Biological method as the basis of sustainable development of domestic agriculture

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Biological method as the basis of sustainable development of domestic agriculture

Krutyakova V.

Engineering and Technology Institute "Biotekhnika" of NAAS

26 Ma'tska doroha Str., Khlibodar village, Biliaiv district, Odesa oblast, 67667, Ukraine

Abstract

Goal. To study the dynamics of processes and the current state of application of biological plant protection products in Ukraine, the main trends in world markets for organic products and domestic production of biological products, to identify tasks for the implementation of bio methods in the context of organic farming in Ukraine. Methods. Analytical, economic and statistical, comparative analysis, graphical, cartographic. Results. On the background of significant growth in the production and use of biological plant protection products in the EU and the world, the use of safe methods of protection in Ukraine is declining. With the growth of the range of microbiological means of protection included in the "List of pesticides and agrochemicals in Ukraine", the production capacity for the production of biological products has sharply decreased. Thus, in 2019, there were 24 biofactories and bio laboratories in Ukraine, and their total number, including private-sector production, was over 45, while by 1990 there were 268 biofactories and bio laboratories in Ukraine. Conclusions. The use of environmentally friendly biological plant protection products in Ukraine for a long time is at a very low level and tends to further decrease. To intensify the transition to environmentally friendly methods of plant protection, the development of domestic production of biological plant protection products, as well as the process of greening agriculture, they propose strategic approaches to the formation and development of a common system of environmentally friendly methods of plant protection on the new technological and organizational basis.

Key words: development of modern agricultural production, biologization of plant protection, biological products, ecological quality of products, biofactories, bio laboratories. biomethods organic plant

The strategic development of agricultural production in the vast majority of countries is based on sustainable development, environmental friendliness of agriculture, high quality agricultural products, the transition to environmentally friendly technologies in agricultural production, the abandonment of harmful and dangerous means of plant protection and growth. Processes have been intensified, according to which priority is given to the direction of integrated biologization of agriculture and production of agricultural products of the highest ecological quality without the use of chemical pesticides and mineral fertilizers. A significant result of activity in this direction is the formation of a strong global market for environmentally friendly agricultural products and food, the capacity of which has already exceeded 50 billion dollars USA and tends to grow further. This became possible due to the consistent implementation of the policy of greening of agriculture in a broad context and the formation of a general culture of environmentally friendly agricultural production, an important and essential element of which is the use of biological methods of plant protection. This method has significantly intensified in recent decades in the EU, the US and most other developed agricultural countries.

It should be noted that plant protection in agricultural production is given increased attention, because pests and plant diseases can significantly reduce crop yields and agricultural production. According to analysts, more than a third of the losses of the agricultural sector fall on the destruction of crops by pests and plant diseases [1]. According to the FAO, 40 % of crop yields are lost annually due to exposure to dangerous plant pests.

Excessive fascination with chemical methods of plant protection results in an increase in biocenoses and, above all, in agrocenoses of threatening phenomena associated with contamination of plants, soils, water and food by chemical pesticide residues, reduced pest resistance to protection, impaired ecosystem resilience due to loss of part biota due to the action of chemicals. This directly and negatively affects human health and the environment.

Today, threatening phenomena with the state of the plant world are growing, which are caused, first of all, by diseases and mass deaths due to climate change and exposure to pests, including those that are not typical for certain climatic conditions. There are also losses of the agricultural sector due to the destruction of crops by diseases and pests. In an effort to draw public attention to the importance of issues in this area, in December 2018, the UN General Assembly declared 2020 the International Year of Plant Health.

Due to the close link between plant health and environmental protection, the use of environmentally friendly methods of pest and disease control through an integrated plant protection system and a biological method of plant protection is becoming relevant and promising. Minimal use of toxic substances in pest control contributes not only to the protection of the environment, but also to the protection of pollinators, natural enemies of pests, beneficial organisms, as well as humans and animals that depend on plants.

Biological control or biocontrol in its narrow classical sense is a method of controlling pests, weeds and plant diseases using natural enemies. It is based on natural mechanisms ("predator-victim", "parasite-host") and on active human intervention in the process of regulation and suppression of pests and pathogens.

