Removing elements of nutrition with winter wheat depending on fertilizer and lime in Western Polissia

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Institute of Agriculture of Western Polissia of NAAS

Removing elements of nutrition with winter wheat depending on fertilizer and lime in Western Polissia

V.M. Poliovyi, L.A. Yashchenko, N.O. Yuvchyk

5, Rivnenska Str., Shubkiv, Rivne region, Rivne oblast, 35325, Ukraine

Goal. To determine the content and value of accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and to clarify the influence of the removal of elements on the formation of units of the basic and by-products of winter wheat depending on the fertilizing and liming the sod-podzolic bound-sandy soil. Methods. Field, agrochemical, statistical. Results. Aftereffect of the introduction of limestone materials at the systematic application of mineral fertilizers (N120P60K90) promotes the increase of the yield of winter wheat grain on 0,6 - 1,35 t/ha compared to mineral nutrition and the formation of the ratio of basic products to the side ones on the level of 1.09 - 1.16. The highest indicators for the content of products in grain and in straw had the variant with the joint application of 3.8 t/ha of dolomite flour, N120P60K90 with the addition of S40 and 2 times feeding with micro fertilizer Nutrivant Plus Grain (2 kg/ha). The value of elements' removal varied according to the fertilizer systems: for nitrogen -- in the range of 84.9 - 130.0 kg/ha, for phosphorus -- 32.3 - 52.9 kg/ha, for potassium -- 49.5 - 85.4 kg/ha. The obtained values allowed to clarify data on the flow of elements per 1 ton of grain and the corresponding volume of straw, which, according to the results of research, made 31.9 - 34.0 kg of nitrogen, 11.2 - 13.7 kg of phosphorus, and 19.1 - 22, 2 kg of potassium. Since the by-products did not alienate, the use of the straw made it possible to return into the soil 5.4 kg/t of nitrogen, 3.0 kg/t of phosphorus, and 12.4 kg/t of potassium, which could be used after mineralization for the nutrition of crops in further rotations. Conclusions. The content of basic nutrients in winter wheat harvest to a greater extent varied from fertilizer than the norms of limestone material. This is especially true of nitrogen content in grain and potassium in straw. An increase in the rate of dolomite flour from 3.8 t/ha to 5.7 t/ha did not significantly influence the arrival of elements to plants. The highest yield of winter wheat grain (3.85 t/ha) and straw (4.47 t/ha) was obtained at entering N120P60K90 in a complex with dolomite flour in the dose of 1 Ng (3.8 t/ha) and the addition of S40 and microelements. Improvement of plant nutrition conditions on the sod-podzolic soil by fertilizer and lime significantly influenced the performance of economic and normative removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The removal of nitrogen (37.1 - 105.9 kg/ha) and phosphorus (12.1 - 38.1 kg/ha) by the grain and potassium (21.8 -- 58.8 kg/ha) by the straw had the largest share. The maximum removal of the elements was observed in the variant with the highest yield. The obtained experimental data allowed to specify the doses of nutrient elements per unit of the crop. Since the straw returned to the soil, it is of great interest the normative indicators per 1 ton of basic products, which in the experiment made: for nitrogen -- 25.4 - 27.5 kg, for phosphorus -- 8.3 - 9.9 kg, and for potassium -- 5.2 - 6.9 kg.

Key words: limestone materials, mineral fertilizers, yield, grain, straw, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.

Introduction

The average level of crop yields in modern conditions is 70-80% of potential, to provide the expected demand for food we need a systematic approach to productivity management based on a quantitative understanding of the response of the crop to nutrients, based on the interaction between the necessary requirements to the nutrient substances of crops and in response to dynamic environmental conditions [1]. The results of research on the peculiarities of the nutrient cycle in the soil-plant-fertilizer system serve as a scientific basis for the development of rational fertilizer systems for crops [2]. In turn, its quantitative and qualitative indicators depend on numerous factors, among which are the zonal features of soil and climatic conditions, the level of fertilizer and agricultural technologies of cultivation [3, 4]. During the last 10-15 years, the integration of agriculture is accompanied by significant changes in these factors, which necessitates clarification of the initial parameters for an objective assessment of the balance of nutrients and perfection of crop fertilization systems under the reproduction of soil fertility [4, 5].

The basis for determining the expenditure part of the balance is the content and removal of elements by culture. The high variability of data on the removal of nutrients makes problems to use them, so there is a need for research on the optimal content of elements in the grain and straw of winter wheat in specific growing conditions [6, 7].

