Development of organic farming as a prospective way to environmental security of the Bulgarian village

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DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC FARMING AS A PROSPECTIVE WAY TO ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY OF THE BULGARIAN VILLAGE

Maria Georgieva,

Ph.D (History), Associate Professor, Institute of Historical Studies Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

Abstract. The importance of agriculture for the Bulgarian economy is reflected in historical and economic scientific research in the field of agrarian history, economics and law, influencing the growing interest of the scientific community in agrarian problems, including agrarian- ecological ones. In the conditions of the tense European agricultural market, despite numerous agreements, the state support of the Bulgarian agricultural producer in most developed countries is steadily increasing. Bulgaria, whose economy is organically and inextricably linked with agriculture, also found itself in the conditions of an urgent need to review, reassess the system of state support for ecological agriculture, in-depth analysis of the legal basis of its functioning, establishing ways of improvement and further development of ecologically oriented agricultural production.

The problem of implementing ecological aspects of agricultural production in Bulgaria in the context of European integration is highlighted. The Bulgarian model of sustainable agricultural nature management is considered, and the main environmental problems that prevented its implementation are described. Attention is focused on the main aspects of state policy regarding the support of ecological agricultural production. Agricultural production, as one of the most common types of human activity, had a harmful effect on the surrounding natural environment, since industry and transport were considered the main violators of the natural balance at one time. Currently, agriculture is in the first place in terms of environmental pollution. The condition of the agricultural lands in Bulgaria is unsatisfactory.

However, it was determined that serious problems for the environment arose due to the irregular use of mineral fertilizers and agrochemicals in agricultural production, which, together with rainwater and underground water, enter rivers and lakes, causing significant damage to large river basins, fish stocks and vegetation.

As a result of the scientific research, it was established that the problem of forming the concept of biological agricultural production in Bulgaria has not been solved. The model of environmentally-oriented agricultural production required organizational and economic support for the management of sustainable agricultural nature management.

Key words: agrarian sector of the economy, agricultural production, Bulgaria, European Union, environmental problems, state policy, agrarian legislation.

organic agricultural production bulgaria

Formulation of the problem. The development of organic agricultural production in Bulgaria in the context of European integration was a rather urgent problem due to a number of clear ecological, economic and social advantages inherent in this field of activity. The intensification of Bulgarian agriculture, which, since 2003, took place all over the world, had a negative impact not only on the environment, but also depleted natural resources, without which agricultural production is impossible. Therefore, organic agriculture had environmental advantages, which were manifested in the fact that it had a great potential to correct negative trends, as well as to implement the legal basis of organic agricultural production. Also, organic farming had significant health benefits, which gained popularity in the European Union in the early 2000s. Bulgaria began to take the first steps in the formation and formation of the market for organic products, which is already quite developed in other countries (in particular, the EU). Recently, the Bulgarian market for organic agricultural products has been growing rapidly due to the desire of Bulgarians for a healthy diet and the growing positive influence of modern technologies for the production of mass food products.

The purpose of this article is to research measures of state administration and legislative measures regarding the introduction of organic agricultural production, its development in Bulgaria, identification of the main problems that stimulated and inhibited the development of the organic agricultural market and ways to overcome them.

Overview of publications. Among the most well-known studies dedicated to the development of organic production in Bulgaria, it is worth mentioning the work of Bulgarian scientists, as H. Bashev «Approach to the analysis of eco-management systems in agriculture» [1], K. Tomova «Biosphere parks » in the Program «People in the biosphere » UNESCO as an instrument of regional development» [8], D. Mitov a «Perspectives for development of biological production» [3] and others.

Against the background of the difficult ecological situation in Bulgaria, the majority of the population sought to obtain products that are safe for consumption and that would not harm their health. Therefore, organic farming (organic farming and organic animal husbandry) became one of the alternative forms that contributed to the solution of this issue.

The history of its formation dates back to the last century, when a radical change occurred in the consciousness of the population of developed countries - a philosophical understanding that the vectors of the development of society and the natural environment should coincide, and not go in opposite directions.

