Natural zeolites may stimulate sunflower growth under agroecological conditions of North-Eastern Kazakhstan

Тhe effect of natural zeolites and their combinations with phosphorus mineral fertilizers on growth and biological yield of sunflower. Тhe growth of plant biomass, leaf area and photosynthetic potential and produced high yields compared to control.

Рубрика Сельское, лесное хозяйство и землепользование
Вид статья
Язык английский
Дата добавления 28.04.2018
Размер файла 522,3 K

Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже

Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Natural zeolites may stimulate sunflower growth under agroecological conditions of North-Eastern Kazakhstan

Kulzhanova S., Popov V.,

Bekpergenova Zh.

Abstract

In order to increase the sunflower outputs, science and technology search for efficient and relatively inexpensive mineral feeding. This study investigated the effect of natural zeolites and their combinations with phosphorus mineral fertilizers on growth and biological yield of sunflower varieties Fortimi and Zarya. A two-year field trial using a a randomized complete block (RCB) with three repetitions and eight treatments was conducted in the Uspensky district, Pavlodar region, Kazakhstan. tried to determine the effect of zeolite on the yield of seeds and the yields of sunflower. Considering variable climate conditions, introduction of natural zeolite in soil improved growth of plant biomass (taller plants), leaf area and photosynthetic potential and produced high yields compared to control (no fertilizer) variants. For instance, inspite of low germination rate (i.e. in 2016) variety Zarya showed high and stable yields, i.e. 3,00 to 3,55 t/ha after treatment with 3 and 5 t/ha zeolite and all combinations of zeolite with superphosphate.

Keywords: Natural zeolites, mineral fertilizers, varieties and hybrids of sunflower, yield.

Аннотация

Для увеличения выхода подсолнечника, наука и техника ищут эффективное и относительно недорогое минеральное питание. В этом исследовании исследовано влияние природных цеолитов и их сочетаний с фосфорными минеральными удобрениями на рост и биологический выход сортов подсолнечника Фортими и Заря. В проведенном двухгодичном полевом исследовании, с использованием полной рендомизации (RCB) в трех повторениях и с 8 обработками, попытались определить влияние цеолита на выход семян и урожай подсолнечника в Успенском районе Павлодарской области, Казахстан. Учитывая переменные климатические условия, введение природного цеолита в почву улучшало рост растительной биомассы (более высокие растения), площадь листьев и потенциал фотосинтеза, и обеспечивало высокие урожаи по сравнению с вариантами контроля (без удобрений). Например, несмотря на низкую скорость прорастания (т. е. в 2016 г.) сорт Заря показал высокие и стабильные урожаи - от 3,00 до 3,55 т / га после обработки цеолитом и всеми комбинациями цеолита с суперфосфатом урожай увеличился от 3 до 5 т / га.

Ключевые слова: природные цеолиты, минеральные удобрения, сорта и гибриды подсолнечника, урожайность.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., family Asteraceae), cultivated for a seed production, is one of the most valuable and highly profitable crops. It is the most important agricultural oilseed crop in Kazakhstan, the share of which occupies 50% of all areas sown with oilseeds and its production is planned to increase to 552 thousand tons (Kaskarbayev et al., 2011). Sunflower requires at least 16 essential nutrients for its growth mostly obtainable from water and soil. For production of 1 ton of seed, taking into account the agroecological conditions, sunflower plants utilise 43-71 kg of Nitrogen (N) and 13-27 kg of Phosphorus (P). Sunflower grows in a variety of soil conditions but performs best in well-drained soils with a high water-holding capacity (Kondau, 1998). In drier regions, it often needs at least supplemental irrigation to consistently optimize yields. However, sunflower is considered a drought tolerant crop and has a deeper root system than most crops. Many sunflower hybrids have been developed, aimed at shortening maturity period to less than 90 days thus allowing harvest to take place as early as late September (Darby et al., 2009). From sprouting to formation of sunflower disc need moderate feeding with N and P, but after formation and from flowering to maturing - moderate N and P and more K. According to Barbariek (1984), Suzer (1998) and Oshundiya et al. (2014), the P-content is critical for the early growing period of sunflower, i.e. even short period of P deficiency leads to significant decrease in seed yield, also paired with restricted ability of root system to uptake N. Such deficiency cannot be compensated later as it reflects in less vegetative assimilation area, plants less economical towards soil moisture, longer phenophase periods and lower total number of flowers in the disc. Among other minerals, natural minerals such as zeolites, are reknown to provide a number of essential micro- and macro-elements (Sfechiє et al., 2015, Semenov A., 2010, Ponk, 1984). Zeolites may also increase the efficiency of mineral fertilizers. In Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan producers are searching for methods to increase the yield of sunflower per unit of land and improve the seed quality. But they still lack sound empirical knowledge on the impact of zeolite application on economically important crop as the sunflower, i.e. doses and ratios per ha, possible combinations with other fertilizers, impact on agroecological conditions on plant growth, optimum plant density per ha, etc. Therefore this study addresses the gaps for improved productivity of selected and adapted varieties and hybrids of sunflower in the region of North-Eastern Kazakhstan.

