Protein-lipid metabolism in servicing bulls of the red-motley breed

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Protein-lipid metabolism in servicing bulls of the red-motley breed

Akhmedaga Imash ogly Abilov

Mikhail Ivanovich Dunin

Tatyana Anatolyevna Moroz

Sergey Aleksandrovich Shemetyuk

Irina Evgenyevna Pridanova

Abstract

protein-lipid metabolism bull-producer

For the first time, the studies were carried out on the basis of monitoring protein-lipid metabolism in servicing bulls of the domestic Red-Motley breed aged 2--11 years, in the amount of 8 animals per day for obtaining semen in the conditions of the Black Earth region (Voronezh region). The studies were carried out by FSB- SI All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Breeding, FSBSI Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member L. K. Ernst and JSC Holding Head Center for the Reproduction of Farm Animals on the basis of JSC breeding enterprise «Voronezhskoe», using modern equipment and reagents (biochemical analyzer Chem-Well-2902 (Awareness Technology Inc., USA).

Based on the analysis of study results, it was found that the age of the bulls of breeding enterprises has a significant effect on the intensity of protein and lipid metabolism in their body. In the age group, including servicing bulls from 6 to 11 years old, the concentrations of total protein (p < 0.05), globulin (p < 0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.01) increased by a significant value. In older servicing bulls, excesses of the physiological norm for the maximum content of creatinine and urea were also noted.

Keywords: bioelements, servicing bulls, age, breed, protein-lipid metabolism, urea, creatinine

Introduction

The efficacy of using servicing bulls, valuable in breeding terms, largely depends on the state of their health and reproductive qualities.

Biochemical studies of metabolic processes make it possible to determine disorders caused by the effect of various exogenous and endogenous factors already at the early stages.

Metabolic processes can be disturbed both with a deficiency and with an excess of many elements in the animal body.

Proteins, carbohydrates, fats constantly interact with minerals, forming peculiar complexes. If there is a lack or excess of protein in the body, then in this condition, first of all, phosphorus-calcium metabolism is disturbed (Reshetnikova N.M. et al., 2002). A low level of proteins in the diet or a lack of essential amino acids cause a weakening of the activity of all endocrine glands, and especially the pituitary and adrenal glands (Subbotin A.D., 2012).

The level of urea in combination with the concentration of albumin and glucose in the blood plasma can accurately show the balance of the diet in terms of energy-protein ratio and reveal a deficiency or excess of crude protein in the dry matter of the diet.

Lipids in the body of animals play a huge role as a source of energy and are good solvents for fat-soluble vitamins, etc. (Metreveli T.V., 2005). With an increase in the content of total lipids in the blood, the level of phospholipids decreases, as a result, the oxidation of fats in the liver is disturbed that leads to the accumulation of ketone bodies (Kuznetsov S.G., 2011).

When the body compensates for energy deficiency by burning fats, an increase in the concentration of cholesterol in the blood and the formation of ketone bodies occur that causes liver degeneration (Plemyashov K.V., 2010).

An increase in the concentration of total and direct (conjugated) bilirubin, high activity of AST and ALT are diagnostic tests for liver disease of alimentary etiology (Reshetnikova N.M. et al., 2002).

Creatinine, like urea, are products of protein metabolism in the body. With an increase in the concentration of urea in the blood, ammonia is intensively released, having a toxic effect on the body, suppressing the action of the gonads (Fomichev Yu.P., 2012, Yuan G., Al-Shali K.Z., Hegele R. A., 2017). The concentration of urea may increase in the blood serum in case of impaired renal function. The content of urea decreases with protein starvation, as well as with excessive protein intake and impaired absorption. A high content of direct bilirubin can cause liver disease, hepatitis and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

By the content of cholesterol in the blood serum, one can judge the functional ability of the liver as it is part of cell membranes, and with its help more than 40 steroid hormones are synthesized in the body, including adrenal hormones that regulate carbohydrate and water-salt metabolism, as well as gonad hormones (estradiol and testosterone). With the help of cholesterol vitamin D is synthesized in the skin under the effect of ultraviolet rays. It is necessary for the absorption of calcium in the body.

Monitoring of the biochemical and endocrine status in high yielding animals is fundamental, since even at the earliest stages it can be used to detect violations of all types of metabolism: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, macro-microelements, hormones (Vladimirov V.L., 2004).

All deviations in feeding, keeping and exploitation of animals lead to metabolic disorders, reduced resistance, secondary immunodeficiency, high morbidity (80--90 %), and as a result reduced fertility (70--90 %).

With an increase in breeding value and productivity level, the intensity of metabolism and the hormonal status of bulls of a new genetic generation change. In this regard, there is a need to clarify the main indicators of biological processes occurring in the body of servicing bulls of the domestic Red-Motley breed and to use the new data obtained in improving the selection of high yielding cattle.

Aim and objectives of the research. To study the features of metabolic processes (protein-lipid, mineral) and the content of endogenous hormones (testosterone, estradiol, thyroxine, cortisol), as well as cholesterol in the blood serum of servicing bulls of the Red-Motley breed, depending on age, on the day of semen collection, in the conditions of the Black Earth region (Voronezh region, Russian Federation).

Material and methods

The work was carried out by the employees of FSBSI All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Breeding, FSBSI Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member L. K. Ernst and JSC Holding Head Center for the Reproduction of Farm Animals on the basis of JSC breeding enterprise «Voronezhskoe» in 2018--2019. In the experiments, 8 Red-Motley servicing bulls aged 2--11 years were used.

