Èììîáèëèçàöèÿ ïåðîêñèäàçû õðåíà â ãèäðîãåëå è ìèêðî÷àñòèöàõ àëüãèíàòà êàëüöèÿ
Ñðàâíåíèå óñòîé÷èâîñòè äâóõ ïîëó÷åííûõ ðàçëè÷íûìè ñïîñîáàìè ïðåïàðàòîâ èììîáèëèçîâàííîé ïåðîêñèäàçû õðåíà, à òàêæå ñâîáîäíîãî ôåðìåíòà. Ñâîéñòâà ïðåïàðàòîâ: ïîâûøåííàÿ ñòàáèëüíîñòü ïðè õðàíåíèè è íàãðåâàíèè, âîçðàñòàíèå àêòèâíîñòè ïîëó÷åííîãî ãèäðîãåëÿ.
Ðóáðèêà | Ñåëüñêîå, ëåñíîå õîçÿéñòâî è çåìëåïîëüçîâàíèå |
Âèä | ñòàòüÿ |
ßçûê | ðóññêèé |
Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ | 12.05.2017 |
Ðàçìåð ôàéëà | 644,8 K |
Îòïðàâèòü ñâîþ õîðîøóþ ðàáîòó â áàçó çíàíèé ïðîñòî. Èñïîëüçóéòå ôîðìó, ðàñïîëîæåííóþ íèæå
Ñòóäåíòû, àñïèðàíòû, ìîëîäûå ó÷åíûå, èñïîëüçóþùèå áàçó çíàíèé â ñâîåé ó÷åáå è ðàáîòå, áóäóò âàì î÷åíü áëàãîäàðíû.
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Íàó÷íûé æóðíàë ÊóáÃÀÓ, ¹92(08), 2013 ãîäà
ÓÄÊ 577.114.4:577.151.03
ÎÎÎ “Ýêîëèò”, ã. Ìîñêâà
Èììîáèëèçàöèÿ ïåðîêñèäàçû õðåíà â ãèäðîãåëå è ìèêðî÷àñòèöàõ àëüãèíàòà êàëüöèÿ
Ïåñòîâñêèé?Þðèé?Ñåðãååâè÷
ê.õ.í.
Àííîòàöèÿ
 ñòàòüå ïðîâåäåíî ñðàâíåíèå óñòîé÷èâîñòè äâóõ ïîëó÷åííûõ ðàçëè÷íûìè ñïîñîáàìè ïðåïàðàòîâ èììîáèëèçîâàííîé ïåðîêñèäàçû õðåíà, à òàêæå ñâîáîäíîãî ôåðìåíòà. Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî îáà ïðåïàðàòà èììîáèëèçîâàííîé ïåðîêñèäàçû îáëàäàþò ïîâûøåííîé ñòàáèëüíîñòüþ ïðè õðàíåíèè è íàãðåâàíèè. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî àêòèâíîñòü ïîëó÷åííîãî ãèäðîãåëÿ ïîñëå ïðîãðåâà âîçðàñòàåò
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ÏÅÐÎÊÑÈÄÀÇÀ ÕÐÅÍÀ, ÀËÜÃÈÍÀÒ ÊÀËÜÖÈß, ÈÌÌÎÁÈËÈÇÀÖÈß, ÊÈÍÅÒÈÊÀ ÈÍÀÊÒÈÂÀÖÈÈ
ïåðîêñèäàçà õðåí õðàíåíèå ãèäðîãåëü
Annotation
In the article two differently obtained preparations of immobilized horseradish peroxidase are compared with free enzyme and with each other by their stability. It is shown that both preparations of immobilized peroxidase possess increased stability during storage and heating. It is established that activity of hydrogel obtained increases after heating
Keywords: HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE, CALCIUM ALGINATE, IMMOBILIZATION, INACTIVATION KINETICS
Êëþ÷åâûì òðåáîâàíèåì ê òåðàïåâòè÷åñêîìó èñïîëüçîâàíèþ ëåêàðñòâåííûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòü ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî è âðåìåííîãî êîíòðîëÿ èõ âûñâîáîæäåíèÿ. Îäèí èç ïåðñïåêòèâíûõ ñïîñîáîâ äîñòèæåíèÿ ýòîé öåëè - ñîçäàíèå áèîäåãðàäèðóåìûõ ïîëèìåðíûõ ìèêðî÷àñòèö ñ èíêàïñóëèðîâàííûìè áèîëîãè÷åñêè àêòèâíûìè ìîëåêóëàìè.
Ïðåèìóùåñòâàìè èíêàïñóëèðîâàíèÿ ôåðìåíòà â ïîëèñàõàðèäíîì ãåëå ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå íîâûõ ëåêàðñòâåííûõ ôîðì ÿâëÿþòñÿ îòñóòñòâèå íåîáõîäèìîñòè â äîïîëíèòåëüíîé ôóíêöèîíàëèçàöèè íîñèòåëÿ [1, 2], ñòàáèëèçàöèÿ ïðîòèâ èíàêòèâàöèè ïðè õðàíåíèè [1] è ïðè âîçäåéñòâèè âíåøíèõ ôàêòîðîâ [3], ñíèæåíèå èììóíîãåííîñòè ïðåïàðàòà [4], âîçìîæíîå ïîâûøåíèå íà÷àëüíîé àêòèâíîñòè çà ñ÷åò ýôôåêòîâ ìèêðîîêðóæåíèÿ [2], à òàêæå ïîñòåïåííîå âûñâîáîæäåíèå ôåðìåíòà [1], ÷òî îáåñïå÷èâàåò ïðîëîíãèðîâàííîå äåéñòâèå ïðåïàðàòà. Âîçìîæíîñòü êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî âûñâîáîæäåíèÿ ôåðìåíòîâ [5] ïîçâîëÿåò ñóùåñòâåííî ðàñøèðèòü îáëàñòè èõ òåðàïåâòè÷åñêîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ.
 íàñòîÿùåé ðàáîòå èçó÷åíî âëèÿíèå èììîáèëèçàöèè ïåðîêñèäàçû õðåíà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì êàëüöèé-àëüãèíàòíîãî íîñèòåëÿ íà ôóíêöèîíàëüíûå ñâîéñòâà ôåðìåíòíîãî ïðåïàðàòà. Êàëüöèé-àëüãèíàòíûé ãåëü øèðîêî ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ â ôàðìàöåâòèêå è áèîìåäèöèíå, òàê êàê îí îáðàçóåòñÿ â ìÿãêèõ óñëîâèÿõ ïðè êîìíàòíîé òåìïåðàòóðå, áèîäåãðàäèðóåì â ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ è áëèçîê ïî ãèäðîäèíàìè÷åñêèì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì ê ïðèðîäíûì òêàíÿì [1].
Ïåðîêñèäàçà õðåíà øèðîêî ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ â áèîõèìè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ êàê ìîäåëüíûé ôåðìåíò [1, 6, 7, 8], òàê êàê åå ñâîéñòâà ïîäðîáíî èçó÷åíû è ðàçðàáîòàíû âûñîêî÷óâñòâèòåëüíûå, íàäåæíûå è íå ñîïðÿæåííûå ñ òåõíè÷åñêèìè ñëîæíîñòÿìè ìåòîäû èçìåðåíèÿ àêòèâíîñòè äàííîãî ôåðìåíòà [9]. Ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ, ïåðîêñèäàçû ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ èìåþò ïåðñïåêòèâû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â òåðàïåâòè÷åñêèõ öåëÿõ [10-20]. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èììîáèëèçàöèÿ ïåðîêñèäàçû â îáëàäàþùåì áèîñîâìåñòèìîñòüþ êàëüöèé-àëüãèíàòíîì ãåëå ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ ïåðñïåêòèâíîé äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ íîâûõ ôåðìåíòíûõ ëåêàðñòâåííûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ; ïîëó÷åííûå çàêîíîìåðíîñòè ìîãóò áûòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû è íà ïðåïàðàòû ìíîãèõ äðóãèõ ôåðìåíòîâ.
Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé
Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ôåðìåíòíûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ â êà÷åñòâå ëåêàðñòâåííûõ ñðåäñòâ íàêëàäûâàåò çíà÷èòåëüíûå òðåáîâàíèÿ íà èõ ñòàáèëüíîñòü, âêëþ÷àÿ òåðìîñòàáèëüíîñòü è ñòàáèëüíîñòü ïðè äëèòåëüíîì õðàíåíèè. Îäíèì èç ýôôåêòèâíûõ ìåòîäîâ ñòàáèëèçàöèè ôåðìåíòîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ èíêàïñóëèðîâàíèå ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì áèîñîâìåñòèìîé ìàòðèöû.  ýòîé ñâÿçè â íàñòîÿùåé ðàáîòå èññëåäîâàíî âëèÿíèå èììîáèëèçàöèè ïåðîêñèäàçû õðåíà íà êàëüöèé-àëüãèíàòíîì íîñèòåëå íà ñòàáèëüíîñòü ôåðìåíòà.
Èììîáèëèçàöèÿ ïåðîêñèäàçû õðåíà íà êàëüöèé-àëüãèíàòíîì íîñèòåëå.  íàñòîÿùåé ðàáîòå áûëè èçó÷åíû äâà îäèíàêîâûõ ïî ñîñòàâó ïðåïàðàòà ïåðîêñèäàçû õðåíà, èììîáèëèçîâàííîé íà êàëüöèé-àëüãèíàòíîì íîñèòåëå, ïîëó÷åííûå ìåòîäîì âíåøíåãî ãåëåîáðàçîâàíèÿ.  îäíîì ñëó÷àå ðàñòâîð àëüãèíàòà ââîäèòñÿ â ðàñòâîð õëîðèäà êàëüöèÿ ïðè ïåðåìåøèâàíèè. Ïðè ýòîì ãåëåîáðàçîâàíèå ïðîèñõîäèò â îáëàñòè ñìåøåíèÿ ðàñòâîðîâ àëüãèíàòà íàòðèÿ è õëîðèäà êàëüöèÿ, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê îáðàçîâàíèþ îäíîðîäíîãî ãèäðîãåëÿ.  äðóãîì ñëó÷àå ðàñòâîð àëüãèíàòà, ñîäåðæàùèé ôåðìåíò, âíîñèòñÿ â ðàñòâîð õëîðèäà êàëüöèÿ â âèäå ìèêðîêàïåëü, è ãåëåîáðàçîâàíèå ïðîèñõîäèò â íàïðàâëåíèè îò ïîâåðõíîñòè ê öåíòðó ïîëó÷àåìûõ ìèêðî÷àñòèö. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìèêðîðàçáðûçãèâàòåëÿ ïðè ýòîì ïîçâîëÿåò ïîëó÷àòü îäíîðîäíûå ìèêðîêàïëè çàäàííîãî ðàçìåðà. Ðàçìåð ïîð íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ìèêðî÷àñòèö, ïîëó÷àåìûõ ìåòîäîì âíåøíåãî ãåëåîáðàçîâàíèÿ, ìåíüøå, ÷åì ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ìåòîäà âíóòðåííåãî ãåëåîáðàçîâàíèÿ, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê ìåíüøèì ïîòåðÿì ôåðìåíòà â ïðîöåññå èììîáèëèçàöèè [21], áîëüøåé ïðî÷íîñòè ïîëó÷àåìûõ ìèêðî÷àñòèö [22] è ìåíüøåé ñïîñîáíîñòè ê ñæàòèþ [23]. Äðóãàÿ îòëè÷èòåëüíàÿ îñîáåííîñòü ïîëó÷àåìûõ ìåòîäîì âíåøíåãî ãåëåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ìèêðî÷àñòèö - íàëè÷èå ïëîòíîé îáîëî÷êè [23, 24], ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ îñíîâíûì áàðüåðîì ïðè äèôôóçèè áåëêîâ [23].
Ïîëó÷åííûå ïðåïàðàòû õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ áëèçêèìè çíà÷åíèÿìè ýôôåêòèâíîãî ñîäåðæàíèÿ ôåðìåíòà (7,4 ìêã è 7,8 ìêã íà 1 ìã ãèäðàòèðîâàííûõ ãèäðîãåëÿ è ìèêðî÷àñòèö ñîîòâåòñòâåííî), êàê áûëî îïðåäåëåíî ïî êàëèáðîâî÷íîé êðèâîé, ïîëó÷åííîé äëÿ ñâîáîäíîãî ôåðìåíòà â èíòåðâàëå êîíöåíòðàöèé 0 - 0,002 ìã/ìë. Àêòèâíîñòè ïðåïàðàòîâ â ðåàêöèè îêèñëåíèÿ ÒÌÁ ñîñòàâëÿþò 0,032 åä. è 0,046 åä. íà 1 ìã. Äåéñòâèòåëüíîå ñîäåðæàíèå ôåðìåíòà ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,1816 ìêã íà 1 ìã ñóõîãî ïðåïàðàòà. Îòëè÷èå äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî ñîäåðæàíèÿ îò ýôôåêòèâíîãî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî â ïðîöåññå èììîáèëèçàöèè ïðîèñõîäèò àêòèâàöèÿ ôåðìåíòà. Âûõîä ïî ôåðìåíòó ñîñòàâèë 85%. Äåéñòâèòåëüíîå ñîäåðæàíèå ôåðìåíòà è âûõîä áûëè ïîëó÷åíû, èñõîäÿ èç ñîäåðæàíèÿ ïåðîêñèäàçû â ðàñòâîðå äî è ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ èììîáèëèçàöèè, îïðåäåëÿâøåãîñÿ ïî ïîãëîùåíèþ íà 403 íì. Äèàìåòð ìèêðî÷àñòèö, îïðåäåëåííûé ñ ïîìîùüþ ìèêðîñêîïà, ñîñòàâëÿåò ïîðÿäêà 0,5 ìì. Íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ãèäðîãåëÿ (ðèñóíîê 1) è ìèêðî÷àñòèö (ðèñóíîê 2) èìåþòñÿ ïîðû. Íàðóæíûé äèàìåòð íåêîòîðûõ èç íèõ ñîñòàâëÿåò ïîðÿäêà íåñêîëüêèõ íàíîìåòðîâ.
Ðèñóíîê 1. Ó÷àñòîê ïîâåðõíîñòè ãèäðîãåëÿ.
Ðèñóíîê 2. Ó÷àñòîê ïîâåðõíîñòè ìèêðî÷àñòèö.
Òåðìîñòàáèëüíîñòü ïîëó÷åííûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ èììîáèëèçîâàííîé ïåðîêñèäàçû è ñâîáîäíîãî ôåðìåíòà. Íà ðèñóíêå 3 ïðåäñòàâëåíû òåðìîèíàêòèâàöèîííûå êðèâûå ñâîáîäíîé è èììîáèëèçîâàííîé â ãèäðîãåëå ïåðîêñèäàçû. Êàê âèäíî èç ðèñóíêà, â õîäå èíêóáàöèè ïðè 60ºC â òå÷åíèå 1 ÷àñà àêòèâíîñòü ñâîáîäíîãî ôåðìåíòà óìåíüøàåòñÿ â 10 ðàç (îò 0,030 åä. äî 0,003 åä.). Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî àãðåãàöèè ôåðìåíòà â äàííûõ óñëîâèÿõ íå ïðîèñõîäèò [25].
Ðèñóíîê 3. Çàâèñèìîñòü àêòèâíîñòè ïåðîêñèäàçû õðåíà, èììîáèëèçîâàííîé â ãèäðîãåëå, è àêòèâíîñòè ñâîáîäíîãî ôåðìåíòà â ðåàêöèè îêèñëåíèÿ ÒÌÁ ïåðîêñèäîì âîäîðîäà îò âðåìåíè èíêóáàöèè ïðè pH 6,5 è 60ºC.
