Effect of beta-aminobutyric acid on activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in cucumber infected with nematode Meloidogyne javanica

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Effect of beta-aminobutyric acid on activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in cucumber infected with nematode Meloidogyne javanica

Niloufar Mahmoudi

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)

ABSTRACT

Beta-amino-butyric acid is introduced as an inducer of resistance in plants against plant pathogens. In this research, the induction of some defensive compounds including peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes by this compound against the rootstock node-producing nematode Meloidogyne javanica in cucumber was investigated. The results showed that inoculation of cucumber roots infected with root- knot nematode with the chemical composition of BABA from the first day after inoculation increased the activity of peroxidase enzyme and reached its maximum on the fourth day of this activity. Induction of the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme showed a gradual increase with a significant difference in comparison to the control and healthy plants and reached the maximum on the fourth day. The electrophoresis of peroxidase isozymes showed that isozyme peroxidase forms in cucumber roots induced by BABA were much more potent than pathogen-induced isozymes. In plants treated with nematode plus BABA, two isozymes were Rf = 00.31 and Rf = 34/0, which were stronger than control (inoculated with nematode).

Key words: induction of resistance, nematode generating root node, beta-amino-butyric acid, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase

АННОТАЦИЯ

ВЛИЯНИЕ БЕТА-АМИНОМАСЛЯНОЙ КИСЛОТЫ НА АКТИВНОСТЬ ПЕРОКСИДАЗЫ И ПОЛИФЕНОЛ-ОКСИДАЗЫ У РАСТЕНИЙ ОГУРЦА, ПОРАЖЕННЫХ НЕМАТОДОЙ MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA

Niloufar Mahmoudi

Российский университет дружбы народов

Бета-аминомасляная кислота вводится в качестве индуктора устойчивости растений к патогенам растений. В данной работе была исследована индукция некоторых защитных соединений, в том числе ферментов пероксидазы и полифенолоксидазы этим соединением, против нематоды Meloidogyne javanica, продуцирующей узел корневища, в огурце. Результаты показали, что инокуляция корней зараженного огурца нематодой из корневых узлов с химическим составом БAМК с первого дня после инокуляции нематодой увеличивала активность фермента пероксидазы и достигала своего максимума на четвертый день этой активности. Индукция активности фермента полифенолоксидазы показала постепенное увеличение со значительной разницей по сравнению с контрольными и здоровыми растениями и достигла максимума на четвертый день. Электрофорез пероксидазных изозимов показал, что изоферментные пероксидазные формы в корнях огурца, индуцированные БAМК, гораздо более эффективны, чем индуцируемые патогеном изозимы. У растений, обработанных нематодой плюс БAМК, два изофермента имеют Rf = 00,31 и Rf = 34/0, которые являются более сильными, чем контроль (инокулированные нематодой).

Ключевые слова: индукция резистентности, корневая галловая нематода, бета-амино-масляная кислота, пероксидаза, полифенолоксидаза