A number of scientists distinguish four types of biological control: natural, environmental, classical and auxiliary biological control [2].

In the agricultural sector, in the vast majority of cases, auxiliary biological control is used - the release of a large number of mass-grown in biolaboratories of natural enemies to control pests and their suppression [3-6].

Biological control can be applied alone or in combination with other methods of pest control - then it will be an integrated method of pest control (integrated pest suppression, integrated pest management) - a special approach to using all available forms of pest control: mechanical, biological, chemical methods and natural regulation. This combination of pest control methods makes it possible to safely, effectively and at the lowest cost to reduce the pest population.

Particular interest in the biological method as a means of wide industrial application in agricultural production appeared in the 60s of last century. This gave impetus to new research on the biomethod in plant protection, in particular, the conditions of inclusion in the general processes of greening of agriculture, the development of new technological solutions to improve the efficiency of biocontrol and integrated methods of its application [7-32]. Practical industrial production and use of biological products have been studied by numerous foreign and domestic scientists [33-39].

However, in Ukraine, research on the application of the biological method of plant protection has not become systemic and the weakest link continues to be its economic and economic-technological aspects.

The purpose of research. To study the dynamics of processes and the current state of application of biological plant protection products in Ukraine, the main trends in world markets for organic products and the development of domestic production of biological products, to outline tasks for biomethod development in the context of ecological farming in Ukraine.

Materials and methods of research. Information from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the State Food and Consumer Service of Ukraine, and analytical publications by domestic and foreign authors were used to conduct analytical, economic-statistical and comparative studies. Graphical and cartographic representations of research results were performed using Microsoft Office Excel 2003 - 2007 and CorelDRAW X5.

Research results. Current trends in modern agricultural production indicate a transition to environmental practices in agriculture, more active growth of the organic production sector, which simultaneously activates biological and integrated methods of crop protection with a sharp limitation of chemical protection. This is becoming a national priority in the vast majority of countries around the world.

In the adopted Directive on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides [40], the European Union (EU) advocates the gradual reduction and abandonment of chemical pesticides and encourages the use of biological plant protection products. The European Union and individual countries are taking steps to limit the use of synthetic pesticides while promoting biosafe technologies in plant protection systems.

One of the latest initiatives is the support of the EU countries on 18 February this year of the European Commission's proposal to reduce the maximum residue levels of the active substances chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl in agricultural and food products. This means that from October 2020, the import of agricultural products containing residues of these substances more than 0.01 mg / kg will be banned in the EU.

The European Commission has also drafted a document that would oblige EU member states to halve the use of chemical pesticides by 2030. At the same time, European lawmakers have called for mandatory targets for reducing pesticide use in the EU. The Organic Food and Agriculture Organization (IFOAM) is also pushing for more ambitious targets of reducing synthetic pesticides by 80 % by 2030 and abandoning them completely by 2035.

Biological means of protection come to the fore in plant protection, in particular, in integrated plant protection systems.

Biological plant protection products have been known to science for a long time, but their use on an industrial scale began in the 50s of last century and has been developing rapidly since then. These processes were especially intensified in the 1990s and 2000s. It is during this period that the vast majority of biological product companies present on the world market of organic products have been established.

The production and use of biological plant protection products over the past twenty years shows a steady upward trend, and as of 2016, the global market for organic products reached $ 3 billion USA (Fig. 1). This is a thirty-fold increase compared to 1993 and a doubling of bioproducts (in value terms) over the past four years.

Europe remains the largest commercial market for biological protection products, due in part to political support for biological control programs, consumer demand, public pressure and a wellfunctioning, highly developed biological control industry. The largest markets are North America, Asia, Latin America, Africa and the Middle East. A significant increase in the biological means of control of arthropods occurs in Latin America, and is expected to occur in Asia. According to the latest marketing reports, North America is now the largest market for biopesticides, followed by Europe.

Fig. 1. The global market for organic products (according to Dunham William C., 2015)