 ñëó÷àå ãèäðîãåëÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ íåîáû÷íûé âèä òåðìîèíàêòèâàöèîííîé êðèâîé: àêòèâíîñòü èììîáèëèçîâàííîãî ôåðìåíòà â õîäå èíêóáàöèè ïðè 60ºC ïîñòåïåííî âîçðàñòàåò, ñòðåìÿñü ê íàñûùåíèþ (ñì. ðèñóíîê 3). Òàê, àêòèâíîñòü ïðåïàðàòà äî íà÷àëà èíêóáàöèè ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,032 åä., ïîñëå 20 ìèí èíêóáàöèè - 0,065 åä., ïîñëå 60 ìèí èíêóáàöèè - 0,073 åä. Ïðè ýòîì íà÷àëüíûå àêòèâíîñòè ñâîáîäíîãî è èììîáèëèçîâàííîãî ôåðìåíòà ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñîâïàäàþò (ñì. ðèñóíîê 3). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âêëþ÷åíèå ôåðìåíòà â ãèäðîãåëü ïðèâîäèò ê óâåëè÷åíèþ àêòèâíîñòè ôåðìåíòíîãî ïðåïàðàòà ïîñëå èíêóáàöèè â òå÷åíèå ÷àñà ïðè 60ºC â 25 ðàç ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñî ñâîáîäíûì ôåðìåíòîì. Äàííûé ýôôåêò íå ñâÿçàí ñ âûñâîáîæäåíèåì ôåðìåíòà â ðàñòâîð, òàê êàê ïîñëå îòáîðà ïðîáû èììîáèëèçîâàííîãî ïðåïàðàòà ðàñòâîð äåêàíòèðîâàëè. Âîçðàñòàíèå àêòèâíîñòè ïðåïàðàòà ìîæåò îáúÿñíÿòüñÿ óâåëè÷åíèåì êîëè÷åñòâà äîñòóïíîãî ôåðìåíòà â ðåçóëüòàòå ðàñøèðåíèÿ ïîð ãèäðîãåëÿ ïðè ïîâûøåíèè òåìïåðàòóðû. Òàê, äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ àãàðîçíîãî ãåëÿ áûëî ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ïðè ïîâûøåíèè òåìïåðàòóðû ðàçìåð åãî ïîð âîçðàñòàåò [26].
Íà ðèñóíêå 4 ïðåäñòàâëåíû äàííûå ïî àêòèâíîñòè ïîëó÷åííûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ ïåðîêñèäàçû äî è ïîñëå èíêóáàöèè ïðè 60ºC â òå÷åíèå ÷àñà. Èç ïðèâåäåííûõ äàííûõ ñëåäóåò, ÷òî íà÷àëüíàÿ àêòèâíîñòü ïåðîêñèäàçû, èììîáèëèçîâàííîé â ìèêðî÷àñòèöàõ, íà 55% âûøå ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñî ñâîáîäíûì ôåðìåíòîì (ñì. ðèñóíîê 4). Ïîñëå èíêóáàöèè àêòèâíîñòü èììîáèëèçîâàííîé ïåðîêñèäàçû ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå èçìåíèëàñü ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ íà÷àëüíûì óðîâíåì. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, äîñòóïíîñòü ôåðìåíòà â ìèêðî÷àñòèöàõ èçíà÷àëüíî âûñîêà è íå èçìåíÿåòñÿ â õîäå èíêóáàöèè. Ïðè ýòîì èíàêòèâàöèè ôåðìåíòà òàêæå íå ïðîèñõîäèò (ñì. ðèñóíîê 3). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èììîáèëèçàöèÿ ôåðìåíòà â îáîèõ ðàññìîòðåííûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðèâîäèò ê åãî ñòàáèëèçàöèè, ïîñêîëüêó ïîñëå èíêóáàöèè ïðè 60ºC â òå÷åíèå ÷àñà àêòèâíîñòü ïðåïàðàòîâ èììîáèëèçîâàííîãî ôåðìåíòà, â îòëè÷èå îò ñâîáîäíîãî ôåðìåíòà, íå óìåíüøàåòñÿ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ íà÷àëüíîé.
Âîçìîæíîé ïðè÷èíîé ñòàáèëèçàöèè ôåðìåíòà ïðè èììîáèëèçàöèè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì êàëüöèé-àëüãèíàòíîãî íîñèòåëÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ çàêðåïëåíèå êàòàëèòè÷åñêè àêòèâíîé êîíôîðìàöèè â ðåçóëüòàòå ìíîãîòî÷å÷íûõ ýëåêòðîñòàòè÷åñêèõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèé ñ ïîëèýëåêòðîëèòîì. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè ôåðìåíò-ïîëèýëåêòðîëèòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ðÿäà ãèäðîëèòè÷åñêèõ ôåðìåíòîâ (á-õèìîòðèïñèíà, ñóáòèëèçèíà, öåëëþëàçû è äð.) äàííûé ýôôåêò ïðåïÿòñòâóåò èíàêòèâàöèè ñâÿçàííîãî ôåðìåíòà â ïðèñóòñòâèè äåíàòóðèðóþùèõ äîáàâîê è ïðè ïîâûøåííûõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ [27-29]. Àíàëîãè÷íûå ðåçóëüòàòû áûëè ïîëó÷åíû è äëÿ ïåðîêñèäàçû â êîìïëåêñå ñ ãåïàðèíîì [30]. Ïîñêîëüêó ïåðîêñèäàçà õðåíà ãëèêîçèëèðîâàíà [31], âîçìîæíà òàêæå ðåàëèçàöèÿ åå ìíîãîòî÷å÷íûõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèé ñ óãëåâîäíûì íîñèòåëåì çà ñ÷åò ýôôåêòà «çàÿêîðåâàíèÿ» [32].
Ðèñóíîê 4. Ñðàâíåíèå àêòèâíîñòè ïðåïàðàòîâ ñâîáîäíîé è èììîáèëèçîâàííîé â ãèäðîãåëå è ìèêðî÷àñòèöàõ ïåðîêñèäàçû õðåíà, äî (ñâåòëûå ñòîëáöû) è ïîñëå 60 ìèí èíêóáàöèè ïðè pH 6,5 è 60ºC (òåìíûå ñòîëáöû).
Äðóãèì âîçìîæíûì ìåõàíèçìîì ñòàáèëèçàöèè ïåðîêñèäàçû ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèå äèññîöèàöèè ãåìà. Òàê, â ñëó÷àå ìèîãëîáèíà áûëî íàéäåíî, ÷òî äèññîöèàöèÿ ãåìà ñâîáîäíîãî áåëêà ïðè pH 4 ïðîèñõîäèò çà íåñêîëüêî ìèíóò, îäíàêî ïîñëå èììîáèëèçàöèè áåëêà â ïîðàõ ñèëèêàãåëÿ äèññîöèàöèÿ ãåìà ïðîèñõîäèò çà 2?-?4 ÷àñà äàæå ïðè pH 2 [33]. Îãðàíè÷åíèå êîíôîðìàöèîííîé ïîäâèæíîñòè áåëêîâîé ãëîáóëû â ïîðàõ òàêæå ìîæåò âíîñèòü âêëàä â óâåëè÷åíèå ñòàáèëüíîñòè ïðåïàðàòà [34]. Êàëüöèé-àëüãèíàòíûå ìèêðî÷àñòèöû ìîãóò èìåòü ïîðû äèàìåòðîì 5?-?200 íì [35]. Íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ïîëó÷åííûõ íàìè ïðåïàðàòîâ òàêæå ïðèñóòñòâóþò ïîðû, è íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ èìåþò íàðóæíûé äèàìåòð ïîðÿäêà íåñêîëüêèõ íàíîìåòðîâ, ÷òî ñîïîñòàâèìî ñ äèàìåòðîì ïåðîêñèäàçû, êîòîðûé ñîñòàâëÿåò 5 íì [36].