Humanity has realized its responsibility for the rapid degradation of the natural environment, the depletion of natural resources and the emergence of global environmental problems, as well as the fact that further massive anthropogenic pressure can lead to irreversible changes. This is confirmed by the calculations of D. Mitova, the developer of the theory of system dynamics, according to whose forecasts in the 50s of the XXI century ecological collapse should begin [2, p. 19].

The concern of the public of developed industrialized countries about environmental problems in the 1960s and 1970s resulted in an unprecedentedly large- scale global movement to protect the natural environment, which was presented by numerous governmental, public, scientific, educational and other organizations at both the local, national and international levels. These are primarily: the Commission on Sustainable Development, the Committee on New and Renewable Energy Sources and the Committee on Natural Resources (operating as part of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP); United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD); Global Environmental Fund, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), etc. The Environmental Protection Agency in the USA and Europe, the environmental initiatives of the World Bank, the International Coalition for Sustainable Production and Consumption, the World Business Council on Issues began to play an important role. of sustainable development (World Business Council for Sustainable Development), International Union of Agricultural Bureaus (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International), etc.

And after the publication in Bulgaria in 2014 of D. Mitova research «Organic farming is an integral part and tool from eco-management to agriculture», which described the catastrophic consequences of the use of herbicides in agricultural production [2]. Subsequently, within the framework of the theory of sustainable development, ecological aspects of agricultural activity were integrated with economic and social ones, because the concept of «sustainable development» as defined by the Brundtland Commission and the World Commission on Environment and Development (World Commission on Environment and Development), meant «development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs» [1, p. 27].

The movement for ecologically safe farming became a powerful incentive for the development of agricultural models that would better meet the vital interests of the entire society. It was on the basis of this task that alternative methods of farming were gradually formed in the future, namely: biointensive mini-farming (Biointensive Mini-Farming), biodynamic agriculture (Biodynamic Agriculture), EM technologies (Effective Microorganism Technologies), low-cost sustainable agriculture (LISA - Low Input Sustainable Agriculture). These models were based on a deep understanding of the processes occurring in nature and were aimed at improving the structure of soils, reproducing their natural fertility, and creating ecologically sustainable agrolandscapes [1, p. 27-28]. Organic farming also belonged to such systems of agricultural production.

By the term «organic farming» most people understand agricultural practices without the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. The Organic Agriculture

Research Group of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) proposed the following definition back in 1980: «Organic agriculture is a system of agricultural production that prohibits or greatly limits the use of synthetic compound fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, and food additives to fodder when fattening animals. As far as possible, it is based as much as possible on crop rotations, the use of plant residues, manure and composts, leguminous plants and vegetable fertilizers, organic production waste, mineral raw materials, mechanical tillage and biological means of pest control in order to increase fertility and improve the structure of soils, ensuring full nutrition of plants, as well as control of weeds and various pests» [1, p. 28-29].

It is worth noting that the term «organic farming» (Organic Farming) was officially adopted in the English-speaking countries of the European Union. The equivalent term in France, Italy, Portugal and the Benelux countries is «biological farming» (Biological Farming), and in Denmark, Germany, Bulgaria and Spanish-speaking countries - «ecological farming» (Ecological Farming) [1, p. 29].

Among the followers of the movement, it is worth noting Lady Eva Belfort, who conducted the first scientific comparative experiment of organic and conventional farming and actually introduced the very concept of organic farming into scientific circulation. In addition, the fundamental scientific works on this alternative form of farming belong to the Japanese farmer Masanobu Fukuoka, the author of the world- famous book «One Straw Revolution». The work substantiated the high effectiveness of using four methods of conducting organic farming, which consisted in the refusal of loosening, the refusal of chemical fertilizers, the refusal of weeding by plowing, the refusal of chemical means of protection or treatment with herbicides [3, p. 64]. The Japanese philosopher Mokishi Okada (1882-1955) believed that agriculture should perform the following tasks [1, p. 31]:

- to offer food products that not only supported life, but also improved people's health;

- to be economically beneficial for the producer and the consumer;

- produce products in quantities sufficient to meet the needs of the growing population;

- not to disturb the biological balance in nature, to be ecologically safe; - use quite simple, stable and affordable methods and means of farming [1, p. 39].