INTRODUCTION

beta aminobutyric acid cucumber

Nematodes generating root nodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are among the forced parasites and most important group of nematodes of plant parasite throughout the world [1--3]. These nematodes have a worldwide spread and have a very complicated mutual relationship with host compared to the other plant pathogens [4]. Various nematode killers including Chloropicrin, ethylene dibromide, D-D compound (1,3-Dichloropropene; 1,2-Dichloropropane) and methyl bromide have been introduced to control these nematodes. But in addition to much costs of using these chemical substances, various environmental dangers and problems have limited or prohibited use of them [5]. Induction resistance is considered to be a biological protection method aiming to activate the defensive system of plant and consequently limiting the pathogen's activity. The created resistance is not dedicated, is effective on a wide spectrum of pathogens, and varies with antagonism in that active reaction of plant intervenes in this resistance. Also it is distinguished from chemical methods given that inducing agents are not poisonous for the pathogen [3, 6]. A group of agents such as pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes) that induce the over-sensitivity phenomenon, strains with weak patho-genicity or non-pathogenic, stimulants with pathogenic origin (Chitin, Glucan, proteins, fats), not live stimulants including synthetic chemical compounds like 2,6-dichloro- isonicotinic acid (INA), beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA), benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole- 7-carbothioic acid s-methyl ester (BTH), salicylic acid, mineral salts, potassium phosphate and compounds with live organisms origins induce resistance in plants [7, 8]. The chemical composition of BABA is a synthetic non-protein amino acid that in many species of plants induces resistance against fungi pathogens, bacteria, viruses and nematodes [9, 10]. Oort and colleague (1960), for the first time, showed the induced resistance in tomato against late burning disease in the plants treated by BABA [11, 12]. BABA through stimulating a plant to make physical barriers, accumulation of proteins related to pathogenicity (PR-Proteins), phytotoxins, over-sensitivity reaction and rapid production of active oxygen are effective in stimulating defensive mechanisms of the plant against diseases.Different stimulators through a similar signaling route stimulate defensive system of the plant. BABA also acts in different signaling routes including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. However, the complete mechanism of BABA action on resistance induction is not exactly known [13]. Ben Rejeb (2018) showed that BABA resistance in the mutants of Arabidopsis plant in which routes of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene were damaged [14]. Therefore, in addition to the mentioned routes, it is possible that there are also other signaling routes for BABA. Plants always resist against the plant pathogenic agents and pests through a wide range of defensive compositions. Peroxidase and polyphenol-oxidase are among the enzymes related to plant defense against a wide range of plant pathogenic agents. These enzymes are oxidative and are involved in production and use of active oxygen, formation of lignin and other oxidized phenols as defensive barriers for strength of cell construction [15, 16]. Kim and colleagues showed that PR-1 is accumulated in the tobacco plants treated with BABA. Powell and Hodge (2018) reported that in the Arabidopsis plants, applying BABA in leaf- sprayed form even in low concentrations resulted in accumulation of proteins' PR (PR-5, PR-2 _PR-1) [17, 18]. The chemical composition of BABA creates a systemic resistance against peanut leaf spot disease (Cercosporidium personatum). Devran and Baysal (2018) showed that in the greenhouse conditions, BABA only is an inducer such that reduces this disease significantly [19]. Applying DL-2-Aminobutyric acid in soil has reduced the number of created scabies by Nocobbus serendipiticus without damage to tomato plants [12, 20]. Oka et al. (1999) demonstrated inducing resistance in tomato against nematode generating root node using BABA, through showing its effect on reduction of disease (evaluating number of scabies, number of nematode eggs and wet weight of root and stem) [20]. Given the notable results of using BABA against nematode generating root node by Oka et al. in 1999 [20], the impact of beta-aminobutyric acid as a stimulant of the defensive system of plant to induce resistance in cucumber against nematode generating root node was the objective of this research. In this investigation, also the possibility of induction and the rate of activity defensive enzymes of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase have been evaluated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preparing M. javanica nematode population

After providing a plant sample infected to nematode, using Single egg mass method and reproducing it consecutively on the roots of tomato seedlings of type Rutgers, its purification and reproduction were performed. In most of the nematology investigation, the egg and larvae of two nematodes are used in order to create an infection. However, generally, because some eggs are not alive, using the second larvae of nematode is more common. Extracting egg and providing second larvae was done using Hussey (1973) method [21].

Preparing stimulant of beta-aminobutyric acid

Chemical substance of beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) was supplied from Sigma Company and its 20 mM concentration was used for experiments [20].

Investigating the activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in cucumber infected with the Nematode generating root node by inoculated with BABA

Disinfected cucumber seeds were planted in pots of 130 cm3 containing sterilized soil (including sand, leafy soil, farm soil with the ratio of1 : 1 : 1). In the 4--6 leafy stages, the seedlings of cucumber were treated by the method of soaking soil-drench by 20 mM solution of beta-aminobutyric acid. 10 ml of the mentioned solution was added to each seedling [20]. One day after the treatment of cucumber seedlings with aminobutyric acid, the population of 2000 second larvae was inoculated for any plant. In order to hold constant the temperature around the plant root, pots were put in a big bath of water. The temperature of the water inside the bath was 27 °C and the environment temperature was set 27 ± 2 °C.