Animals were fed with a balanced diet according to the norms of FSBSI All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Breeding. The maintenance and exploitation of servicing bulls was carried out in accordance with the National Technology for the Keeping and Use of Semen of Servicing Bulls (under the general editorship of prof. Abilov A.I. and Reshetnikova N.M. M, 2008).

Blood for analysis was taken from the jugular vein into sterile test tubes within 30 minutes after the completion of semen collection.

The biochemical blood composition was studied on a Chem-Well-2902 biochemical analyzer (Awareness Technology Inc., USA) and a Kvant-2a atomic absorption spectrometer (Russia). The content of total protein, albumin, globulin and their ratio were determined, as well as the indicators such as cholesterol, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase.

Cholesterol content was assessed on the Chem-Well-2902 automatic analyzer (Awareness Technology Inc., USA).

Statistical processing of the obtained material was carried out in the Microsoft Excel program. The tables show the means (M) and the error of the means (m), as well as the levels of statistical significance of the differences in the Student's t-test.

Results

We carried out a comprehensive monitoring of the state of protein-lipid metabolism in servicing bulls of the Red-Motley breed of Voronezh type at the age of 2--11 years. The data obtained are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Monitoring of protein-lipid metabolism in servicing bulls

In the process of research, it was found that the blood serum level of total protein in servicing bulls of the Red-Motley breed was increased, its average value was 90.3 g/L, which was practically close to the upper limit of the physiological norm (the maximum value of the norm is 92 g/L). Despite the fact that this indicator was within the reference values, in a significant part of animals, the blood total protein reached a value of 109.33 g/L (by 19 % higher than the reference values). Such an increase in the blood content of total protein, in all likelihood, is due to a highly concentrated type of feeding, which is typical for all breeding enterprises in order to obtain a large amount of sperm production.

The concentration of globulins was characterized by similar indicators. The average value for the entire group of bulls was within the reference values -- 58.6 g/L (at a norm of 3--63 g/L). However, among the servicing bulls there were animals with indicators higher than the norm by 20 %. Thus, the increase in the content of total protein in the body of servicing bulls occurred due to globulin fractions.

We also studied the concentration of protein metabolism products in the body (creatinine and urea). As a result, there have been obtained the data that indicate that among the bulls there were individuals with elevated levels of creatinine by 21.3 %, urea -- by 12.1 %, compared with the standard parameters, although the average values for these components did not go beyond the reference values.

The results of the study of protein-lipid metabolism in bulls of the Red-Motley breed, depending on age, are presented in Table 2. The first group included four bulls at the age of 2 years, the youngest, at the beginning of active exploitation. The second group included the same number of animals aged 6--11 years.

Table 2. Age-dependent state of protein-lipid metabolism in servicing bulls of the Red-Motley breed

From the analysis of the material in Table 2, it follows that age plays a significant role in the metabolic processes in bulls, and as a result there are a number of differences between groups.

The level of total protein in the age group of animals (6--11 years old) was 98.9 g/L with the standard normal range of 70--92 g/L. This is by 23.0 g/L higher than in young bulls, in which the average total protein content was 75.9 g/L (difference 30.3 % with P < 0.05 significance).

Similar data were recorded for the content of the protein globulin fraction, with a significance difference of P < 0.001. In adult servicing bulls, the blood serum concentration of globulins was at the level of 68.09 g/L, which was by 25 g/L more than in young animals (42.8 g/L). The ratio of albumin to globulin was in favor of young animals -- 0.78, at a normal rate of 0.40--0.80 units. In adult servicing bulls, this indicator was at the level of 0.46 units.

When studying the dependence of the content of total bilirubin on the age of animals, the following results were obtained: the mean value of this indicator in older bulls was 5.44 pmol/L, in young individuals -- 4.99 pmol/L (difference 8.9 %). In the bulls ofthe older age group, an increased level of creatinine (152.62 pmol/L) was noted, against 117.7 pmol/L in the bulls at age of two years.

The difference between the experimental groups in terms of the content of this component in the blood serum was 23.7 %, at P < 0.1.

The analysis of the variability of the data obtained in the study showed the presence of deviations between the minimum and maximum actual indicators and the reference values of the studied parameters (Table 3).

Table 3. Age-dependent variability of the state of protein-lipid metabolism in servicing bulls of the Red-Motley breed

From the data presented in Table 3, it follows that among young bulls, both the minimum and maximum parameters of the metabolic indicators were within the boundaries of the reference values. In older servicing bulls, excesses of the physiological norm for the maximum content of total protein, globulin, creatinine and urea were noted.

This can be explained by the concentrated type of feeding for servicing bulls, which is an essential factor for the formation of full-fledged spermatozoa that can withstand the «cold shock» during cryopreservation, and also necessary to obtain more valuable semen from an economic point of view.

Discussion

As a result of our research, it has been established that the age of the Red-Motley servicing bulls plays a significant role in the state of their protein-lipid metabolism. Thus, there are significant differences between adult bulls in relation to young ones: in total protein (P < 0.05), creatinine (P < 0.01), alkaline phosphatase level (P < 0.01). Similar data were obtained by N. V. Bogolyubova et al. (2019) while studying the metabolic profile in the Holstein bulls. The authors note that more intensive use of servicing bulls with age leads to significant changes in protein metabolism (the content of total protein, its globulin fraction, as well as creatinine, urea and some enzymes increase), which according to the researchers is associated with an increased load on the liver and animal cardiovascular system. The refined characteristics of the metabolic profile of the Red-Motley bulls, obtained in this study, reflecting their protein-lipid and mineral metabolism, as well as the age-related dynamics of endogenous hormones can be used to solve the problems of practical selection in programs of improving this breed and the technology of exploitation of servicing bulls kept at domestic breeding enterprises.

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