The goal of the research is to identify the specifics of the main nutrients uptake and removal by winter wheat plants depending on fertilization and aftereffect of the different norms and forms of chemical ameliorants on sod- podzolic bound-sandy soil of Western Polissia.

Materials and methods of research. Field research was conducted in a stationary field experiment of the Institute of Agriculture of Western Polissia NAAS. The research crop is winter wheat, which was grown in 20172019 on sod-podzolic bound-sandy soil in crops rotation: winter wheat, corn for grain, spring barley, winter rape. The area of the sown area is 99 m², the accounting area is 50 m², the frequency is three times, the placement is consecutive. The cultivation technology is generally accepted for the Polissia zone.

Mineral fertilizers N120P60K90 were applied according to the experimental scheme in the form of ammonium nitrate, ammophos, and potassium chloride. The norm of chemical ameliorants calculated by soil hydrolytic acidity (Ha) and was applied in 2011 before the establishment of a stationary experiment. In the physical weight of the full norm (1.0 Ha) corresponded to 4.6 t/ha of limestone and 3.8 t/ha of dolomite flour. Nitrogen (N30), phosphorus, potassium and sulfur (S40) fertilizers were applied under the basic tillage. During the winter wheat growing, which was fed with nitrogen at a dose of N60 during spring tillering and N30 at the beginning of tube emergence. For foliar feeding with microelements (ME) we used the microfertilizer Nutrivant Plus Grain (2 kg/ha) in the appropriate phases.

Analysis of plant material in the air-dry state for the content of nutrients after wet ashing according to Kjeldahl's methods: nitrogen - with Nessler's reagent, phosphorus - photometrically, potassium by flame photometry.

Research results

The degree of reliability of the results of the research of the cycle and balance of nutrients in agriculture primarily depends on the accuracy of the established volumes of their alienation from the soil and income. To calculate the cost of nutrients for the formation of marketable and by-products use indicators of their content in it and the yield [8, 9]. The average reference data on the content of elements in the grown crop to establish removal from the soil can differ significantly and affect the reliability of the calculations. The results of research showed that the content of nutrients in both grain and straw of winter wheat significantly changed due to liming and fertilizer (Table 1).

The lowest content of all elements was in the variant without fertilizers. The application of N120P60K90, especially in combination with liming, increased the content of nutrients in the grain by 0.05-0.1% compared with the control. Significant changes in the content were noted with the addition of the fertilizer system S40 and S40 + microelements in absolute values: for nitrogen - 0.14-0.21%, for phosphorus -0.13-0.16%, for potassium - 0.11 - 0.17%. Increasing the amount of dolomite flour to 5.7 t/ha did not significantly affect the content of main elements in the grain compared to the norm of 3.8 t/ha.

Table 1 Nutrient content in winter wheat plants depending on fertilizer and liming, average for 20172019, % on dry matter

Winter wheat straw was characterized by different, compared to grain, patterns of changes in nutrient content. The highest content of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, 0.68 and 0.36% was observed on the background of N120P60K90. Chemical reclamation of the soil caused a slight decrease in their amount in straw, while the potassium content, on the contrary, increased and reached a maximum value of 1.39% in the variant N120P60K90 + 1.0 Ha norm of CaMg(CO3)2 + S40 + microelements. It is important to note that the increasing of dolomite flour to 1.5 Ha norm did not significantly affect the content of major elements in both grain and straw compared to 1.0 Ha norm. Thus, the difference between the data obtained in the experiment from the average given in the special literature [10], indicates the need for periodic updating of the latter, especially with the specification of growing conditions. nitrogen fertilizing winter wheat

The value of the total alienation of nutrients from the soil is primarily determined by the yield of the main and by-products. Sod-podzolic soils, which dominate in Western Polissia, are characterized by low natural fertility [11, 12]. The obtained results showed that without the application of ameliorants and mineral fertilizers the grain yield of winter wheat was only 1.46 t/ha (Table 2). It increased with the application of N120P60K90 to 2.50 t/ha, to the level that is often obtained on chernozem soils without fertilizer [13, 14]. Thus, the improvement of mineral nutrition is an insufficient measure for competitive cultivation of winter wheat on sod-podzolic soils, which are usually acidic in the reaction of the soil solution [15, 16].

Table 2. Yield of winter wheat depending on fertilization and liming, average for 2017-2019