Influence of doses and methods of entering of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and quality of winter wheat grain

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Influence of doses and methods of entering of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and quality of winter wheat grain

R. Ivanina

Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of NAAS 25 Klinichna Str., Kyiv, 03141, Ukraine

Goal. To achieve high yield and quality of winter wheat grain of domestic variety Yasochka by optimizing forms, doses, timing, and methods of application of nitrogen fertilizers. Methods. Short-term field and analytical. Results. The data of research in the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers under winter wheat and their influence on yield and quality of grain of the culture. It is determined that the spring timing of the application of nitrogen fertilizers compared to entering them for plowing (N60P60K60) significantly increased the yield of winter wheat. At the dose of nitrogen N60 entered in frozen-thawed soil (leached chernozem) compared to entering the same dose for tillage, grain yield of winter wheat increased on average on 0.47 t/ha over the 2017 - 2019. The most effective was 3-times application of nitrogen fertilizers in spring in the dose of 90 kg/ha on the background of P60K60 for plowing. The approach of terms of the application of nitrogen fertilizers to the stages of the formation of productive stalks and the accumulation of protein in the grain of winter wheat provided the highest return from fertilizer use. Foliar feeding of crops with micronutrient Maksimus increased the yield and did not affect significantly grain quality of winter wheat. Conclusions. The greatest impact from the application of nitrogen fertilizers in sowings of winter wheat of variety Yasochka was gained at entering N30 in frozen-thawed soil + N30 in the phase of the tube along with micronutrient Maksimus + N30 in the phase of flag leaf: grain yield -- 6.85 t/ha, exceeding the control without fertilizer -- on 1.77 t/ha. The increase of the dose of nitrogen fertilizer from 90 to 120 kg/ha resulted only in a trend of increasing yield. The highest grain quality of winter wheat was obtained at a nitrogen dose of 90 kg/ha with its 3-times entering in the spring: the protein content in the grain -- 12.4 - 12.5% (exceeds the control without fertilizers on 0.9 - 1%). The quality of winter wheat grain was dependent on the dose of nitrogen fertilizer and foliar feeding with carbamide in the later stages of organogenesis.

Key words: soil, tillage, foliar feeding, accumulation of proteins.

Nitrogen nutrition is one of the determinants of improving crop productivity. In the period of acute shortage of organic fertilizers, minimization of legumes in crop rotation, the absence of perennial legumes in them, the traditional practice of agricultural production is violated, its sensitivity to the impact of abnormal climatic phenomena is increased, productivity is reduced [1-4]. Under these conditions, a set of technological measures aimed at optimizing nitrogen nutrition becomes one of the key elements of the sustainability and high productivity of agriculture [5, 6]. soil tillage foliar feeding

Winter wheat is acutely responsive to the shortage and excess of nitrogen fertilizers. Due to nitrogen deficiency, the yield and quality of winter wheat grain decreases, the excess of nitrogen causes laying down of crops, increases grain loss during harvesting, which ultimately leads to a decrease in productivity [7, 8].

Optimizing the forms, doses, ways and terms for applying nitrogen fertilizers are the traditional agrochemical measures that can solve this problem. However, their effectiveness depends on the varietal characteristics of winter wheat, the availability of plants with nutrients in the most critical periods of growth and development, involvement in the fertilizer system of micro fertilizers and growth regulators. In modern agriculture, high yield of winter wheat is the result of optimization of agrochemical measures in varietal agricultural technology of this crop cultivation [9-11].

The aim of our research was to achieve high yields and quality of grain of domestic winter wheat “Yasochka” by optimizing the forms, doses, terms and ways of nitrogen fertilizers application.

Materials and research methods

The studies were conducted in a temporary field experiment at the Bila Tserkva Research-Breeding Station. The drilling area is 33 m², the accounting area - 25 m². The placement of variants in experiments is systematic sequential, follows four times repetition.

Soil of the experimental field - leached black soil, medium-loam, which has the following agrochemical and physical-chemical characteristics of the arable (0-30 cm) layer: hydrolytic acid by Kappen according to GOST 26212-91-1.71-1.80 cmol/kg of soil; the total humus content by Turin according to dStU 4289:2004 - 3.6-3.8%; mobile phosphorus and potassium by Chirikov according to DSTU 4115-2002 - 153-170 and 6478 mg/kg of soil, respectively; alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen by Cornfield according to DSTU4729:2007 - 110115 mg/kg of soil.

Wheat winter variety - “Yasochka”. Growing agrotechnology is generally accepted in this area. Phosphorous and potassium fertilizers were applied under deep plowing in the form of simple granular super-phosphate and potassium chloride; nitrogen - for core fertilization, top-dressing and foliar. For the plowing and in spring on the frozen ground, ammonium nitrate was applied by spreading it over the surface of the plot. In the phase of tube entry and appearance of the flag leaf, winter wheat was sprayed with 10% urea solution. In variants which predict adding microfertilizers into the urea solution, chelate microfertilizer "Maximus" at a dose of 4 kg/ha was used.