Ñòàáèëüíîñòü èììîáèëèçîâàííûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ ïåðîêñèäàçû ïðè õðàíåíèè. Îäíèì èç âàæíåéøèõ ôàêòîðîâ, îáóñëîâëèâàþùèõ âîçìîæíîñòü ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ èììîáèëèçîâàííûõ ôåðìåíòîâ â êà÷åñòâå êîìïîíåíòîâ ëåêàðñòâåííûõ ñðåäñòâ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ èõ ñòàáèëüíîñòü ïðè õðàíåíèè.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì â íàñòîÿùåé ðàáîòå áûëà èçó÷åíà çàâèñèìîñòü àêòèâíîñòè ïîëó÷åííûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ îò âðåìåíè õðàíåíèÿ ïðè pH 6,5 è 4ºC.
Îáíàðóæåíî, ÷òî ïîëó÷åííûå ïðåïàðàòû èììîáèëèçîâàííîãî ôåðìåíòà â àëüãèíàòíîì ãåëå îòëè÷àþòñÿ ïîâûøåííîé ñòàáèëüíîñòüþ ïðè õðàíåíèè. Òàê, àêòèâíîñòü ïåðîêñèäàçû â ãèäðîãåëå, õðàíèâøåìñÿ â òå÷åíèå ìåñÿöà, ñîñòàâëÿåò 70% îò íà÷àëüíîé (ðèñóíîê 5).  ñëó÷àå ñâîáîäíîãî ôåðìåíòà îñòàòî÷íàÿ àêòèâíîñòü â àíàëîãè÷íûõ óñëîâèÿõ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ òîëüêî íà óðîâíå 19%. Âêëþ÷åíèå ôåðìåíòà â ìèêðî÷àñòèöû òàêæå ïðèâîäèò ê åãî çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòàáèëèçàöèè. Îñòàòî÷íàÿ àêòèâíîñòü ïðåïàðàòà ïîñëå 7 ìåñÿöåâ õðàíåíèÿ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ íà óðîâíå 1,3%, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ñâîáîäíûé ôåðìåíò ïîëíîñòüþ èíàêòèâèðóåòñÿ ìåíåå ÷åì çà 50 ñóòîê õðàíåíèÿ â ðàñòâîðåííîì ñîñòîÿíèè.
Ðèñóíîê 5. Çàâèñèìîñòü àêòèâíîñòè ãèäðîãåëÿ îò âðåìåíè õðàíåíèÿ ïðè pH 6,5 è 4ºC.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âêëþ÷åíèå ïåðîêñèäàçû â ãèäðîãåëü íà îñíîâå àëüãèíàòà êàëüöèÿ, òàêæå êàê è â ìèêðîêàïñóëû íà åãî îñíîâå, ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ ïåðñïåêòèâíûì äëÿ ñòàáèëèçàöèè ôåðìåíòà êàê ïðè âîçäåéñòâèè âíåøíèõ ôàêòîðîâ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ïîâûøåííîé òåìïåðàòóðû, òàê è ïðè õðàíåíèè. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîâåäåííîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ îòêðûâàþò íîâûå ïåðñïåêòèâû â ïëàíå ðàñøèðåíèÿ êðóãà ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ôåðìåíòîâ ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå íîâûõ âûñîêîýôôåêòèâíûõ áèîêàòàëèòè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåì äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ â ìåäèöèíå è áèîòåõíîëîãèè, à òàêæå â àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ öåëÿõ.  ÷àñòíîñòè, ñïîñîáíîñòü ãèäðîãåëÿ ê àêòèâàöèè äàåò âîçìîæíîñòü åãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êà÷åñòâå íîñèòåëÿ â ñîñòàâå ïðåïàðàòîâ òåðàïåâòè÷åñêèõ ôåðìåíòîâ äëÿ ïðèäàíèÿ èì âîçìîæíîñòè ïðîëîíãèðîâàííîãî äåéñòâèÿ.
Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ ÷àñòü
 ðàáîòå èñïîëüçîâàëè ïåðîêñèäàçó õðåíà (“Merck”, Ãåðìàíèÿ), àëüãèíîâóþ êèñëîòó (“Fluka”, Ãåðìàíèÿ, Mr ˜48000 - 186000), ãèäðîêñèä íàòðèÿ (“ICN Biomedicals”, ÑØÀ), CaCl2·2H2O (“Sigma”, ÑØÀ), êîìïîíåíòû íàòðèé-ôîñôàòíîãî áóôåðíîãî ðàñòâîðà (“Merck”, Ãåðìàíèÿ), ðàñòâîð ïåðîêñèäà âîäîðîäà â ñóáñòðàòíîì áóôåðå è ðàñòâîð 3,3',5,5'-òåòðàìåòèëáåíçèäèíà (ÒÌÁ, ÎÎÎ “ÕèìÁèîÒåñò”, Ðîññèÿ). Âñå ðåàêòèâû èñïîëüçîâàëèñü áåç ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîé î÷èñòêè. Ðàñòâîðû ôåðìåíòà ãîòîâèëè íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïåðåä ýêñïåðèìåíòîì.
Äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ èçìåðåíèé èñïîëüçîâàëè êþâåòíûé ñïåêòðîôîòîìåòð Shimadzu UV-265 FW. pH êîíòðîëèðîâàëè íà ïîòåíöèîìåòðå Thermo ORION 3 STAR. Îáðàçöû öåíòðèôóãèðîâàëè íà ìèêðîöåíòðèôóãå Eppendorf 5415 D. Äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ òåðìîñòàáèëüíîñòè îáðàçöîâ èñïîëüçîâàëè òåðìîñòàò Medingen U7. Ðàçìåðû ìèêðî÷àñòèö è ïîð îïðåäåëÿëè ñ ïîìîùüþ îïòè÷åñêîãî ìèêðîñêîïà Opton ID 02.
Îïðåäåëåíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ íàòèâíîãî ôåðìåíòà â èñïîëüçóåìîì ïðåïàðàòå. Êîíöåíòðàöèþ ñâîáîäíîãî íàòèâíîãî ôåðìåíòà â èñïîëüçóåìîì ðàñòâîðå îïðåäåëÿëè ïî ïîãëîùåíèþ íà 403 íì [31], ïðèíèìàÿ êîýôôèöèåíò ìîëÿðíîãî ïîãëîùåíèÿ ïåðîêñèäàçû ðàâíûì 102000 M?¹•ñì?¹ è ìîëÿðíóþ ìàññó ïåðîêñèäàçû ðàâíîé 44174 Äà. Ýôôåêòèâíîå ñîäåðæàíèå ôåðìåíòà â èììîáèëèçîâàííûõ ïðåïàðàòàõ îïðåäåëÿëè ïî êàëèáðîâî÷íîé êðèâîé, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùåé ñîáîé çàâèñèìîñòü àêòèâíîñòè ñâîáîäíîãî ôåðìåíòà îò åãî êîíöåíòðàöèè â ðàñòâîðå â èíòåðâàëå êîíöåíòðàöèé 0 - 0,002 ìã/ìë.
Ïîëó÷åíèå ðàñòâîðà àëüãèíàòà íàòðèÿ, ñîäåðæàùåãî ïåðîêñèäàçó. Ê ñóñïåíçèè 0,9 ã àëüãèíîâîé êèñëîòû â 30 ìë âîäû äîáàâëÿëè ïðè ïåðåìåøèâàíèè 10% ðàñòâîð NaOH äî äîñòèæåíèÿ pH 7,0 - 7,5. Ê ïîëó÷åííîìó ðàñòâîðó ïðè ñëàáîì ïåðåìåøèâàíèè äîáàâëÿëè 10 ìë ðàñòâîðà ïåðîêñèäàçû ñ êîíöåíòðàöèåé 0,5 ìã/ìë â 20 ìM íàòðèé-ôîñôàòíîì áóôåðíîì ðàñòâîðå, pH 6,5.