In this experiment inoculation of cucumber seedlings with only nematode (evidence), only BABA, nematode plus BABA and distilled sterile water as experiment treatments were considered. In the evidence plants instead of BABA, the distilled sterile water was used. After inoculation of seedling with nematode, a sampling of the plants' root was done in days, 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7 after inoculation of plants with nematode. This experiment was conducted with three iterations in the form of factorial experiment based on a completely random plan.

Extracting protein from plant tissue

An amount of 0.5 g of the plant root tissue was grinded well in a Chinese mortar that was cooled previously in the refrigerator using liquid nitrogen. Then 1 ml of a sample buffer of phosphate sodium (pH 6) was added to it and fully homogenized. During the whole work time, the mortar was in a bath full of ice. The resulting compound immediately was transferred to 1.5 ml micro-tubes and was centrifuged 13 000 rpm for 20 minutes at 4 °C (inside the refrigerator). The surface extract was separated to do experiments and was kept in -40 °C before performing an experiment [22].

Evaluation of the total soluble protein in the extract

Evaluation of the total soluble protein in the extract including providing standard curve using standard protein (bovine serum albumin, fraction 5) according to [23]. For the end, 20 pl of the extract of each sample was blended with 3 ml of Bradford reagent in a little test tube then the amount of light absorption was read in wavelength max = 595 using the spectrophotometer. For each sample, three iterations were considered. The total amount of protein of each extraction was calculated using a standard curve.

Evaluation of the rate of peroxidase enzyme activity was made by [24] method. 2 ml of reaction mixture including some of the extract containing 40 mg protein, 20 micro-liters Guicoll and a sufficient amount of buffer 25 mM phosphate citrate (5.4 pH), such that the final measure is 2 ml, was blended in a test tube and spectrophotometer device was zeroed using this compound in wavelength Xmax = 475 nm. Then 10 pl of peroxidase hydrogen 30% was added to the mixture and was blended rapidly and changes of light absorption by 10-second intervals and for 1 minute was measured. The activity of enzyme was calculated in the form of changes of light absorption in a minute in mg protein.

Evaluating the rate of polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity

2 ml of the reaction compound including some of the extract sample containing 40 mg protein, 20 pl of proline solution and a sufficient amount of buffer of 25 mM phosphate citrate (pH 6.4) was blended completely in a little test tube, such that the final measure is 2 ml, and this mixture was aerated for 2 minutes by vortex. Then spectrometer device using this compound was zeroed in wavelength max = 515 nm. Then 40 pl of 100 mM Pyrocatechol solution was added to above compound and rapidly was blended and immediately the changes of light absorption was measured by 10-second intervals for 1 minute. The activity of the enzyme was calculated according to the changes of light absorption per minute in every mg of protein [24].

Indigenous electrophoresis (Native-PAGE) of peroxidase Isozymes

Indigenous electrophoresis using separator gel 12% and compactor 6% was conducted. In each well, some extract containing 30 pg protein was poured and the final volume of each well was reached to 35 pl using the sample buffer. Voltage in the compacting gel stage 75 V and in the separator gel stage 100 V was considered. Then the gel run through the glass plates exited and several times was washed by stilled water. Then in the buffer citrate-phosphate, 25 mM containing Glycol with the final concentration of 5 mM and pH 5.4 was put for 30 minutes on the shaker. Then 1 percent of hydrogen peroxidase was added to it drop by drop. After some moments brown bands showing peroxidase isozymes appeared [25].

RESULTS

Evaluating the rate of peroxidase enzyme activity

As it is observed in figure 1 in the two treatment of inoculation of seedlings with BABA only and with BABA plus nematode, the enzyme activity rate in day 1 and 3 had no significant difference with evidence (inoculated only with nematode), but since day 4 these two treatments had a significant difference with evidence. In the plants related to these two treatments and evidence, the maximum activity of the enzyme was observed in day 4 after inoculation with the nematode. The healthy plant treatment in day 1, 5 and 7 had no significant difference with evidence but in day, 3 and 4 had a sign with evidence. In addition, the activity of peroxidase enzyme in the treatment of cucumber inoculated with BABA plus nematode in consecutive days increased with a significant difference compared to each other but there was a significant difference in days 5 and 7 of this treatment.

