Yield and quality of potato tubers dependingon a complex of chemicals applied under radioactive contamination

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Yield and quality of potato tubers dependingon a complex of chemicals applied under radioactive contamination

Aleksey E. Sekirnikov*, Vladimir V. Sedov, Viktor F. Shapovalov

Bryansk State Agrarian University, Bryansk region, Russian Federation

Abstract

The influence of chemicals on productivity and quality of potato tuberscv. Kurazh ultivated on sod-podzolic sandy soil sunder radioactive contamination was studied in the south-west of the central Non-Black Soil Zone of the Russian Federation. Organo-mineral system (manure, 40 t/ha + N₇₅P₃₀K₉₀) applied in complex with chemical sand biological agent Gumistim turned to be the most effective efertilizer system providing the maximum potato yields during the experiment. Moreover, complex application of the chemicals increased protein level and decreased starch content in tubers, it also improve daminoacid composition; concentration of heavy metal sand specificactivity of cesium-137 did not exceed sanitary and hygienic standards (SanPiN 2.3.3 1078--01).

Keywords: potato, yield, marketability, starch, nitrates, heavymetals, aminoacids, cesium-137

Аннотация

productivity potato protection plant

Продуктивность и качество клубней картофеля в зависимости от комплекса применяемых средств химизации в условиях радиоактивного загрязнения агроценозов

А.Е. Секирников*, В.В. Седов, В.Ф. Шаповалов

Брянский государственный аграрный университет,

Брянская область, Российская Федерация

В условиях радиоактивного загрязнения сельскохозяйственных угодий юго-запада Центрального Нечерноземья Российской Федерации изучали влияние комплексного применения средств химизации на продуктивность и качество клубней картофеля сорта Кураж, возделываемого в плодосменном севообороте на дерново-подзолистой песчаной почве. Показано, что в условиях проводимого эксперимента оптимальной системой удобрения, обеспечивающей максимальную урожайность клубней, оказалась органоминеральная система (навоз 40 т/га + К^РзоК,), применяемая в комплексе с химическими средствами защиты растений от вредных организмов и биопрепаратом Гумистим. Отмечено, что под влиянием комплексного применения изучаемых средств химизации повышалась белковость и снижалась крахмалистость, улучшался аминокислотный состав, концентрация тяжелых металлов и удельная активность цезия-137 не превышала санитарно-гигиенических нормативов (СанПиН 2.3.3 1078--01).

Ключевые слова: картофель, урожайность, товарность, крахмал, нитраты, тяжелые металлы, аминокислоты, цезий-137

Introduction

The field experiments were carried out on the experimental field of Novozybkov branch of Bryansk State Agrarian University on sod-podzolic, loose-sandy radioactively contaminated soil in 2013-2017. Arable layer of the soil had the following agrochemical parameters: pHkcl 6.7--6.9, Ng -- 0.51--0.56 mmol-EQ/100 g of soil; absorbed alkali -- 12.2--16.4 mmol-EQ/100 g of soil; mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (according to Kirsanov) -- 370--390 and 76--86 mg/kg of soil, respectively. Organic matter content was 1.9 to 2.2 (according to Tyurin). The density of ¹³⁷Cs soil contamination in the experimental plot was 526--666 kBq/m². Early potato cv. Kurazh was studied in the four-factor experiment, total area of the experimental plot was 90 m², and the accounting one was 70 m². The experiment scheme included the following variants: control (without fertilizers); manure 80 t/ha; manure 40 t/ha + ^N75^P30^K90^;

^N75^P30^K90^{; N}150^P60^K180^{; N}225^P90^K270^{; manure 40 t/ha} + ^N75^P30^K90 + ^pesticides;

N₇₅P₃₀K₉₀ + pesticides; N₁₅₀P₆₀K₁₈₀ + pesticides; N₂₂₅P₉₀K₂₇₀ + pesticides; manure 40 t/ha + N75P30K90 + pesticides + Gumistim; N75P30K90 + pesticides + Gumistim; N₁₅₀P₆₀K₁₈₀ + pesticides + Gumistim; N₂₂₅P₉₀K₂₇₀ + pesticides + Gumistim.