Materials and methods

The study was carried out in the dry-steppe zone of the Uspensky region of the Pavlodar district (North latitude: 52 ° 55 `, East longitude: 77 ° 25', Altitude: 113 m.) The Uspensky region is situated in north-east of Pavlodar district on 5500 km2. It is a steppe zone with flat landscapes.

Agro-meteorological characteristics

The region is reknown with the sharp continental and arid climate with limited precipitation, low air humidity, hot summers and overall sharp temperature amplitudes (Table 1). Winters are long and cold with less snow cover. Spring is also unstable and windy. Late snow and frosts are possible even at the end of May. Summer is warm, sometimes hot and dry. In july, the average temperatures reach +21-22оС, but during the day the temperatures may reach +35-38 оС. The highest average rainfall is detected usually in July. The autumn is relatively short with step-wise decrease of the temperatures and increasing wind and clouds. Average annual rainfall for the region is up to 320 мм.

Table 1 - Meteorological data, average of 2015/2016 (from the MTO station Uspenka)

Month

Average monthly air temperature, оС

Average monthly rainfall, мм

Averahe wind speed, м/s

Average air humidity, %

Height of snow cover, см

January

-22

40,1

4,9

92

16

February

11

20,4

4,4

91

23,3

March

7,8

31,4

5,3

90

20

April

9,4

30,2

4,7

85

-

May

11,7

46,1

3,9

75

-

June

25,5

44,3

3,9

83

-

July

28,9

24,4

4,0

84

-

August

18,2

31,6

4,0

88

-

September

14,8

27,6

4,2

80

-

Agro-meteorological conditions for the period of investigation were suitable for growing sunflower. In the phenophases (i.e. flowering and fruitformation) the climate conditions were within the norms with sufficient amounts of rainfall. The soils are dark chestnut having a humus content of approx. 1.8%, an N alkaline hydrolyzed 99.4 mg / kg soil, mobile phosphorus 14 mg / kg soil, a pH of 6.6, a hydrolytic acidity that varies from 3.62 to 4.08 meq / 100 g of soil. The saturation with bases is high - 40.29 - 44.2% (in the 0-40 cm layer).

Varieties of sunflower

The field experiment included two sunflower varieties, i.e. the hybrids `Fortimi` and `Zarya`. Both are early maturing with seed sprouting in 10 days of about 49.5 and 49.2 % of Fortimi and Zarya, respectively. The vegetation period of Fortimi was 100-108 days and that of Zarya was 93-100 days. Fortimi has more equal plants by height, disc diameter and simultaneous flowering and maturing, high yield, resistance to drought and diseases, about 50-53% fat content of seeds. Zarya is fast-maturing, medium-drought-resistant, high-yielding and high-fat-content in seeds.

Zeolites and fertilizer treatments

The experiment was setup under field conditions.