The legislative basis for organic agriculture was laid in 1973 at the Stockholm Conference on Human Environmental Problems [1, p. 39-40] and in 1992 at the World Summit on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, where a declaration was adopted that approved a new strategy, which was based on the paradigm of sustainable development, the basis of which was declared to be the parity of relations in the triad «man-economy-nature». The document stated that sustainable development summarizes the process of survival and reproduction of the nation's gene pool, the activation of the role of each individual in society, the provision of human rights and freedoms, the preservation of the natural environment, the formation of conditions for the restoration of the biosphere and its local ecosystems, and the orientation towards reducing the level of anthropogenic influence on natural environment and harmonization of human development in nature [2, p.17].

Subsequently, the main principles of organic farming were formed:

- production of high-quality food, raw materials and other products in sufficient quantity;

- coordination of work in the production system with natural cycles and living systems of soils, flora and fauna;

- recognition of wider social and environmental impact outside and within the system of organic production and processing;

- preservation and improvement of soil fertility and biological activity using local cultural, biological and mechanical methods instead of using external factors of production (resources);

- preservation of agricultural and biodiversity in farms and their surroundings through the use of a sustainable production system and protection of living nature;

- promotion of responsible use and preservation of water resources with all their living organisms;

- use of renewable resources in production and processing systems, as far as possible, - prevention of their loss and pollution; stimulation of local and regional production and movement of products to consumers;

- creating a harmonious balance between the production of plant products and animal husbandry;

- provision of such housing conditions in which domestic animals show natural behavior;

- use of packaging materials that are subject to recycling or are biodegradable;

- providing every employee employed in organic farming and processing of its products with a quality of life that meets the requirements of a healthy and safe environment;

- focus on establishing a socially oriented chain «production - processing - implementation» in compliance with environmental requirements;

- recognition of the importance and necessity of studying local experience and traditional forms of management [1, p. 46].

At the same time, in the mid-1990s, state programs for the development of organic farming were implemented in Europe and the USA. In addition, the economic policy of the states themselves actively contributed to the introduction and spread of this alternative form of agriculture.

For example, in Poland, the founders of «organic» farms began to receive subsidies per hectare: arable land - USD 108, pastures - USD 38, perennial plantations - USD 150 [1, p. 47]. The state also partially compensated the cost of certification of farms of this type.

In Ireland, farms with an area of less than 3 hectares during the transition to organic production received a subvention in the amount of 242 euros/ha, and later - 121 euros/ha. For farms with land areas from 3 ha to 40 ha, this support amounted to 181 and 91 euros/ha, respectively [2, p. 17].

The result of such a policy was the mass practice of organic agriculture at the beginning of the 21st century. in 160 countries of the world. 37 million hectares of the planet's land resources were used by farmers to grow and sell ecologically clean products [2, p. 17].

The increase in the population's demand for ecologically grown products was provoked by the ecological safety of food, the high quality of products and their excellent taste qualities; preservation of the natural environment in the production process; absence of genetically modified organisms. Organic products began to enjoy special demand in the United States of America.

This is evidenced by the following data: in 2006, almost 40% of Americans consumed it, 37% of them - more than once a day, 39% - at least once a week, and only 24% consumed organic products irregularly [6]. In addition, it has become quite popular in this country for wealthy people to set up farms intended for cultivation for the purpose of consumption by their families of organic products grown according to all the rules of this form of farming.

As for Bulgaria, the first steps towards the official adoption of the global strategy for the development of organic farming at the national level were made in 2008. It was during this period that the Council on the Import and Export Regime of Biological Agricultural Products was established under the Ministry of Agriculture and the relevant Regulation on defining the rules of implementation was approved. norms of the Regulation (EU) «On biological production of agricultural products», which legislatively defines the priorities and strategy for the harmonious development of the production and natural resource potential of the state [7].

A number of other legislative acts that entered into force in the same period also became the basis for the formation of a regulatory framework that to some extent regulated the conduct of organic farming, although it did not directly concern the functioning of this alternative method. Back in 2014, the Resolution of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry «On the Ecological Production of Agricultural Products» was adopted, according to which management bodies in the field of plant protection, in order to protect the rights of citizens to a safe environment and products, should monitor the final content of regulated substances in agricultural products, in compliance with the norms and rules of eco-safety, as well as regulations, in particular during the use of agrochemicals and pesticides [8, p. 125].