Èììîáèëèçàöèÿ ïåðîêñèäàçû â êàëüöèé-àëüãèíàòíîì ãèäðîãåëå. Ðàñòâîð àëüãèíàòà íàòðèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèé ïåðîêñèäàçó, ïîñòåïåííî äîáàâëÿëè ê 100 ìë 0,1 M ðàñòâîðà CaCl2 ïðè ïåðåìåøèâàíèè. Ðàñòâîð ñ îáðàçîâàâøèìñÿ ãèäðîãåëåì âûäåðæèâàëè 2 ÷àñà ïðè ñëàáîì ïåðåìåøèâàíèè, ïîñëå ÷åãî ãèäðîãåëü îòäåëÿëè öåíòðèôóãèðîâàíèåì â òå÷åíèå 10 ìèí ïðè 13200 îá/ìèí è çàòåì ïðîâîäèëè ïðîìûâêó ãèäðîãåëÿ îò íåñâÿçàííîãî ôåðìåíòà áóôåðíûì ðàñòâîðîì. Ïðîìûâêó ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì öåíòðèôóãèðîâàíèåì ïîâòîðÿëè 3 ðàçà. Ïîñëå öåíòðèôóãèðîâàíèÿ áåç äîáàâëåíèÿ áóôåðíîãî ðàñòâîðà ãèäðîãåëü îòäåëÿëè äåêàíòàöèåé ðàñòâîðà è èñïîëüçîâàëè åãî â äàëüíåéøåì ýêñïåðèìåíòå.
Èììîáèëèçàöèÿ ïåðîêñèäàçû â êàëüöèé-àëüãèíàòíûõ ìèêðî÷àñòèöàõ [1]. Ðàñòâîð àëüãèíàòà íàòðèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèé ïåðîêñèäàçó, äîáàâëÿëè ê 100 ìë 0,1 M ðàñòâîðà CaCl2 ñ ïîìîùüþ ìèêðîðàçáðûçãèâàòåëÿ. Ïîñëå âûäåðæèâàíèÿ â òå÷åíèå 2 ÷àñîâ ïðè ñëàáîì ïåðåìåøèâàíèè îáðàçîâàâøèåñÿ ìèêðî÷àñòèöû îòäåëÿëè ôèëüòðàöèåé, çàòåì èõ 3 ðàçà ïðîìûâàëè áóôåðíûì ðàñòâîðîì ñ öåëüþ óäàëåíèÿ íåñâÿçàííîãî ôåðìåíòà. Àãðåãàöèè ïîëó÷åííûõ ìèêðî÷àñòèö ïðè õðàíåíèè íå íàáëþäàåòñÿ.
Èçó÷åíèå êèíåòèêè òåðìîèíàêòèâàöèè íàòèâíîé è èììîáèëèçîâàííîé ïåðîêñèäàçû. Îáðàçöû ãèäðîãåëÿ (èëè ìèêðî÷àñòèö) ïîä ñëîåì áóôåðíîãî ðàñòâîðà è ðàñòâîð ñâîáîäíîãî ôåðìåíòà â íàòðèé-ôîñôàòíîì áóôåðå, èñïîëüçóåìûé â êà÷åñòâå êîíòðîëÿ, èíêóáèðîâàëè ïðè 60ºC.  ðàçëè÷íûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ èñïîëüçîâàëèñü êîíöåíòðàöèè ôåðìåíòà 0,0002 - 0,0031 ìã/ìë. ×åðåç îïðåäåëåííîå âðåìÿ îòáèðàëè ïðîáû ãèäðîãåëÿ (èëè ìèêðî÷àñòèö) ìàññîé 0,001 - 0,002 ã è áûñòðî îõëàæäàëè èõ, îòäåëÿëè ãèäðîãåëü (èëè ìèêðî÷àñòèöû) äåêàíòàöèåé ðàñòâîðà è îïðåäåëÿëè èõ êàòàëèòè÷åñêóþ àêòèâíîñòü êàê îïèñàíî íèæå.
Îïðåäåëåíèå êàòàëèòè÷åñêîé àêòèâíîñòè ôåðìåíòà â ðàñòâîðå.  ïëàñòèêîâóþ êþâåòó îáúåìîì 3 ìë âíîñèëè 2900 ìêë áóôåðíîãî ðàñòâîðà, 10 ìêë ðàñòâîðà ôåðìåíòà è 50 ìêë ðàñòâîðà ÒÌÁ. Ðåàêöèþ èíèöèèðîâàëè äîáàâëåíèåì 50 ìêë ðàñòâîðà ïåðîêñèäà âîäîðîäà è ðåãèñòðèðîâàëè çàâèñèìîñòü îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòè ïðè 370 íì îò âðåìåíè. Çà 1 åä. àêòèâíîñòè ïðåïàðàòà ïåðîêñèäàçû õðåíà ïðèíèìàëè êîëè÷åñòâî ôåðìåíòà, íåîáõîäèìîå äëÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ îïòè÷åñêîé ïëîòíîñòè ðàñòâîðà íà äëèíå âîëíû 370 íì íà îäíó åäèíèöó â ðåàêöèè îêèñëåíèÿ ÒÌÁ çà 1 ìèí ïðè 22ºÑ. Îøèáêà îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿëà 10-15%.
Îïðåäåëåíèå êàòàëèòè÷åñêîé àêòèâíîñòè èììîáèëèçîâàííîãî ôåðìåíòà. Ê îáðàçöó ãèäðîãåëÿ èëè ìèêðî÷àñòèö èçâåñòíîé ìàññû äîáàâëÿëè 2900 ìêë áóôåðíîãî ðàñòâîðà è 50 ìêë ðàñòâîðà ÒÌÁ. Ðåàêöèþ èíèöèèðîâàëè 50 ìêë ðàñòâîðà ïåðîêñèäà âîäîðîäà. ×åðåç êàæäûå 30 ñåêóíä îòáèðàëè ïðîáû íàäîñàäî÷íîé æèäêîñòè è ðåãèñòðèðîâàëè èõ îïòè÷åñêóþ ïëîòíîñòü ïðè 370 íì.
Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû
Silk Coatings on PLGA and Alginate Microspheres for Protein Delivery / Wang X., Wenk E., Hu X., Castro G.R., Meinel L., Wang X., Li C., Merkle H., and Kaplan D.L. // Biomatelials. - 2007. - V. 28(28). - P. 4161-4169.
Alemzadeh I. Removal of Phenols from Wastewater with Encapsulated Horseradish Peroxidase in Calcium Alginate / Alemzadeh I., Nejati S., and Vossoughi M. // Engineering Letters, 17:4, EL_17_4_13
Sawada S. Nano-Encapsulation of Lipase by Self-Assembled Nanogels: Induction of High Enzyme Activity and Thermal Stabilization / Sawada S., Akiyoshi K. // Macromolecular Bioscience. - 2010. - V. 10. - P. 353-358.
Singh R. Artificial envelopment of nonenveloped viruses: enhancing adenovirus tumor targeting in vivo / Singh R., Tian B. and Kostarelos K. // The FASEB journal. - 2008. - V. 2. - P. 3389-3402.
Santagapita P.R. Formulation and Drying of Alginate Beads for Controlled Release and Stabilization of Invertase / Santagapita P.R., Mazzobre M.F., and Buera M.P. // Biomacromolecules. - 2011. DOI: 10.1021/bm2009075
Felici M. â-Cyclodextrin-Appended Giant Amphiphile: Aggregation to Vesicle Polymersomes and Immobilization of Enzymes / Felici M., Marzá-Pérez M., Hatzakis N.S., Nolte R.J.M., and Feiters M.C. // Chem. Eur. J. - 2008. - V. 14. - P. 9914-9920.