“Maximus” microfertilizer manufactured by "Ekoplon SA" Poland was characterized by high water solubility, water pH - 6.5-7.2, containing N - 20%, P - 20%, K - 20%, B - 0.051%, Cu - 0.060%, Fe -

0. 11%, Mn - 0.013%, Zn - 0.04%, Mo - 0.0012%.

Harvesting of winter wheat was carried out with test bundles, followed by weighing and conversion to 1 ha. The protein content in winter wheat grain was determined by Barnstein; total nitrogen was transferred for protein by coefficient - according to DSTU 3768-2004. The study results were analyzed using the method of variance and correlation analysis.

Study results and discussion

The results of the studies showed that the application of complete mineral fertilizer for winter wheat (N_60-9oP₆oK₆o) increased its yield compared to the control without fertilizer by 0.86-1.86 t/ha; only phosphorus and potassium - by 0.2 t/ha. Due to nitrogen fertilizers, the yield of winter wheat increased by 0.66-1.66 t/ha, which significantly exceeded the efficiency of the phosphorus-potassium fond (table).

Especially effective was the use of nitrogen fertilizers in the spring. Compared to the application of complete fertilizer for plowing (N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀), nitrogen applied on frozen ground in the spring at a dose of N₆₀ against the fond of P₆₀K₆₀ increased the yield of winter on 0.47 t/ha wheat an average for 2017-2019. The use of nitrogen fertilizers at the beginning of spring tillering of winter wheat ensured the formation of its productive stalks.

The application of 60 kg/ha of nitrogen in two lines in the spring (N₃₀ permafrost + N₃₀ outlet into the tube) had no significant advantages compared to its single application at permafrost period - grain yield was 6.44 t/ha. Extra feeding of Maximus microfertilizers, 4 kg/ha in the tube phase of winter wheat on the fond of twice applying nitrogen fertilizers, increased grain yield by 0.19 t/ha at an absolute yield rate of 6.63 t/ha, indicating a trend of productivity growth.

Winter wheat yield depending on fertilization system, BTRBS, t/ha

Conclusions

In the case of cultivation the national variety of winter wheat “Yasochka”, three times application of nitrogen fertilizers in the spring at a dose of 90 kg/ha on the fond of P60K90 under plowing was the most effective. With the application of N30 on frozen soil + N30 outlet into the tube combined with microfertilizer "Maximus" + N30 flag leaf phase the grain yield was reached - 6.85 t/ha with excess to the control without fertilizers - by 1.77 t/ha. Increasing the dose of nitrogen fertilizers to 120 kg/ha caused only a tendency of yield increase and was determined to be ineffective.

The quality of winter wheat grain depended mainly on the dose of nitrogen fertilizer and foliar feeding with urea in the later stages of organogenesis. For nitrogen doses of 90 kg/ha with three times its application in the spring, the protein content in winter wheat grains was 12.4-12.5%, with an excess of 0.9-1.0% over control without fertilizers. Increasing the dose of nitrogen fertilizers to 120 kg/ha and the use of Maximus microfertilizer did not significantly affect the quality of winter wheat grain.

References

1. Mandic, V., Krnjaja, V., Tomic, Z., Bijelic, Z., Simic, A., Muslic, D., & Gogic, M. (2015). Nitrogen fertilizer influence on wheat yield and use efficiency under different environmental conditions. Chilean journal of agricultural research, 75(1), 92-97. doi: 10.4067/S0718-58392015000100013.

6. Babulicova, M. (2016). Enhancing of Winter Wheat Productivity by the Introduction of Field Pea into Crop Rotation. Agriculture, 62(3), 101-110. doi: 10.1515/agri-2016-0011.

7. Litke, L., Gaile, Z., & Ruza, A. (2018). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on winter wheat yield and yield quality. Agronomy Research, 16(2), 500-509. doi: 10.15159/AR.18.064.

8. Berge, M., Pikula, D., Goedhart, P. W., & Schrцder, J. J. (2016). Apparent nitrogen fertilizer replacement value of grass-clover leys and farmyard manure in an arable rotations. Soil Use Manage, 32, 919. doi: 10.1111/sum.12246.

9. Lytvynenko, M. A. (2010). Realization of genetic potential. Problems of productivity and quality of grain of modern varieties of winter wheat [Scientific-production magazine]. Seed production, 6, 1-6. [In Ukrainian].

10. Blanchet, G., Gavazov, K., Bragazza, L., & Sinaj, S. (2016). Responses of soil properties and crop yields to different inorganic and organic amendments in a Swiss conventional farming system. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ, 230, 116-126. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.05.032.

11. Efretue, A., Gooding, M., white, E., Spink, J., & Hackett, R. (2016). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application timing on nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat in Ireland. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 55(1), 32-47. doi: 10.1515/ijafr-2016-0006.

Размещено на Allbest.ru