Zeolites of the Chankanay deposits were applied in doses ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 tons per hectare. The zeolites contain more than 30 micro- and macroelements, including potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, copper, zinc, cobalt, etc. The field treatments included mineral Phosphorus fertilizers as a double granular superphosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2H2O)), the starting dose of which was 4.63 kg per plot of 71 m2. The P-fertilizer double superphosphate (P30) was applied in soil, in rows at the seeding of the sunflower seeds.

The experiment was conducted using a randomized design in three replications (Table 2). The sowing was carried out in warmed soil at t + 10-14 ° C at a depth of 10 cm with a seeding rate of 65,000 seeds / ha. In the spring harrowing was carried out to smooth the field surface, utilise moisture and destroy emerging weeds.

Table 2 - Scheme of the field experiment

Replication

Treatment (Variants)

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

1 replication

Control

Р30

Zeolite 1 t/ha

Zeolite 3 t/ha

Zeolite 5 t/ha

Zeolite 1 t/ha + Р30

Zeolite 3 t/ha + Р30

Zeolite 5 t/ha + Р30

2 replication

Zeolite 5 t/ha

Zeolite 1 t/ha + Р30

Zeolite 3 t/ha + Р30

Zeolite 5 t/ha + Р30

Control

Р30

Zeolite 1 t/ha

Zeolite 3 t/ha

3 replication

Zeolite 3 t/ha

Zeolite 1 t/ha

Control

Р30

Zeolite 1 t/ha + Р30

Zeolite 5 t/ha

Zeolite 5 t/ha + Р30

Zeolite 3 t/ha + Р30

Parameters investigated

· Germination of seeds was determined by the formula:

where Пв is germination in %, Г is actual plant density on shoots in plants/м2, and Нв is seeding rate in seeds/м2.

The laboratory germination, germination energy, purity and weight of 1000 seeds were also determined in accordance with State Standard GOST 9672-61.

· Plant height, (cm) - according to methodology of GSI (1983);

· Leaf area - according to methodology of Nichiporovich A.A. (1961)

· Yield of sunflower, (kg seeds /ha).

The data were processed statistically by using programmes Statistica and Excel and using multi-factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Results

The study showed a significant impact (at p<0,1 Figure 1) of combined effect of factors Year, Variety and Variant on sunflower germination (plants/1 m2). In 2015, the varietal specificity of Fortimi lead to a higher germination upon treatment with Zeolite 1t/ha, Zeolite 3 t/ha+P30 and Zeolite 5 t/ha+P30 compared to the Control. Interestingly, Zarya showed a significantly lower germination than Fortimi upon treatment with Zeolite 1 tons/ha+P30. In 2016 there was no difference between the variants with fertilization and control ones, and the germination is significantly lower than 2015.

Fig. 1 - Impact of Year, Variety and Variant on field germination, plants/m2

The ANOVA showed insignificant (p>0.05) influence of the interactions of the main factors variety and variant on plant height (Figure 2). Nevertheless, as an average from 2015 and 2016, Zarya plants were the highest than plants of Fortimi variety, after treatment with Zeolite 5t/ha, Zeolite 1 t/ha+P30 and Zeolite 3 t/ha+P30. The formation of high crop yields is largely determined by the area of the leaf surface and the photosynthetic potential (FP). The data show that Fortimi had a smaller leaf area than Zarya, at an average from 2015 and 2016 (Figure 3)

Fig. 2 - Impact of main factors Variety and Variant on sunflower height, averaged from 2015 and 2016

Fig. 3 - Impact of Variety and Variant on sunflower leaf area, average2015/2016

The magnitude of the FP during the 2 years of investigation is shown in Figure 4.

Fig. 4 - The amount of photosynthetic potential of sunflower crops depending on the level of root nutrition, g day/ha

Тhe highest values of the FP showed Zarya and Fortimi in 2016, after treatment with Zeolite 1 t/ha+P30and Zeolite 5 t/ha+P30. Such combinations changed FP for Fortimi in 2015 within 914.65-1390.11 g day/ha, and in 2016 within 2215.85-3349.7 g day/ha. The FP values signify good photosynthetic capacity of sunflower crops. The study found a clear stimulation effect of all treatments involving Zeolite on plants of Zarya variety (compared to control variant).

