

The adaptive capacity of potato varieties was evaluated in accordance with scientific and methodological recommendations for the use of the adaptability coefficient (Bondarchuk et al., 2013) [4].

The evaluation of the resistance of cultivar samples to the causative agent of fusarium dry rot of potatoes F. solani during artificial infection of tubers was carried out according to the express method according to the methodology adopted by the Institute for Potato Research of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and the Methodology of conducting phytopathological studies during artificial infection of plants of the Ukrainian Institute for Plant Veriety Examination (Bondarchuk et. al., 2019; Tkachyk, 2017) [3, 22].

The degree of resistance to fusarium rot was determined according to the following scale: 1 point - very unstable, more than 75% of tuber tissues are affected; 3 points - unstable, affected from 51 to 75%; 5 points - moderately resistant, the affected tissue occupies from 26 to 50%; 7 points - persistent, the affected tissue occupies from 10 to 25% of the tuber surface and section; 9 points - highly resistant, less than 10% affected.

Statistical processing of experimental data was performed using the Microsoft Office® program for Microsoft Windows®.

Analysis of thirteen potato varieties affected by phytopathogenic micromycetes showed that the genotypes grown under Polis conditions were highly resistant (tissue damage did not exceed 10%, on the resistance scale they had 9 points) and resistant (tissue damage from 10% to 25%, on the resistance scale they had 7 points) (Table 1).

Table 1.

Susceptibility of potato varieties to Fusarium solani grown in Polissia conditions

The damage to the tissues of the Bellarosa variety was 14.0% (7 points) against 6.3-10.2% of the rest of the varieties on the 14-th day after infection. The Kniazha variety was the least affected (6.3%).

The resistance of cultivars to F. solani shows the importance of genotypic analysis of several fusarium pathogens that cause diseases both during storage and during growing season.

In our studies, 70% of the tested varieties were highly resistant to F. solani, the tissue damage of which ranged from 7.3 to 9.3%, and the remaining varieties (Opillia, Paroli, Bellarosa, Vzirets, Constance) were resistant - 10.7-12.3%.

During 2018-2020, potato varieties were studied under different agro-climatic conditions, which affected their yield. The highest average yield was recorded in Prada varieties - 25.6 t/ha and Bellarosa - 24.1 t/ha. The lowest average yield was achieved by the Solokha varieties - 17.0 t/ha, Constance - 18.5 t/ha, and Granada - 19.1 t/ha (Table 2).

Table 2

Yield of potato varieties and parameters of their adaptability

The difference between the minimum and maximum productivity characterizes the resistance of varieties to stress. If we consider this indicator by the module, highlighting its smaller value, the higher the stress resistance of the variety. Such a variety as the Prada variety (-1.8), Kniazha (-4.4), Solokha (-5.3), Granada, and Zhytnytsia (-5.4) varieties can be considered relatively resistant to stress. adaptation phytopathogenic potato micromycete fusarium solani

Such a variety is the high-yielding (25.6 t/ha) Prada variety (CAA - 1.21, FS - 1.1, (Xmin-Xmax) - 1.8). Also, this variety has a high score (9) of resistance to F. solani. Worthy of attention is the Solokha variety with an average yield over the years of research lower than the multi-year average variety, but an adaptability coefficient of 1.00, relative resistance (Xmin-Xmax) - 5.3) and stability (FS - 1.4) and a high score (9) resistance to F. solani (Fig. 1).

Opillia, Granada, Paroli, Rodynna, Esmee, Constance, Kniazha varieties with a yield lower than the multi-year average variety (21.1 t/ha) were resistant and highly resistant to the pathogen F. solani, which will have a positive effect on crop storage and continue the term of sale of goods.

Conclusions

During 2018-2020, thirteen varieties of potatoes were studied in the Polissia zone of Ukraine, which reacted differently to the climatic conditions of the growing years.

The yield of the studied potato varieties was analyzed through the coefficient of adaptability, the coefficient of phenotypic stability and the difference between its maximum and minimum value. Among the thirteen varieties, the varieties that are high-yielding, stress-resistant and stable at the same time stood out. The Prada variety is the most productive and stress-resistant (25.6 t/ha, CAA - 1.21, FS - 1.1, (Xmin - Xmax) - 1.8). Also, this variety has a high score (9) of resistance to F. solani.

The Solokha variety has an average yield over the years of research, which is lower than the perennial average variety, but has an adaptability factor of 1.00, relative stability (Xmin - Xmax) - 5.3) and stability (FS - 1.4) and a high score (9) resistance to F. solani.

Opillia, Granada, Paroli, Rodynna, Esmee, Constance, Kniazha varieties with a yield lower than the multi-year average variety (21.1 t/ha) were resistant and highly resistant to the pathogen F. solani, which will have a positive effect on crop storage and continue the term of sale of goods.

After analyzing thirteen potato varieties that were artificially affected by phytopathogenic micromycetes, genotypes were found that proved to be highly resistant (Prada, Granada, Solokha, Rodynna, Lilly, Esmee, Zhytnytsia, Kniazha) and resistant (Opillia, Paroli, Bellarosa, Vzirets, Constance) to pathogen F. solani, which causes the disease both during the storage period and during the growing season.

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