The numbers of this table are average of three iterations. Numbers having same letters, according to Danken's test has not a significant difference in level 5%. The activity of peroxidase enzyme has been shown in the form of changes light absorption in 475 nm per minute per mg protein

Evaluating the rate of activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme

Two treatments of seedlings with BABA plus nematode and BABA only and treatment of healthy plant in day 1 with evidence (inoculated with nematode) had no significant difference but in days, 3 and 4 had a significant difference with evidence. The activity of the enzyme in treatment with BABA plus nematode in day 3 and 4 had no significant difference with each other and the maximum activity of the enzyme was in day 4 (figure 2).

The numbers of this table are average of three iterations. Numbers having same letters, according to Danken's test hasn't a significant difference in level 5%. The activity of polyphenol peroxidase enzyme has been shown in the form of changes light absorption in 515 nm per minute per mg protein

Electrophoresis of peroxidase isozyme

As it is observed in figure 3, the bands of peroxidase isozymes are in red to brown color with a relative movement of Rf = 0.31 and Rf = 0.34.

A: bands of peroxidase isozyme are related to treating cucumbers inoculated with nematode plus BABA. In this treatment, two isozymes with Rf = 0.34 and Rf = 0.31 has been expressed that compared to the evidence (inoculated with nematode only) of healthy the plant (D) the bands have been expressed stronger. Isozymes with Rf = 0.34 I the healthy plant compared to this treatment was weaker in terms of density.

B: bands of isozymes peroxidase is related to the treatment of seedlings of cucum-ber inoculated wit BABA in which two isozymes with Rf = 0.34 and Rf = 00.31 have been expressed that compared to a healthy plant, isozyme with Rf = 0.34 is very weak in the healthy plant while in this treatment was observed with a notable density. Then it can be concluded that this isozyme is more important in the defensive mechanisms of the plant.

Figure 3. Indigenous electrophoresis of the peroxidase enzyme in the seedlings of cucumber infected with nematode generating root node inoculated with BABA and comparing it with a healthy plant respectively: A: nematode plus BABA, B: BABA, C: nematode, D: healthy plant

C: bands of isozymes is related to the treatment of cucumber seedlings inoculated with nematode (evidence) that compared to the treatment of nematode plus BABA, isozymes are weaker in density.

D: isozymic bands are related to the healthy plant. In this treatment, two isozymes with Rf = 0.31 and Rf = 0.34 have been expressed very weakly.

DISCUSSION

In plants confronted with microorganisms and development of mechanic damages, important physiologic changes are induced and generally, enzymes and defensive compositions of the plant are activated. Inducing resistance by increase and synthesis of the set of chemical substances occurs during a set of complicated reaction in the host plant and cause stimulation of defensive system of the plant. Many substances have protein nature including defensive enzymes of peroxidase in the ligninization process, production of suberin and tannin (physical and chemical barriers) that intervene in the permeability the plant tissue against nematode generating root node. Despite important developments, regarding different stimulants and the defensive responses of plants are available but there is little information about the induced enzymes by BABA. In the recent study from the three isomer aminobutyric acid (a, P, y), the isomer P was used. It has been found that BABA moves in plants systematically and explains some of the systemic protection that is created by BABA against plant diseases. In addition, induction of signal transmitters including salicylic acid and jasmonic acid also complement the systemic induction in the plant [16]. In this research, the induction resistance markers like peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol peroxidase (PPO) were used for examination. Peroxidase enzyme as a systemic induced and a marker is necessary for resistance induction in the plant to create cross-link and strengthening cell wall [26]. This enzyme by intervention in the final stage of lignin production increases the resistance against disease [18].

