Territorial development of beef cattle in the west Kazakhstan region

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Summary

The features of the zonal specialization of beef cattle in the West Kazakhstan region are considered. In the territorial structure of agriculture there are three zones: the northern, central and southern. The basic principle of placing livestock is the structure of land, which affects the specialization of meat livestock. Each zone has its own intra-regional features of meat production and filling local markets: Zone I - cattle-pig; II-diversified and III sheep-breeding and horse breeding. Beef is supplied to the regional market mainly by enterprises in the northern and southern agricultural zones. Deliveries of pork and poultry meat mainly come from the I zone farms, respectively: 97. 7% and 70. 9%. More than 73% of mutton, 75% of horse meat and 93% of camel meat is supplied by farms in zone III. An analysis of the performance indicators of the meat industry by zones made it possible to mark its highest level in the southern zone. Further development of the region's animal husbandry is associated with the differentiation of the proposed measures to improve the efficiency of the industry.

Key words: beef cattle, territorial development, zonal specialization, efficiency, territorial structure

beef cattle Kazakhstan region

Western Kazakhstan has a variety of natural and climatic zones and has fairly high reserves for the growth of the livestock of domestic and imported meat breeds. The vastness of the territory of the West Kazakhstan region predetermined the heterogeneity of not only the climatic, but also economic conditions. In accordance with the natural-economic division, three agricultural zones were distinguished in the region: I - grain-cattle-breeding, II - cattle-breeding and agricultural, and III - cattle-breeding. According to the geographical principle, there are also three zones: the northern, central and southern, which correspond to agricultural zones I, II and III [1] (Table 1).

Table 1 - Zonal sectoral structure of agricultural production in the West Kazakhstan region, in%

I agricultural zone (northern part of the region) is the most moisture supplied. The main industry is crop cultivation. Along with field farming, cattle breeding has been developed, which is represented by dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, and poultry farming, whose forage base is associated with the production of grain, maize, and other crops. Beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding of meat-wool breed, herd horse breeding developed in zone II.

In the III agricultural semi-desert and desert zone (southern part of the region), favorable for the development of animal husbandry, sheep breeding of meat-breeding breeds, herd horse breeding, camel breeding and beef cattle breeding developed, the food base of which is based on the use and development of natural pastures and hayfields, especially located on distant pastures territories.

Thus, animal husbandry is developed in all three zones, however, the level of housing and its development is different. More than 75% of the cattle livestock accounts for zones I and III. The same picture is observed for the number of cows. More than 50% of the livestock of sheep are concentrated in zone III, and about 29% in the second. The bulk of pigs (97%) is concentrated in zone I. The livestock of horses is dispersed in zones in this ratio: 32% in the I zone, 23% in the II zone, and 49% in the III zone. More than 85% of camels are in farms of zone III. Poultry farming is mainly developed in zone I (75%).

The principles of the placement of livestock were the following: the structure of land, which affects the specialization of meat livestock (tab. 2) [1].

Table 2 - Features of the structure of land resources and their impact on the placement of beef cattle in the West Kazakhstan region, 2017 у.

Availability of labor resources. Qualified labor resources are concentrated in the northern zone, since Uralsk and Aksay are located in this zone, respectively, the need for quality labor is much higher here than in other zones. The proximity of processing enterprises. Up to 90% of processing capacities are concentrated in the northern zone, namely in cities where the demand for processing products is much higher than in rural areas; - urbanization of the population. The northern zone is the most urbanized, it is home to more than 60% of the urban population of the region and, therefore, the need for meat products and processed products is much higher

During the years of reforms, the livestock of animals, including the meat industry, underwent negative changes, it was reduced 2. 2 times. It should be noted that the largest decline is observed in zone II, since in it, as in zone III, the main population of sheep was concentrated, which was subjected to the greatest reduction in numbers (by 70%). The main reasons for the reduction in the number of livestock and poultry are the low financial capabilities of enterprises and the lack of smoothness of market mechanisms and feed supply.

There is an insufficient state of livestock breeding and breeding work. The livestock of pedigree cattle of the dairy direction increased 17 times, beef cattle - 10 times, sheep - 8 times. At the beginning of 2017, there were only 20100 heads of beef cattle in 16 breeding farms in the region, 42, 600 heads of sheep of the Edilbaevsky breed, 9750 heads of the Akzhaik breed, 15010 breeding horses and 12000 camels. In almost all types, an increase of more than 2 times occurred. The sale of high quality livestock is due to increased funds from enterprises and farms, therefore valuable breeding youngsters are slaughtered for meat.

The increase in livestock has had a positive impact on the state of the regional meat market and its filling structure. The total capacity of the meat subcomplex in 2017 was 75. 6 thousand tons, which is 39. 1% less than in 2009, when 120. 2 thousand tons of live weight was produced. The reduction occurred in all zones of the region, but the main suppliers of meat on the regional market are the I and III zones, providing more than 80% of the production of live weight. The largest contribution is made by zone I (39. 1%). This is due to the fact that such early maturing industries as pig and poultry are developed in this zone. Secondly, a sales market is established here, since the cities of Uralsk and Aksay with processing enterprises and a great demand for products are located on the territory of the zone. The third place is occupied by the third zone, which provides 37. 8% of the total meat production. In the analyzed years, the share of the zone increased slightly. The role of zone II in meat production is lower due to the fuzzy specialization of animal husbandry and the low level of its concentration. The index of production per capita (table 3) indicates the level of zonal production.