Nilsson K. p-Toluenesulfonyl Chloride as an Activating Agent of Agarose for the Preparation of Immobilized Affinity Ligands and Proteins / Nilsson K. and Mosbach K. // Eur. J. Biochem. - 1980. - V. 112. - P. 397-402.
Detection of Polyclonal Antibody Against Any Area of the Protein-Antigen Using Immobilized Protein-Antigens: The Critical Role of the Immobilization Protocol / Fuentes M., Mateo C., Fernández-Lafuente R., and Guisán J.M. // Biomacromolecules. - 2006. - V. 7. - P. 540-544.
Josephy P.D. The Horseradish Peroxidase-catalyzed Oxidation of 3,5,3´,5´-Tetramethylbenzidine. Free radical and charge-transfer complex intermediates / Josephy P.D., Eling T., and Mason R.P. // J. Biol. Chem. - 1982. - V. 257(7). - P. 3669-3675.
Antioxidant Effects of Superoxide Dismutase and Horseradish Peroxidase on Lipid Peroxidation / Gao S.-J., Zhao G.-C., Luo G.-M., Yang T.-S., and Shen G.-C. // Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. - 1998. - V. 864. - Enzyme Engineering XIV. - P. 284-287.
Folkes L.K. Toward targeted “oxidation therapy” of cancer: peroxidase-catalyzed cytotoxicity of indole-3-acetic acids / Folkes L.K., Candeias L.P. and Wardman P. // International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. - 1998. - V. 42(4). - P. 917-920.
Folkes L.K. Oxidative activation of indole-3-acetic acids to cytotoxic species - a potential new role for plant auxins in cancer therapy / Folkes L.K. and Wardman P. // Biochemical Pharmacology. - 2001. - V. 61(2). - P. 129-136.
Horseradish Peroxidase-mediated Gene Therapy: Choice of Prodrugs in Oxic and Anoxic Tumor Conditions / Greco O., Rossiter S., Kanthou C., Folkes L.K., Wardman P., Tozer G.M., and Dachs G.U. // Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. - 2001. - V. 1. - P. 151-160.
Greco O. Gene Directed Enzyme/Prodrug Therapy of Cancer: Historical Appraisal and Future Prospectives / Greco O. and Dachs G.U. //. Journal of Cellular Physiology. - 2001. - V. 187. - P. 22-36.
Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity Induced by Horseradish Peroxidase/Indole-3-Acetic Acid Gene Therapy / Greco O., Dachs G.U., Tozer G.M. and Kanthou C. // Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. - 2002. - V. 87. - P. 221-232.
Rossiter S. Halogenated Indole-3-acetic Acids as Oxidatively Activated Prodrugs with Potential for Targeted Cancer Therapy / Rossiter S., Folkes L.K. and Wardman P. // Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. - 2002. - V. 12. - P. 2523-2526.
Kim D.-S. Oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid by horseradish peroxidase induces apoptosis in G361 human melanoma cells / Kim D.-S., Jeon S.-E., Park K.-C. // Cellular Signalling. - 2004. - V. 16. - P. 81-88.
Tafazoli S. Prooxidant Activity and Cytotoxic Effects of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Derivative Radicals / Tafazoli S. and O'Brien P.J. // Chem. Res. Toxicol. - 2004. - V. 17. - P. 1350-1355.
Analysis of the horseradish peroxidase/indole-3-acetic acid combination in a three-dimensional tumor model / Tupper J., Greco O., Tozer G.M., and Dachs G.U. // Cancer Gene Therapy. - 2004. - V. 11. - P. 508-513.
Dachs G.U. From bench to bedside for gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy of cancer / Dachs G.U. // Anti-Cancer Drugs. - 2005. - V. 16(4). - P. 349-359.
Liu Q. Immobilization and bioactivity of glucose oxidase in hydrogel microspheres formulated by an emulsification-internal gelation-adsorption-polyelectrolyte coating method / Liu Q., Rauth A.M., Wu X.Y. // International Journal of Pharmaceutics. - 2007. - V. 339. - P. 148-156.
Pancreatic Cell Immobilization in Alginate Beads Produced by Emulsion and Internal Gelation / Hoesli C.A., Raghuram K., Kiang R.L.J., Mocinecová D., Hu X., Johnson J.D., Lacík I., Kieffer T.J., Piret J.M. // Biotechnology and Bioengineering. - 2011. - V. 108(2). - P. 424-434.
Poncelet D. Producing of Alginate Beads by Emulsification/Internal Gelation / Poncelet D. // Annals New York Academy of Sciences. - 2001. - V. 944. - P. 74-82.
External Versus Internal Source of Calcium During the Gelation of Alginate Beads for DNA Encapsulation / Quong D., Neufeld R.J., Skják-Bræk G., Poncelet D. // Biotechnology and Bioengineering. - 1998. - V. 57(4). - P. 438-446.
Holzbaur I.E. FTIR Study of the Thermal Denaturation of Horseradish and Cytochrome c Peroxidases in D2O / Holzbaur I.E., English A.M., and Ismail A.A. // Biochemistry. - 1996. - V. 35. - P. 5488-5494.
Narayanan J. Determination of agarose gel pore size: Absorbance measurements vis a vis other techniques / Narayanan J., Xiong J.-Y. and Liu X.-Y. // Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - 2006. - V. 28. - P. 83-86.
Enzyme-polyelectrolyte cîmplexes in water-cosolvent mixtures. Negatively charged groups artificially introduced into -chymotrypsin provide additional activation and stabilization effects / E.V. Kudryashova, A.K. Gladilin, A.V. Vakurov, F. Heitz, A.V. Levashov, V.V. Mozhaev // Biotechnology & Bioengineering. - 1997. - V. 55(2). - P. 267-277.
Enzyme-polyelectrolyte noncovalent complexes as catalysts in binary mixtures of polar organic solvents with water / A.K. Gladilin, E.V. Kudryashova, A.V. Vakurov, V.A. Izumrudov, V.V. Mozhaev, A.V. Levashov // Biotechnol. Lett. - 1995. - V. 17. - P. 1329-1334.
Formation of Quasi-Regular Compact Structure of Poly(methacrylic acid) upon an Interaction with Chymotrypsin / E.V. Kudryashova, A.K. Gladilin, V.A. Izumrudov, A. van Hoek, A.J.W.G. Visser, A.V. Levashov // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. - 2001. - V. 1550(2). - P. 129-143.
Plant peroxidases. Biochemistry and physiology. C. Obinger, U. Burner, H. Grippin, eds. Geneva, 1996. P. 390-395.
Åãîðîâ À.Ì., Îñèïîâ À.Ï., Äçàíòèåâ Á.Á., Ãàâðèëîâà Å.Ì. Òåîðèÿ è ïðàêòèêà èììóíîôåðìåíòíîãî àíàëèçà. Ì., Âûñøàÿ øêîëà, 1991. 288 ñ.
Identification of an Extracellular Polysaccharide Network Essential for Cytochrome Anchoring and Biofilm Formation in Geobacter sulfurreducens / Rollefson J.B., Stephen C.S., Tien M., and Bond D.R. // Journal of Bacteriology. - 2011. - V. 193(5). - P. 1023-1033.
Folding Myoglobin within a Sol-Gel Glass: Protein Folding Constrained to a Small Volume / Peterson E.S., Leonard E.F., Foulke J.A., Oliff M.C., Salisbury R.D., and Kim D.Y. // Biophysical Journal. - 2008. - V. 95. - P. 322-332.
Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ. Êí. 7. Èììîáèëèçîâàííûå ôåðìåíòû. Ïîä ðåä. Í.Ñ. Åãîðîâà, Â.Ä. Ñàìóèëîâà. Ì., Âûñøàÿ øêîëà, 1987. 159 ñ.
Hannoun B. Diffusion coefficients of glucose and ethanol in cell-free and cell-occupied calcium alginate membranes / Hannoun B., Stephanopoulos G. // Biotechnol. Bioeng. - 1986. - V. 28. - P. 829-835.