Such fertilizers as cattle manure, double granulated superphosphate, potassium chloride were used in the experiments. All the fertilizers were applied in spring during plowing of the fall tillage. BioagentGumistim contains biohumus in the dissolved form: humins, vitamins, natural phytohormones, succinic acid, micro-and macronutrients in organic form, and spores of soil microorganisms. The biological agent (6 l/ha) was used in two terms: the first was combined with chemical pesticides in the budding stage, and the second -- at the end of flowering. Weeds, pests and diseases on potato plants were controled by the following chemicals: Zencor 50% a.i. -- 0.7 kg/ha; Titus -- 0.050 kg/ha; Ridomil Gold -- 2.5 kg/ha; SektimPhenomen -- 1.25 kg/ha, Aktara -- 0.06 kg/ha. Depending on weather conditions, no less than 3 treatments were carried out during the vegetation period. The farming practice of potato cultivation was generally accepted for the region. Potato planting was carried out in the third decade of April, harvesting -- in the first decade of August, tuber harvest was weighted. Field and laboratory-analytical researches were performed according to the generally accepted methods in agrochemical service in the center for collective use of scientific equipment and devices of the Bryansk State Agrarian University [13, 14]. The weather conditions of vegetation periods in the years of field experiments differed in moisture and temperature. 2014 and 2016 were the most favorable for these indicators, less moisture was in 2013, 2015 and 2017, characterized by low soil productive moisture in the arable soil horizon, insufficient rainfall and uneven precipitation. These circumstances resulted in fluctuations in potato tuber yields over the research years.

Rezults and discussion

Potato yield was the lowest in the control variant and averaged 9.3 t/ha for 5 research years (Table 1).

Table 1. Yield and quality of potato tubers depending on the chemicals applied (average for 2013-AL2017)

Organic fertilizer (litter manure 80 t/ha) increased yields of potato tubers by 11.9 t/ha compared to the control, amounting to 21.7 t/ha. The use of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N₁₅₀P₆₀K₁₈₀ (according to the number of nutrients, a manure dose of 80 t/ha) resulted in 23.8 t/ha potato yields, which was 14.5 t/ha higher compared with the control, and 3.3 t/ha higher compared to variant with 80 t/ha of manure. The results indicate a higher availability of nutrients contained in mineral fertilizers and a higher coefficient of their use in the first year after application of relatively organic fertilizer. Applying organic fertilizer (manure 40 t/ha + N₇₅P₃₀K₉₀) increased potato yield by 16.6 t/ha compared to the control, and by 5.4 t/ha compared to organic system (manure 80 t/ha). The use of higher doses of NPK (N₂2₅P₉oK₂₇o), especially under deficit soil moisture and high air temperatures, did not contributed to the adequate increase in potato tubers, the yields of tubers was at the level of the average NPK dose (N₁₅₀P₆₀K₁₈₀). Cultivating potato plants with pesticide application contributed to a further potato yield increase which averaged 1.5--4.8 t/ha. The higher yields of potato tubers were observed while appliing fertilizers, chemical plant protection means and biological agent Gumistim in complex. On average, over the research years, the increase in potato yield reached the level of 15.9--25.8 t/ha under complex use of chemicals in comparison with the control. The highest potato yield -- 35.1 t/ha -- in was obtained in the variant with organic-mineral system of fertilizing in combination with pesticides and biological agent Gumistim (manure 40 t/ha + + N₇₅P₃₀K₉₀ + pesticides + Gumistim).

On average over the research years, starch content decreased by 0.5--1.9% under the influence of the studied means of chemicalization. The applied systems of fertilizer both at separate, and at complex application promoted an increase in the protein content of potato tubers from 2.06 up to 2.51%. The protein content of potato tubers increased on average by 0.13--0.25% under complex use of chemicals. The maximum protein yield (0.876 t/ha) resulted from organic mineral fertilizing combined with plant protection means and Gumistim.

Quantitative changes in the amino acid composition of potato tubers depended on the studied fertilizer systems (Table 2) on average over 5 years. In quantitative terms aspartic acid and leucine were allocated.

The tubers of potatoes contain the least of histidinum and methionine referring to irreplaceable amino acids. The largest number of essential amino acids (% of the total amount of all amino acids), 38.0 and 39.0 %, was obtained in the organic mineral fertilizer system (manure 40 t/ha + N₇₅P₃₀K₉₀), mineral (N₁₅₀P₆₀K₁₈₀) in complex with plant protection means and biological agent Gumistim.

Table 2The effect of fertilizers, chemicals and Gumistimbioagent on amino acid composition of potato tubers, tons per 1 kg of dry mass (average for 2013--2017)