The Law of the Republic of Bulgaria «On Plant Protection» (2014) [8, p. 124] and the Decree of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry «On Ecological Production of Livestock Products» also became important components of the legislative and regulatory framework, which contained provisions that provided for responsibility, which occurred in connection with the violation of legislation on plant protection, namely: for the spread of harmful organisms due to non-compliance with the technology of growing plants for agricultural and other purposes, ecologically unjustified implementation of plant protection and non-compliance with the requirements of normative legal acts on plant protection.

In addition to these documents, we can also note those that laid the foundations for organic animal husbandry. The most important is the Law of the Republic of Bulgaria «On Livestock», adopted on August 8, 2000, which was supposed to control the use of growth stimulants in livestock production technologies and allowed the use of drugs approved for use by the Bulgarian Ministry of Health [8, p. 130]. The Law «On the State System of Eco-Safety in the Creation, Testing, Transportation and Use of Genetically Modified Organisms», adopted at the beginning of the 21st century, is also important. Its task was to regulate the use of genetically modified varieties of plants and breeds of animals [8, p. 129-130]. However, due to insufficient material and technical support (equipment), control in this area was not actually carried out both in the early 1990s and at the beginning of the 21st century.

The next stage of the formation of the legislative framework for organic farming began on September 3, 2008, when the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food of Bulgaria adopted Regulation № 5 «To apply the rules of organic production, labeling and control, and to issue a control activity permit for compliance with the rules of organic production, as well as for subsequent official supervision of the controlling persons», in which, among other points concerning the economic and social spheres of rural development, the main tasks of the agricultural market were defined, namely: stimulation of organic agriculture, environmentalization of agricultural production, guarantee of food safety and quality, formation of the agro-ecological image of

Bulgaria [10]. However, practically no steps were taken by the management regarding further work on the development project of the law on the principles of organic farming.

A more decisive step towards the creation of a legislative basis for development of organic farming and animal husbandry was made on November 28, 2006, when the National Assembly of Bulgaria passed the Law «On the Organization of the Community Market for Agricultural Products in the EU». The document defined the legal, economic, social and organizational foundations of organic agriculture within the European Union, requirements for growing, manufacturing, processing, certification, labeling, transportation, storage and sale of organic products and raw materials. The law contains a provision according to which organic production must meet the requirements established for similar products produced in a conventional (non-organic) manner [9].

According to the document, the production was considered organic only after obtaining the corresponding certificate and it was carried out exclusively with organic raw materials that did not contradict the requirements of this law. According to the aforementioned document, the use of GMOs, GMO derivatives, and products produced with GMOs (food, feed, and technological additives) is prohibited in organic production. It was also forbidden to use chemical preparations for plant protection and fertilizers, to use ionizing radiation for processing organic food products, feed or raw materials used in organic food products or feed. At the same time, it is worth noting that this legal act was adopted with the deletion of the provisions on financing the production of organic products at the expense of the state budget [7]. Having entered into force on January 1, 2007, compliance with its norms was a rather large problem for agricultural producers, since the financing of ecological agricultural production fell on the shoulders of the producers themselves [7].

Document defining the legal and economic bases of the production and circulation of organic agricultural products and raw materials, measures to control and supervise such activities, aimed at ensuring fair competition and the proper functioning of the market of organic products and raw materials, improving the main indicators of the health of the population, preserving the natural environment , rational use of soil, ensuring rational use and reproduction of natural resources, as well as consumer confidence in products and raw materials marked as organic.

By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, there was also regionalization of organic production, which was concentrated mainly in the Plovdiv, Blagoevgrad, Haskov and Pazarzhik regions [3, p. 69].

The number of farms engaged in the production of organic products gradually increased. If only 19 were registered in 2003, in 2007 33 organic farms received certificates, and their activity expanded to more than 6.2 thousand. ha of land (about 6% of the total area of agricultural land) [6]. In 2012, there were already 64 certified organic farms in Bulgaria.

