The substantiation of ways of reducing the degree of salinization and increase soil fertility in the lower reaches of the Amudarya

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THE SUBSTANTIATION OF WAYS OF REDUCING THE DEGREE OF SALINIZATION AND INCREASE SOIL FERTILITY IN THE LOWER REACHES OF THE AMUDARYA

Ilkhom Urazbaev

Phd student of the Tashkent institute of irrigation and agricultural mechanization engineers

Gulnora Akhmedjanova, assistant of the Tashkent institute of irrigation and agricultural mechanization engineers

Annotation

The land resources of General economic importance include not only fertile soils, which are actively used in agriculture, but also soils containing easily soluble mineral salts harmful to plants and therefore unsuitable for growing useful crops. Saline soils make up about 20 % of all developed lands in the world.

Keywords: Land resources, agriculture, saline soils, land reclamation, biomelirant plants, irrigation, water loss, tillage, cultivators

Introduction

The Republic of Uzbekistan is located in the center of the Aral sea based and belongs to the zone with arid climate by natural and climatic characteristics. The main factors of desertification and salinization of agricultural land are: wind and water erosion, secondary salinization, as well as, improper selection of irrigation. For the development of saline lands can be applied plant - biomeliorants that can generate high yields. It is also necessary to properly organize the operation of the irrigated area, that is, to choose the optimal irrigation regime and, first of all, irrigation norms that do not allow waterlogging, combating water losses in canals and planned water use - the most important measures to prevent soil salinization. Of great importance are measures to reduce the evaporation of moisture from the soil: the creation of soil structure, thickened and re-sown, correct and timely tillage, the layout of the field surface.

Materials and methods

The process of salt accumulation in soils can occur in a natural way (minerals or the flow of weathering of substances from the atmosphere), and artificial (reclamation work associated with irrigation or drainage of land).

The aim of the research is the substantiation and development of technology of cultivation of plant - biomeliorants as culture - reclaiming salinized irrigated lands of semi-arid areas, which provides reclamation effect and increase the fertility of the soil.

To achieve this goal it was necessary to solve the following tasks:

• justify the need for biomeliorative techniques to prevent degradation;

• determine the role of crop and root crop residues in crop rotation as a source of organic matter in the soil;

• to study the influence of organic matter entering the soil with post-harvest residues on its agrophysical and agrochemical properties;

• investigate the role of perennial grasses as phytomeliorants;

• identify the relationship of organic matter

Table 1. Structure of land resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan, thousand HA

In Uzbekistan, saline lands account for 50.7 % (2170.7 thousand hectares) of irrigation area, slightly saline - 31.4 %, medium saline -15.5 % strongly saline 3.8 %. The area of pastures is 20.8 million hectares, of which 18.7 million hectares are flooded, 1.6 million hectares are subject to degression, more than 15.1 million hectares of land are not used in farms (slopes, talus, landfills, Sands, landfills, etc.). From 20 to 40 % of irrigated land is subject to deflation, 2.8 million hectares of pastures need watering, more than 160 thousand hectares are subject to man-made impact. Of the total number of mudflows occurring in Central Asia, 75 % is accounted for by Uzbekistan

Salinization is a serious problem in Uzbekistan's agriculture. The latter occurs due to the evaporation of groundwater containing salt, which due to the capillary effect come to the earth's surface. The output of groundwater occurs as a result of excessive irrigation, insufficient alignment of fields, reducing the efficiency of the drainage system.

From crops these properties are alfalfa, barley, millet, sorghum, Guinea corn, millet, Sudan grass, sunflowers, wheat, beets, licorice, sweet sorghum, maize varieties with a strong root system and tall aerial parts. And if in the first joint sowing the share of alfalfa should not exceed 30 %, then in each next crop rotation it will gradually increase by 20 % until it reaches 100 %. Thus it will be possible to obtain areas fully occupied by forage crops. Taking into account the reclamation properties of these plants, it will be possible to achieve complete soil desalination within 4

- 5 years (with average salinity areas) or 6 - 7 years (with a strong degree of salinity) [1].

Conclusion

Thus, the restoration of fertility of saline areas with the help of biomeliorants is a very effective and promising way to remove easily soluble mineral salts from the soil, unfavorable for cultivated plants. This technology makes it possible to increase the productivity of agricultural land through the use of new territories and to obtain higher yields when growing products on recultivated lands.

At the same time, it is necessary to analyze the impact of complex melioration on improving the fertility of secondary saline lands of arid territories, the role of phytomeliorants in improving the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of soils; selection of crops- saline irrigated lands; study the impact of salinization on yield and studied the water consumption of plants - biomeliorants in the phases of development with and without feeding groundwater.

biomeliorant saline fertility soil

References

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3. Shamsutdinov N.Z., Shamsutdinov Z. sh. Principles and methods of phytomelioration of degraded agricultural lands in arid regions of Russia // Melioration and water. households. 2009. No. 5. C. 2124.

4. Shamsutdinov Z.Sh., Savchenko I. V., Shamsutdinov N.Z. The halophytes of Russia: their environmental assessment and use. M.: Edel-M publishing house, 2001. 399 PP.

5. Shamsutdinov Z. Sh., Shamsutdinov N.Z. Halophytic plant growing (ecological and biological bases). M., 2005. 404 p.

6. Agro story Plants against soil salinization. Access 14.05.2018

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