The impact of treatments on sunflower yields (Table 3) were profound in 2016 by variety Fortimi compared to Zarya upon application of P30 and Zeolite 1 t/ha+P30, i.e. 3,68 t/ha and 4,30 t/ha. In 2015, Fortimi yielded respectively 2.64 and 2.70 t/ha, upon application of P30 and Zeolite 1 t/ha+P30,compared to 1,54 t/ha and 1,33 t/ha produced by Zarya. However, in 2016 Zarya produced higher yields after applications of Zeolite 3 and 5 t/ha and all combinations with superphosphate.

sunflower fertilizer zeolite yield

Table 3 - Yield of seeds from two sunflower varieties, tons/ ha

Variant

Fortimi

Zarya

2015

2016

2015

2016

Control

2,29

2,17

1,11

2,14

Р30

2,64

4,30

1,33

2,45

Zeolite 1 tons/ha

2,70

3,68

1,54

2,07

Zeolite 3 tons/ha

2,32

2,87

1,82

3,55

Zeolite 5 tons/ha

2,10

2,47

1,55

3,03

Zeolite 1 tons/ha+Р30

2,48

2,27

1,88

3,00

Zeolite 3 tons/ha+Р30

2,62

2,70

1,49

3,17

Zeolite 5 tons/ha+Р30

3,03

3,19

1,48

3,33

The use of natural zeolites and mineral fertilizers contributed to a significant increase in the yield of sunflower seed hybrids of the main soil fertility index. It should be noted that the weather and soil conditions impact vegetation growth. Especially the moisture supply combined with specific variety traits, had a significant effect on yields, i.e. Fortimi in 2016 produced 3,68 t/ha even after additional feeding with the lowest dose of Zeolite 1 tons/ha and after a single Р30 application. These results can be attributed to the high field germination shown by Fortimi in 2015 and relatively good leaf area and FP after application of Zeolite 1 tons/ha and Zeolite 1 tons/ha+Р30 and Zeolite 5 tons/ha+Р30. Very good results were shown by variety Zarya (in conformity with Kolyagin and Hausov, 2002). In spite of low germination rate (i.e. in 2016), Zarya was able to produce tall plants with large leaf area and good FP that reflected in high yields after applications of Zeolite 3 and 5 t/ha and all combinations with superphosphate. It also points out the better adaptability of Zarya to vadiable climate and soil conditions and more efficient utilization of additional nutrient provided by zeolites.

The results showed that the introduction of natural zeolite in the soil affects the formation of high yield upon stimulation and improved growth of plant biomass (taller plants), leaf area and photosynthetic potential. It is also dependent on climate conditions. Effectiveness of zeolites increases after a joint application with mineral fertilizers (providing essential P for plants), which has a positive effect not only on crop yields, but also on soil fertility and nutrients provision.

References

1. Barbariek K.A. Agronomik and horticulture usis of zeolites and revieru Zeo-agriculture use of natural zeolites in aqriculture and aquaculture. / Barbariek K.A. // West.Press.- Colorado, 1984. - P.93-103.

2. Darby H. Sunflower Research Trials. / Darby H., R. Madden, A. Gervais, and E. Cummings // University of Vermont Extension, St. Albans, VT. 2009.

3. Kaskarbayev Zh. Resource-saving technology of cultivation of sunflower for oilseeds: Recommendations / Kaskarbayev Zh., Pohorukov Yu., Kidralina A. // Shortandy, 2011. P. 3.

4. Kondau N. Ezperimental use of clinoptilolite - tuff as dietary supplements for pigs / Kondau N., Magai B. //- Votonrai, May, 1-4, - 1998, - P. 116-129.

5. Kolyagin Yu., Yield of sunflower seeds with the combined action of natural zeolites and fertilizers. Achievements of agrarian science at the beginning of the XXI century. / Kolyagin Yu., Haustov A. // Voronezh, 2002

6. Oshundiya F.O. Seed Yield and Quality of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as Influenced by Staggered Sowing and Organic Fertilizer Application in the Humid Tropics. / Oshundiya F.O., Olowe V.I.O. *, Sowemimo F.A. and Odedina J.N. // HELIA 2014; 37(61): DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/helia-2014-0012 Р. 237.