The main organic production technologies used by Bulgarian producers were based on the postulates of organic production, namely:

- on the application of soil protection technologies, in which cultivation under all cultures is carried out at the depth of the seed bed, and the surface of the soil is mulched with post-harvest residues, - on the regeneration of soil fertility, which is carried out at the expense of organic fertilizers, such as strong manure, a non-carrying part of the crop, as well as post-harvest crops, synthetic mineral fertilizers were not used,

- compensation for the loss of phosphorus and potassium by plants, which is carried out by transferring difficult-to-reach and inaccessible forms to those available for plants, and in the future - the introduction of phosphoric flour and sylvinite,

- on the prohibition of the use of chemical additives for forced weight gain of animals and the use of only organic feed for their nutrition [6].

The range of products of the owners who engaged in organic farming depended on what they tried to realize. Producers who made bets mainly on export preferred the cultivation of soybeans, wheat of hard varieties, flax, coriander, mustard, nut. And those who oriented their products to the local market, grew mostly vegetables (potatoes, cabbage, carrots, beets) and fruits, and also engaged in organic livestock farming, producing milk and meat eco-products.

The most powerful channel for the sale of organic products in Bulgaria turned out to be supermarkets. In 2011, the Kaufland supermarket chain announced organic products as its main trend. Supermarket «Lidl» has started selling Bulgari an and imported organic food products. In 2012, the «Fantastiko» supermarket chain introduced separate sections with organic products to consumers.

The main consumers of organic food are mainly educated people, young families with children, residents of large cities. According to expert surveys, about 60% of Bulgarians are ready to switch to organic food if their cost exceeds the cost of standard products by 10-25% [8, p. 133]. But such a strong demand for organics at that time was not fully formed in Bulgaria, the producers had to put not only a 2030% discount on the price of organic products, but also other costs, such as, for example, insurance for unrealized goods, which spoils quickly. As a result, the final premium could be 100%. Therefore, the percentage of the population that could afford to buy organic products fluctuated around 47% [8, p. 133-134].

Several bio-agricultural organizations were founded to popularize the organic movement and help beginners at the beginning of the 21st century by agrarian producers: the National Biological Association, the Union of Bulgarian Ecological Agricultural Producers, the Bioselena Foundation, the Bioproducts Association, the Association of Biobees and the Bio-Agriculture Association. farm.

Bulgarian organic farmers at the beginning of the first decade of the 21st century mainly worked in the foreign, mostly European market, because due to the high prices of organic products, the demand of Bulgarian consumers of ecological products remained small. For example, the average retail price of sweet pepper in 2011 was BGN 5, and in the online store «E-bag» it was sold at BGN 4.99 for 350 g, i.e. 3 times more [3, p. 71].

Having analyzed the factors driving the full-scale introduction of technologies intended for organic farming and animal husbandry, four large groups can be identified: environmental problems, social-psychological problems, institutional-legal problems and financial-economic problems.

Ecology in Bulgaria is a painful issue, especially if you take into account the fact that for organic farming agricultural lands must meet certain requirements regarding the level of their contamination with pesticides, heavy metals, radionuclides [3, p. 71-72].

The socio-psychological problems of introducing organic farming technologies in Bulgaria should primarily be attributed to the lack of awareness of the population and producers regarding the forms and features of organic farming (understanding of the main features of these technologies, advantages of their use and possible problems in the implementation process). The low level of ecological awareness of the population (primarily rural) and the low technological culture of agricultural production at all levels, from the individual peasant farm to large agrarian associations, became a major problem.

The institutional and legal problems of implementing organic farming in Bulgaria include:

- lack of appropriate legislative and regulatory framework, especially the basic law on organic farming and certification of organic products, agreed legislation; requirements of international agricultural legislation;

- lack of an effective national system of certification and control of organic farms and their products;

- lack of appropriate internal infrastructure (associations / unions / centers of producers of organic products);

- the need for integration into international structures (EU, IFOAM) and ensuring access to foreign markets of organic products;

- the need for proper information provision (popularization of organic farming technologies, environmental education of the population and producers of agricultural products, consulting support for producers, specialized training for managers and farm workers) [1, p. 41].