Table 3 - Meat production by zones of West Kazakhstan region per capita per year (in slaughter mass), kg

In 2017, the households of zone III produced meat per capita in excess of the consumption rate by 79. 1 kg, the second - by 34. 7 kg.

The structural content of the zonal meat markets is different. Each of the zones has its own intra-regional features of meat production and filling local markets (Table 4). Beef is supplied to the regional market mainly by enterprises in the northern and southern agricultural zones (I and III). Deliveries of pork and poultry meat mainly come from households in zone I, respectively: 97. 7% and 70. 9%. More than 73% of mutton, 75% of horse meat and 93% of camel meat is supplied by farms in zone III [2].

Table 4 - Structure of meat production by types in the context of zones of the West Kazakhstan region (agricultural enterprises), %

Therefore, zonal specialization can be clearly seen in animal husbandry: Zone I - cattle-breeding; II-diversified and III sheep-breeding and horse breeding. The specialization of the zones is also confirmed by the level of concentration of production, which, in a specific section by enterprises, has large variations. So for the production of beef and lamb per unit area, the span exceeds twice the value (Table 5) [3].

Table 5 - The concentration level of meat production in the zones of West Kazakhstan region, 2017у.

The enterprises of the northern zone have the highest concentration of beef and pork production, ensuring the specialization of the zone. So this figure is 53% higher in beef than in the central one. The southern zone in 2017 produced 1. 5 centners per 100 hectares of agricultural land. lamb and 0. 3 kg. horse meat, which is 87% and 66%, respectively, more than in the northern zone.

With a decrease in production, the percentage of export of meat and meat products outside the region also decreases (3. 8% - in 2017 against 20. 1% in 2009) (Table 6) [3]. Zone meat balance is as follows.

Table 6 - Sales of livestock and poultry meat outside the region, thous. тons.

In terms of natural and economic zones of the West Kazakhstan region, the largest amount of meat is exported outside the region from the southern and central zones. It produces 60. 8% (in 2017 - 44. 4 thousand tons) of the total meat production (in live weight) of livestock and poultry. Export takes place due to the fact that near the administrative districts of the zones border the neighboring regions of the republic, the prices of meat products in which are higher than in the region in question.

Significant export of meat takes place due to the fact that the main producers are households, they are forced to sell their products outside the region, where the selling prices are significantly higher. The main export of meat is carried out in the Atyrau and Aktobe regions, as well as in the neighboring regions of the Russian Federation.

Analyzing the performance indicators of the meat industry by zones, it should be noted that the highest level of meat production per 100 hectares of agricultural land in the southern zone (Table 7) [3].

Table 7 - Economic indicators of the efficiency of the meat industry of the West Kazakhstan region by zones, 2017 у.

This zone also leads in meat production per average annual worker. Average daily gains for both cattle and sheep are higher than in other zones, which affects the cost of production. So, the cost price of 1 centner of cattle growth in the southern zone is 11%, and 1 centner of sheep gain is 20% lower than in the northern zone. Attention is drawn to the high cost of pig meat, which is 3 times higher than the cost of cattle meat. From this type of activity, all enterprises in the region suffer heavy losses. As for the selling price, its variation by enterprises and zones varies significantly for cattle meat from 9342 tenge to 11353 tenge. A similar pattern in sheep. However, in the entire analyzed population, the highest prices for cattle meat are formed in the central zone, and for sheep meat - in the southern zone. The enterprises of the central and southern zones have good transport links with other regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as a result of which these types of products are exported to more expensive markets.

Thus, in the development of beef cattle farming in the West Kazakhstan region, there is a clear zonal specialization due to natural and economic factors. All this requires a differentiation of the proposed measures to improve the efficiency of the industry and improve the provision of the population with

food in accordance with scientifically based standards.

The current level of development of the processing industry WKO and the state of its raw material base require a fundamentally new approach to the problem of using ire only the main raw materials, side products.

The essence of this approach consists in the creation and implementation of low- and non-waste technologies, which make it possible to extract all the valuable components of raw materials in the most comprehensive way, as well as the introduction of technologies for the deep processing of raw materials to produce products with high added value.

Improving the competitiveness of processed products, the introduction of international standards of quality management at food industry enterprises

The regulation of the quality of agricultural products as a basis for competitiveness can be carried out by direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include: standardization and confirmation of compliance, government support, price limiting, licensing, etc. Indirect methods include: preferential loans and taxation, price policy, investment policy, implementation of quality systems, etc. Market methods of regulation include marketing programs, standards of enterprises, etc.

One aspect of the quality problem is also the regulation of prices for raw materials and end products. Current prices are not enough interested companies to improve product quality; Often, the average value of sales of agricultural products is lower than that which provides the necessary production conditions. In order to stimulate improvement in the quality of agricultural processing of agricultural raw materials, it is necessary to continue the work on subsidizing the costs of processing enterprises for the purchase of raw materials.

REFERENCES

1. The system of agriculture in the West Kazakhstan region. Uralsk: Publishing House Zap. Kaz ATU, 2017. - 275 p.

2. Regiony Kazakhstana: stat. sb. (Kazakhstan's Regions: Collected Works), 2016. - Astana. - 420 р.

3. Social and Economic Development of the West Kazakhstan Region: Collected Works. Uralsk. // Statistics Department of the West Kazakhstan Region, - 2016. - 104 р.

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