Clementi F. Intestial Capillaries. I. Permeability to Peroxidase and Ferritin / Clementi F. and Palade G.E. // J. Cell Biol. - 1969. - V. 41. - P. 33-58.
References
Silk Coatings on PLGA and Alginate Microspheres for Protein Delivery / Wang X., Wenk E., Hu X., Castro G.R., Meinel L., Wang X., Li C., Merkle H., and Kaplan D.L. // Biomatelials. - 2007. - V. 28(28). - P. 4161-4169.
Alemzadeh I. Removal of Phenols from Wastewater with Encapsulated Horseradish Peroxidase in Calcium Alginate / Alemzadeh I., Nejati S., and Vossoughi M. // Engineering Letters, 17:4, EL_17_4_13
Sawada S. Nano-Encapsulation of Lipase by Self-Assembled Nanogels: Induction of High Enzyme Activity and Thermal Stabilization / Sawada S., Akiyoshi K. // Macromolecular Bioscience. - 2010. - V. 10. - P. 353-358.
Singh R. Artificial envelopment of nonenveloped viruses: enhancing adenovirus tumor targeting in vivo / Singh R., Tian B. and Kostarelos K. // The FASEB journal. - 2008. - V. 2. - P. 3389-3402.
Santagapita P.R. Formulation and Drying of Alginate Beads for Controlled Release and Stabilization of Invertase / Santagapita P.R., Mazzobre M.F., and Buera M.P. // Biomacromolecules. - 2011. DOI: 10.1021/bm2009075
Felici M. â-Cyclodextrin-Appended Giant Amphiphile: Aggregation to Vesicle Polymersomes and Immobilization of Enzymes / Felici M., Marzá-Pérez M., Hatzakis N.S., Nolte R.J.M., and Feiters M.C. // Chem. Eur. J. - 2008. - V. 14. - P. 9914-9920.
Nilsson K. p-Toluenesulfonyl Chloride as an Activating Agent of Agarose for the Preparation of Immobilized Affinity Ligands and Proteins / Nilsson K. and Mosbach K. // Eur. J. Biochem. - 1980. - V. 112. - P. 397-402.
Detection of Polyclonal Antibody Against Any Area of the Protein-Antigen Using Immobilized Protein-Antigens: The Critical Role of the Immobilization Protocol / Fuentes M., Mateo C., Fernández-Lafuente R., and Guisán J.M. // Biomacromolecules. - 2006. - V. 7. - P. 540-544.
Josephy P.D. The Horseradish Peroxidase-catalyzed Oxidation of 3,5,3´,5´-Tetramethylbenzidine. Free radical and charge-transfer complex intermediates / Josephy P.D., Eling T., and Mason R.P. // J. Biol. Chem. - 1982. - V. 257(7). - P. 3669-3675.
Antioxidant Effects of Superoxide Dismutase and Horseradish Peroxidase on Lipid Peroxidation / Gao S.-J., Zhao G.-C., Luo G.-M., Yang T.-S., and Shen G.-C. // Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. - 1998. - V. 864. - Enzyme Engineering XIV. - P. 284-287.
Folkes L.K. Toward targeted “oxidation therapy” of cancer: peroxidase-catalyzed cytotoxicity of indole-3-acetic acids / Folkes L.K., Candeias L.P. and Wardman P. // International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. - 1998. - V. 42(4). - P. 917-920.
Folkes L.K. Oxidative activation of indole-3-acetic acids to cytotoxic species - a potential new role for plant auxins in cancer therapy / Folkes L.K. and Wardman P. // Biochemical Pharmacology. - 2001. - V. 61(2). - P. 129-136.
Horseradish Peroxidase-mediated Gene Therapy: Choice of Prodrugs in Oxic and Anoxic Tumor Conditions / Greco O., Rossiter S., Kanthou C., Folkes L.K., Wardman P., Tozer G.M., and Dachs G.U. // Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. - 2001. - V. 1. - P. 151-160.
Greco O. Gene Directed Enzyme/Prodrug Therapy of Cancer: Historical Appraisal and Future Prospectives / Greco O. and Dachs G.U. //. Journal of Cellular Physiology. - 2001. - V. 187. - P. 22-36.
Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity Induced by Horseradish Peroxidase/Indole-3-Acetic Acid Gene Therapy / Greco O., Dachs G.U., Tozer G.M. and Kanthou C. // Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. - 2002. - V. 87. - P. 221-232.
Rossiter S. Halogenated Indole-3-acetic Acids as Oxidatively Activated Prodrugs with Potential for Targeted Cancer Therapy / Rossiter S., Folkes L.K. and Wardman P. // Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. - 2002. - V. 12. - P. 2523-2526.
Kim D.-S. Oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid by horseradish peroxidase induces apoptosis in G361 human melanoma cells / Kim D.-S., Jeon S.-E., Park K.-C. // Cellular Signalling. - 2004. - V. 16. - P. 81-88.
Tafazoli S. Prooxidant Activity and Cytotoxic Effects of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Derivative Radicals / Tafazoli S. and O'Brien P.J. // Chem. Res. Toxicol. - 2004. - V. 17. - P. 1350-1355.
Analysis of the horseradish peroxidase/indole-3-acetic acid combination in a three-dimensional tumor model / Tupper J., Greco O., Tozer G.M., and Dachs G.U. // Cancer Gene Therapy. - 2004. - V. 11. - P. 508-513.
Dachs G.U. From bench to bedside for gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy of cancer / Dachs G.U. // Anti-Cancer Drugs. - 2005. - V. 16(4). - P. 349-359.
Liu Q. Immobilization and bioactivity of glucose oxidase in hydrogel microspheres formulated by an emulsification-internal gelation-adsorption-polyelectrolyte coating method / Liu Q., Rauth A.M., Wu X.Y. // International Journal of Pharmaceutics. - 2007. - V. 339. - P. 148-156.
Pancreatic Cell Immobilization in Alginate Beads Produced by Emulsion and Internal Gelation / Hoesli C.A., Raghuram K., Kiang R.L.J., Mocinecová D., Hu X., Johnson J.D., Lacík I., Kieffer T.J., Piret J.M. // Biotechnology and Bioengineering. - 2011. - V. 108(2). - P. 424-434.
Poncelet D. Producing of Alginate Beads by Emulsification/Internal Gelation / Poncelet D. // Annals New York Academy of Sciences. - 2001. - V. 944. - P. 74-82.
External Versus Internal Source of Calcium During the Gelation of Alginate Beads for DNA Encapsulation / Quong D., Neufeld R.J., Skják-Bræk G., Poncelet D. // Biotechnology and Bioengineering. - 1998. - V. 57(4). - P. 438-446.
Holzbaur I.E. FTIR Study of the Thermal Denaturation of Horseradish and Cytochrome c Peroxidases in D2O / Holzbaur I.E., English A.M., and Ismail A.A. // Biochemistry. - 1996. - V. 35. - P. 5488-5494.
Narayanan J. Determination of agarose gel pore size: Absorbance measurements vis a vis other techniques / Narayanan J., Xiong J.-Y. and Liu X.-Y. // Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - 2006. - V. 28. - P. 83-86.
Enzyme-polyelectrolyte complexes in water-cosolvent mixtures. Negatively charged groups artificially introduced into á-chymotrypsin provide additional activation and stabilization effects / E.V. Kudryashova, A.K. Gladilin, A.V. Vakurov, F. Heitz, A.V. Levashov, V.V. Mozhaev // Biotechnology & Bioengineering. - 1997. - V. 55(2). - P. 267-277.
Enzyme-polyelectrolyte noncovalent complexes as catalysts in binary mixtures of polar organic solvents with water / A.K. Gladilin, E.V. Kudryashova, A.V. Vakurov, V.A. Izumrudov, V.V. Mozhaev, A.V. Levashov // Biotechnol. Lett. - 1995. - V. 17. - P. 1329-1334.