7. Pond W.G., Mumpton F.A. Zeo - agricujtur. Use of natural zeolites in aquaculture. - West_view Press. BSA, 1984. - 296 p.

8. Semenov A. Zeolite of Yakutia and its application in agriculture / Semenov A. // In the world of scientific discoveries. №6. Krasnoyarsk. 2010. Р. 334-336.

9. Sfechiє S. Review: Using Assessment of Zeolite Amendments in Agriculture. / Sfechiє S., Vidican R., Єandor M., Vlad S., Єandor V., Muste B. A // 2015, ProEnvironment 8(2015) http://journals.usamvcluj.ro/index.php/promediu Р. 85- 88.

10. Suzer S. Effects of different phosphorus rate and application time on sunflower seed yield and yield components./ Suzer S. // Helia 21(28): 1998. Р. 117-124.

Размещено на Allbest.ru


Подобные документы

  • World forest region map. Deforestation as the conversion of forest land to non-forest land for use (arable land, pasture). Effect of destruction of large areas of forest cover on the environment and reduce biodiversity. The methods of forest management.

    презентация [1,4 M], добавлен 06.05.2012

  • The concept of economic growth and development. Growth factors: extensive, intensive, the growth of the educational and professional level of personnel, improve the management of production. The factors of production: labor, capital and technology.

    презентация [2,3 M], добавлен 21.07.2013

  • Economic growth and potential of economic system. The main problems of productive forces in Ukraine. Modern approaches to productivity. Productivity growth in industries. Improvements in infrastructure quality Support of employment of the population.

    курсовая работа [15,3 K], добавлен 09.05.2011

  • The oxidative dehydrogenation of CH3OH and C2H5OH on different matrix, containing copper, and compared with each other. It was found that Y123 and Bi2212 are less active to compare with Cu-containing zeolites. The conversion of ethanol on zeolites.

    статья [1,1 M], добавлен 10.02.2015

  • Example of a bond valuing. Bond prices and yields. Stocks and stock market. Valuing common stocks. Capitalization rate. Constant growth DDM. Payout and plowback ratio. Assuming the dividend. Present value of growth opportunities. Sustainable growth rate.

    презентация [748,8 K], добавлен 02.08.2013

  • Characteristic of growth and development of Brazil and Russian Federation. Dynamics of growth and development. Gross value added by economic activity. Brazilian export of primary and manufactured goods. Export structure. Consumption side of GDP structure.

    реферат [778,3 K], добавлен 20.09.2012

  • Чтение и перевод текста "Economic growth". Ответы на вопросы к нему. Выбор правильного варианта слов, которыми необходимо заполнить пропуски в предложении. Определение правильности утверждений в английском тексте. Упражнение на составление словосочетаний.

    контрольная работа [10,7 K], добавлен 12.09.2013

  • Natural gas market overview: volume, value, segmentation. Supply and demand Factors of natural gas. Internal rivalry & competitors' overview. Outlook of the EU's energy demand from 2007 to 2030. Drivers of supplier power in the EU natural gas market.

    курсовая работа [2,0 M], добавлен 10.11.2013

  • A variety of economy of Kazakhstan, introduction of the international technical, financial, business standards, the introduction to the WTO. The measures planned in the new Tax code. Corporation surtax. Surtax reform. Economic growth and development.

    реферат [27,2 K], добавлен 26.02.2012

  • Productivity Growth in Agriculture: Sources and Constraints. Agriculture in Development Thought. Transition to Sustainability. Economic understanding of process of agricultural development. Technical changes and improvement of efficiency of agriculture.

    контрольная работа [31,5 K], добавлен 18.07.2009

Работы в архивах красиво оформлены согласно требованиям ВУЗов и содержат рисунки, диаграммы, формулы и т.д.
PPT, PPTX и PDF-файлы представлены только в архивах.
Рекомендуем скачать работу.