Theoretical and applied principles of the phenomenon of counteracting psychophysiological research by using a polygraph
Techniques and methods of counteracting the conduct of psychophysiological studies with the use of a polygraph due to the relevant signs pointing to them are substantiated. Change by the subject of his psychophysiological state for countermeasures.
| Рубрика | Психология |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 22.07.2023 |
| Размер файла | 682,9 K |
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- counteraction with fingers. It can be performed in different ways, for example, by pressing your fingers on the surface of a table, the armrest of a chair, or the knees. Prevention of this type of countermeasure is based on the correct positioning of the subject's body. Thus, the person should sit in a comfortable chair, preferably in a chair specially designed for such studies, with the hands partially hanging from the armrest. This position deprives the examinee of the support under the fingers, which in turn prevents them from using resistance to the psychophysiological examination with the polygraph;
- counteraction by biting the tongue. This method is easy to track if the polygraph examiner's testing methodology is such that it allows for a clear record of the time the examinee responds to the question (stimulus);
- counteracting by tightening the sphincter muscles ("clenching" the anus). It is detected by using special sensors to collect information, which is located on the seat of the chair and act as a tremor cushion [1].
Signs of the second conditional group of counteraction include:
- signs of a person's use of mental methods of counteraction (adverse attitude to the examination procedure; manifestation of distrust of anyone, even the polygraph examiner; inducing adverse emotions, etc.) The result of using mental coping techniques causes a sharp drop in heart rate or blood pressure immediately before the start of the questions and maintains them at a low level throughout the test. The practical absence of physiological reactions on a computer polygraph during the test recording process is no exception;
- signs of using pharmacological methods of counteraction (when using sedatives and hypnotics; taking stimulants; taking tranquilisers; using various solvents (chemicals); using narcotic substances and their precursors, etc.) The results of using pharmacological countermeasures by the subject cause a significant activity of their physiological reactions to questions (stimuli) or, on the contrary, a sharp decrease in vital processes, including the appearance of apathy to everything around them and the procedure for conducting psychophysiological research using a polygraph, in particular;
- signs of short-term switching of their activities as a way of counteraction in the form of active and passive physical processes. The first one - in the form of tension of the individual's brain activity to control their physiological reactions, which are designed to block behavioural reactions to the questions posed by the polygraph examiner. The second - as a passive process of participation in the polygraph examination procedure, when a person demonstrates a relaxed state of their body by using relaxation techniques;
signs of replacing one load with another as a way to counteract the study (artificial replacement or artificial stimulation). Artificial replacement of physical activity by stimulating the trophic (nutritional) function of the nervous system with appropriate foods, drinks, drugs such as tea, coffee, cocoa, chocolate, tonic drinks and tobacco products, and pharmacological drugs, in particular: ascorbic acid, dibasol, ginseng and Eleutherococcus prickly, Chinese Schisandra, neurantine, phenamine, etc. To some extent, they stimulate the processes of the human body and cause an increase in physiological reactions due to increased blood circulation in the vessels and increased pressure, short-term liveliness and activity of the individual, and rapid recovery of the body. However, one should be careful with their use, since when taking and using such and other stimulants to improve mental performance, it should be remembered that they stimulate the body's reserves, but usually do not restore them. Repeated use of these stimulants after some time will no longer be able to give a positive result and will cause the opposite effect [1] (Fig. 2).
¦ Figure 2. The main consequences of stimulant use
Source: author's development
The majority of polygraph examiners [9; 17; 19] in their practice frequently use both tests common in the world practice of polygraph examination and tests developed by themselves to detect the resistance of persons examined using a polygraph. The test below is based on a search format and provides preliminary information for further decision-making [1]. A modification of this test is used, for example, in the case of repeated testing, when the polygraph examiner could not decide based on the results of the first examination due to suspicion of possible opposition from the examinee (Table 2).
Table 2. A sample test for detecting opposition to a polygraph examination
|
No. s/n |
Test questions |
|
|
1. |
Have you prepared to prevent me from checking you in any way today? |
|
|
2. |
Have you prepared to deceive me in any way today? |
|
|
3. |
Have you slept more than six hours today? |
|
|
4. |
Have you received advice from professionals on how to deceive a polygraph? |
|
|
5. |
Have you ever received advice on how to deceive a lie detector? |
|
|
6. |
Have you ever received advice on how to deceive a lie detector? |
|
|
7. |
Have you been looking for ways to cheat on a polygraph online? |
|
|
8. |
Have you read any special literature on how to deceive a polygraph? Did anyone train you to learn how to lie on a polygraph? |
|
|
9. |
Have you used any drugs today? |
|
|
10. |
Have you used any drugs in the last twelve hours? |
|
|
11. |
Have you smelled anything illegal today? |
|
|
12. |
Have you smoked anything illegal today? |
|
|
13. |
Have you used any drops today? |
|
|
14. |
Have you had any injections today? |
|
|
15. |
Have you taken any pills today? |
|
|
16. |
Have you taken any sedatives today? |
|
|
17. |
Have you lubricated your fingers with anything today? |
|
|
18. |
Have you used deodorants today? |
|
|
19. |
Have you consumed strong alcohol in the last 24 hours? |
|
|
20. |
Have you had any alcohol today? |
|
|
21. |
Are you sure I'm easy to deceive? |
Such specially prepared tests allow the polygraph examiner to understand the manifestations of psychophysiological reactions of a person in the process of conducting a polygraph examination who demonstrates unstable physiological reflections of their body, which can be a consequence of their purposeful opposition to such a specific procedure.
Conclusions
Modern practical polygraphy focuses on urgent and problematic issues that arise in its field. One of them is opposition to psychophysiological examination using a polygraph, which is committed by insincere persons who voluntarily pass such a procedure at the initiative of the customer. This adverse phenomenon should be thoroughly explored, and effective methods of counteracting its spread should be developed. In this context, the category of counteraction is defined as deliberate and conscious actions of the person undergoing the audit designed to distort the results of the said procedure.
It is noted that the counteraction is designed to distort the results of the study, i.e., to change or conceal the information sought by the initiator of the study.
The author provides a thorough analysis of the existing techniques and methods of counteracting the psychophysiological examination, which is used by insincere persons undergoing this procedure with the deliberate purpose - to circumvent the polygraph and deceive the polygraph examiner.
It is proved that there are precise reflections that indicate using the phenomenon of counteraction in polygraph examinations by insincere persons, and they are reflected through specific available signs. They can be divided into two conditional groups in terms of reflecting these features: both direct mechanical action and indirect (remote) activity. The most common ways to counteract the polygraph examination procedure are physical (mechanical), physiological, mental (imagery, hypnosis, biological feedback, placebo, rationalisation, dissociation, mental stress, etc.), pharmacological, chemical, and behavioural.
To detect opposition to the psychophysiological examination using a polygraph, which is committed by insincere persons undergoing this procedure, polygraph examiners are recommended to use special marker tests that have proven to be effective in practice. The results of the application of these marker tests are used to make the polygraph examiner's decision regarding both the person under examination and the further conduct of this procedure.
References
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