Formation of Quasi-Regular Compact Structure of Poly(methacrylic acid) upon an Interaction with Chymotrypsin / E.V. Kudryashova, A.K. Gladilin, V.A. Izumrudov, A. van Hoek, A.J.W.G. Visser, A.V. Levashov // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. - 2001. - V. 1550(2). - P. 129-143.
Plant peroxidases. Biochemistry and physiology. C. Obinger, U. Burner, H. Grippin, eds. Geneva, 1996. P. 390-395.
Egorov A.M., Osipov A.P., Dzantiev B.B., Gavrilova E.M. Teorija i praktika immunofermentnogo analiza. M., Vysshaja shkola, 1991. 288 s.
Identification of an Extracellular Polysaccharide Network Essential for Cytochrome Anchoring and Biofilm Formation in Geobacter sulfurreducens / Rollefson J.B., Stephen C.S., Tien M., and Bond D.R. // Journal of Bacteriology. - 2011. - V. 193(5). - P. 1023-1033.
Folding Myoglobin within a Sol-Gel Glass: Protein Folding Constrained to a Small Volume / Peterson E.S., Leonard E.F., Foulke J.A., Oliff M.C., Salisbury R.D., and Kim D.Y. // Biophysical Journal. - 2008. - V. 95. - P. 322-332.
Biotehnologija. Kn. 7. Immobilizovannye fermenty. Pod red. N.S. Egorova, V.D. Samuilova. M., Vysshaja shkola, 1987. 159 s.
Hannoun B. Diffusion coefficients of glucose and ethanol in cell-free and cell-occupied calcium alginate membranes / Hannoun B., Stephanopoulos G. // Biotechnol. Bioeng. - 1986. - V. 28. - P. 829-835.
Clementi F. Intestial Capillaries. I. Permeability to Peroxidase and Ferritin / Clementi F. and Palade G.E. // J. Cell Biol. - 1969. - V. 41. - P. 33-58.
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Èñïîëüçîâàíèå â ñåëüñêîì õîçÿéñòâå (ñâèíîâîäñòâå) ïðåïàðàòîâ ñ ðîñòîñòèìóëèðóþùèì ýôôåêòîì ïðè îòñóòñòâèè íåæåëàòåëüíûõ ïîáî÷íûõ ÿâëåíèé. Ñâîéñòâà òêàíåâûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ, ïðèãîòîâëåííûõ èç ðàçíûõ òêàíåé è îðãàíîâ æèâîòíîãî è ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ.
ðåôåðàò [27,8 K], äîáàâëåí 17.03.2011Ïîêàçàíèÿ äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ, ïðîòèâîïîêàçàíèÿ è ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîå äåéñòâèå ýñòðîãåííûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ ñòåðîèäíîãî è íåñòåðîèäíîãî ñòðîåíèÿ. Ïðèìåíåíèå àíòèýñòðîãåííûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ äîìàøíèì æèâîòíûì. Íàçíà÷åíèå ïðåïàðàòîâ-ãîðìîíîâ æåëòîãî òåëà è èõ àíàëîãîâ.
ðåôåðàò [31,2 K], äîáàâëåí 19.01.2012Ðàöèîíàëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå êîðìîâ. Òðóäíîïåðåâàðèâàåìûå óãëåâîäû â çåðíå çëàêîâûõ êóëüòóð. Ïðèìåíåíèå ôåðìåíòíûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå â âèäå öåëåâûõ êîìïëåêñíûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ íîâîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ – â âèäå ìóëüòèýíçèìíûõ êîìïîçèöèé îòå÷åñòâåííîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà.
àâòîðåôåðàò [110,8 K], äîáàâëåí 15.03.2009Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà êåðàòèíñîäåðæàùèõ îòõîäîâ. Ñòðóêòóðà êåðàòèíà è ñïîñîáû åãî ïîëó÷åíèÿ. Ðàöèîíàëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå áåëêîâûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ. Èññëåäîâàíèå õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ðàñòâîðîâ êåðàòèíà ïî ïîêàçàòåëÿì: ñîäåðæàíèÿ âëàãè, æèðîâûõ è ìèíåðàëüíûõ âåùåñòâ.
äèïëîìíàÿ ðàáîòà [264,8 K], äîáàâëåí 13.06.2015Ïðîâåäåíèå àíàëèçà ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðåïàðàòîâ ïî îáðàáîòêå ñåìÿí îâñà ïðîòèâ çàáîëåâàåìîñòè ïûëüíîé ãîëîâíåé, ãíèëÿìè è êðàñíî-áóðîé ïÿòíèñòîñòüþ. Îöåíêà ïî÷âåííûõ óñëîâèé è èçó÷åíèå òåõíîëîãèè âîçäåëûâàíèÿ îâñà. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðåïàðàòîâ.
êóðñîâàÿ ðàáîòà [95,9 K], äîáàâëåí 21.07.2015Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ôèòîðåãóëÿòîðîâ â ñèñòåìå çàùèòû êàðòîôåëÿ îò ãðèáíûõ áîëåçíåé. Âëèÿíèå ìèêðîáèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðåïàðàòîâ íà ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîñòü ìàêðîñïîðèîçà, àëüòåðíàðèîçà, ôèòîôòîðîçà íà áîòâå è êëóáíÿõ êàðòîôåëÿ. Âîçäåéñòâèå ôèòîðåãóëÿòîðîâ íà óðîæàéíîñòü.
äèïëîìíàÿ ðàáîòà [448,4 K], äîáàâëåí 11.07.2013Ïðîôèëàêòè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, íàïðàâëåííûå íà ïîâûøåíèå óñòîé÷èâîñòè ïòèöû ê íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûì ôàêòîðàì âíåøíåé ñðåäû. Ñîõðàííîñòü öûïëÿò-áðîéëåðîâ ïðè âûïîéêå áèîëîãè÷åñêè àêòèâíûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ. Âëèÿíèå ïðåïàðàòà ìåòàëëîñóêöèíàò ñ ÀÑÄ-2Ô íà îáìåí âåùåñòâ.
ñòàòüÿ [9,7 K], äîáàâëåí 18.09.2011Õèìè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ è îðãàíè÷åñêèå âåùåñòâà ïî÷âû. Ìîäåëè ñòðîåíèÿ ãóìèíîâûõ è ôóëüâîêèñëîò. Ìåòîäû âûäåëåíèÿ ïðåïàðàòîâ ãóìóñîâûõ êèñëîò èç ïî÷â. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ìåòîäîâ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñâîéñòâ ãóìóñîâûõ êèñëîò. Ñðàâíèòåëüíûé àíàëèç ìåòîäîâ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ãóìóñà.
äèïëîìíàÿ ðàáîòà [3,0 M], äîáàâëåí 13.11.2011Ïîíÿòèå î ìèêðîýëåìåíòàõ, ïðèñóòñòâóþùèõ â îðãàíèçìàõ, èõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèå â òêàíÿõ è îðãàíàõ, áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ðîëü. Ïðåèìóùåñòâà âêëþ÷åíèÿ êàëüöèÿ è ôîñôîðà â ðàöèîí ïèòàíèÿ ñâèíåé, ðàñ÷åò èõ ñòîèìîñòè. Îöåíêà áèîëîãè÷åñêîé óñâîÿåìîñòè ìèêðîýëåìåíòîâ.
êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà [42,9 K], äîáàâëåí 29.09.2011Àáñîëþòíàÿ è îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ îøèáêè âû÷èñëåíèÿ îáúåìîâ ñòâîëà ñîñíû ðàçëè÷íûìè ñïîñîáàìè. Ðàñ÷åò îáúåìà ñòâîëà â êîðíå è áåç êîðû ñåé÷àñ è 10 ëåò íàçàä ïî ñëîæíîé ôîðìóëå ñðåäèííûõ ñå÷åíèé. Îïðåäåëåíèå äëèíû âåðøèíû. Àáñîëþòíûé è îòíîñèòåëüíûé ñáåã.
êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà [29,2 K], äîáàâëåí 20.03.2011