Financial and economic problems in implementing organic farming in Bulgaria include the following:

- lack of marketing research of organic product markets;

- risks related to possible changes in the conditions of the organic product market for a fairly long (2-4 years) conversion period;

- financial losses due to the reduction of production volumes;

- financial costs related to the need to purchase special technical equipment;

absence of action mechanism insurance risk of agricultural production;

- lack of financial support from the government during the conversion period and the provision of benefits or subsidies for the production of organic products.

Conclusions. So, in our opinion, organic management is a promising way to revive the ecological security of the Bulgarian countryside, since it ensures the parity of the relationship of the triad «man - management - nature». This alternative form of management expanded after the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union.

However, unfortunately, organic production has become popular among the population, and the development of organic farming in Bulgaria is affected by a number of serious problems. First of all, during the period from the end of the 20th to the beginning of the 21st century, no really strong legal framework was developed to regulate the processes of organic farming and animal husbandry, which would have encouraged not only individual enthusiasts.

Secondly, there was a practical lack of support for the development of organic farming at the state level, which would consist of the widely implemented practice of providing subsidies, partial compensation for losses incurred during the conversion period, lending to special credit institutions, investing in scientific research, training farmers, etc.

However, in connection with the strengthening of European integration, the role and importance of ecologically safe agricultural products is increasing, before Bulgaria there are real prospects to occupy the leading places in Europe in this field.

Therefore, the political leadership of Bulgaria needs to increase state support for organic farms.

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Марія Георгієва,

канд. іст. наук, доц., Інститут історичних досліджень Болгарська академія наук, Софія, Болгарія

РОЗВИТОК ОРГАНІЧНОГО АГРАРНОГО ВИРОБНИЦТВА ЯК ПЕРСПЕКТИВНИЙ ШЛЯХ ДО ЕКОЛОГІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ БОЛГАРСЬКОГО СЕЛА

Анотація. Значення сільського господарства для економіки Болгарії відображено в напрямах історико-економічних наукових досліджень у галузі аграрної історії, економіки та права, впливаючи на зростання інтересу наукової спільноти до аграрних проблем, у тому числі аграрно-екологічних. В умовах напруженого європейського аграрного ринку, незважаючи на численні домовленості, державна підтримка болгарського сільгоспвиробника в більшості розвинених країн стабільно зростає. Болгарія, економіка якої органічно і нерозривно пов'язана з сільським господарством, також опинилася в умовах гострої необхідності перегляду, переоцінки системи державної підтримки екологічного сільського господарства, поглибленого аналізу правової основи її функціонування, встановлення шляхів вдосконалення та подальший розвиток екологічно орієнтованого аграрного товаровиробництва.

В статті розглянуто проблему впровадження державної політики щодо екологічних аспектів ведення болгарського аграрного товаровиробництва в контексті європейської інтеграції. Розглянуто болгарську модель адаптації аграрного сектору економіки до 45 європейських норм та стандартів екологічного виробництва. В статті висвітлено найбільш важливі екологічні проблеми болгарського села, які перешкоджали її реалізації. Акцентовано увагу на основних аспектах державної політики щодо підтримки та фінансування екологічного сільськогосподарського виробництва.

В представленій науковій статті висвітлено основні принципи і методи біологічного виробництва. Мета статті полягає в тому, щоб ознайомити науковців-істориків з проблемами та перевагами впровадженні в Болгарії органічного аграрного товаровиробництва, що йшло в контексті загальнополітичного курсу на європейську інтеграцію країни. У статті наводяться дані про розробку критеріїв та методів впровадження органічного сільського господарства в Болгарії та Європейського Союзу, до яких щорічно вносилися зміни відносно загальноприйнятих. Ця тенденція до зростання місць для зустрічей підтримку з боку національної та європейської програми розвитку села. Ось цей вид сільського господарства є пріоритетним у наданні субсидії національного та європейського масштабу.

Ключові слова: аграрний сектор економіки, сільськогосподарське виробництво, Болгарія, Європейський Союз, екологічні проблеми, державна політика, аграрне законодавство.

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