That for the end, the peroxidase of cell wall needs H2O2 and monolignal radicals [27]. The activity of peroxidase enzyme in the cucumber was measured by four different treatments including only nematode, BABA plus nematode, BABA only and healthy evidence. From the results of the examining the activity of peroxidase enzyme, it is inferred that BABA in the experiment has increased the activity of peroxidase enzyme. The activity of peroxidase enzyme began from day 1 after nematode inoculation and in day 4 reached its maximum activity, and then in the next days reduced gradually. The reduction that was taken place in the evidence harshly and in the other treatments very slowly is a reason for the sustainability of resistance induction effect by BABA. Similar to these results, the increase of peroxidase enzyme in the roots of cucumber treated by P.corrugata bacteria was observed against Pythium aphanidermatum fungi [28, 29]. Vasanthi et al. (2017) showed that treating rice by Pseudomonas fuorescens bacteria resulted in induction of systemic resistance against Rhizoctonia solani and the result of this resistance was increase of activity of kitinase and peroxidase enzymes activity. Castagnone-Sereno (2012) reported that peroxidase enzyme is involved in the resistance to nematode Meloidogyne spp. [30]. Also it was found that changes of activity of the peroxidase enzyme showed the biochemical changes of plant and some of resistance reactions [22, 31]. Reuveni and Bothma (1985) showed that increase of resistance of tomato plants inoculated with acibenzolar-S-methyl against bacterial canker of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. [22]. C. michiganensis is associated with significant increase of activity of peroxidase and kitinase enzyme. In this study, also the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme in the cucumber was measured by the mentioned treatments. BABA resulted in an increase of activity of this enzyme compared to healthy plant and its activity had a significant difference with evidence (inoculated only with nematode). Therefore, BABA causes significant increase of activity of polyphenol oxidase in the roots of cucumber against nematode M. javanica. Reuveni showed that polyphenol oxidase enzyme in the roots of tomato increases at the temperature of 30 °C against nematode generating root node [22].

Also, it has been found that polyphenol oxidase in tomato plants is expressed very much and it is accompanied with an increase of resistance to pathogens [32]. Shikano et al. (2018) identified in the roots of tomato infected with nematode generating root node Meloidogyne spp. genes in the defensive mechanisms of the plant that induces enzymes like polyphenol oxidase, catalase, lipoxygenase and peroxidase. The role of polyphenol oxidase in producing resistance in the Penisetum glaucum plant against Sclerospora graminicola was also demonstrated by [33, 34]. Considering the results obtained from changes of activity of the two-peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in this experiment it can be said that nematode after reaching root and penetrating inside the root tissue, naturally hurts the root and through a lot of intercellular movement in the root tissue reaches the nutrition place. This penetration and movement of pathogen due to that is intercellular and does not destroy cells along its way results in the induction of defensive metabolites in a very little amount. By the introduction of nematodes into plant, some secretions are produced by the nematode that influences the biochemical reactions and accompanies with stopping some of the biochemical reactions and naturally reduction of synthesis of compositions and defensive enzymes [12]. Therefore, in the treatment with nematode, only the amount of induction of defensive enzymes of POX and PPO compared to the treatments inoculated with BABA is fewer significantly, while BABA causes the increase of induction and synthesis of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase greatly. More research is needed about the effect of BABA on the other plants hosting nematode generating root node and other species of nematode on the mechanisms of action of BABA in producing resistance to nematode generating root node in cucumber.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed that inoculation of roots of infected cucumber with root-knot nematode with the chemical composition of BABA from the first day after inoculation with nematode increased the activity of peroxidase enzyme and reached its maximum on the fourth day of this activity. Induction of the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme showed a gradual increase with a significant difference in comparison to the control and healthy plants and reached the maximum on the fourth day. The electrophoresis of peroxidase isozymes showed that isozyme peroxidase forms in cucumber roots induced by BABA were much more potent than pathogen-induced isozymes. In plants treated with nematode plus BABA, two isozymes were Rf = 00.31 and Rf = 34/0, which were stronger than control (inoculated with nematode).

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