Analysis of the role of moderating socio-cultural pressure for weight loss and physical changes in obese and normal weight adolescents

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Analysis of the role of moderating socio-cultural pressure for weight loss and physical changes in obese and normal weight adolescents

Seyed Mohammad Hossein Hosseini Ravesh

Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Zabol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zabol, Iran

Abstracts

Topicality. Obesity is a global epidemic. Obesity is on the rise in developing countries due to changes in lifestyle. The Aim of the Research.This study aimed to compare body image problems and social-physical anxiety in obese and normal-weight adolescents by examining the moderating role of cultural social pressure for weight loss and physical change. Method. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 70 adolescents obese and 72 adolescent girls with normal weight were selected through one-stage cluster sampling from high school students in Mashhad. Data collection and measurement tools included: high-sensitivity portable digital scales, Multidimensional Self-Relationships Questionnaire, Physical Social Anxiety Questionnaire, and Cultural Social Pressure Questionnaire. The groups were matched for education, gender, and age. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. The Results of the Research. Results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in body image and physical and social anxiety between obese adolescents and normal weight adolescents. The results also showed that high cultural social pressure for weight loss and physical change has a significant role in increasing physical social anxiety. But it does not have a moderating role in the extent of body image problems and physical social anxiety. Obesity and high cultural social pressure for weight loss and physical change are important factors in increasing body image problems and physical and social anxiety. But cultural social pressure does not mitigate the role of obesity in increasing or decreasing body image problems and physical social anxiety. Conclusions. Therefore, it can be concluded that body image problems in obese individuals are more influenced by their body mass and not by the socio-cultural pressure for weight loss and body change.

Key words: Obesity, Body image, Physical social anxiety, Social-cultural pressure, Weight loss, Physical change.

Сидів Мохаммед Хоссейн Хоссейні Равеш. Аналіз значення стримання соціально-культурного тиску на підлітків із нормальною та надмірною масою тіла під час схуднення й фізичних змін.

Актуальність. Ожиріння - це глобальна епідемія. Ожиріння зростає в країнах, що розвиваються через зміни способу життя. Мета дослідження. Це дослідження мало на меті порівняти проблеми з тілобудовою та соціально-фізичну тривожність у підлітків з ожирінням і нормальною вагою, вивчаючи помірковану роль соціального-культурного тиску для схуднення та фізичних змін. Методи. У дослідженні взяло участь 70 підлітків з ожирінням та 72 дівчини-підлітки з нормальною вагою, які були відібрані за допомогою одноетапного кластерного відбору з учнів середньої школи в Мешхеді. У процесі дослідження використано: високочутливі портативні цифрові ваги, багатовимірну анкету щодо взаємозв'язків, анкету фізичної соціальної тривоги та анкету культурного соціального тиску. Групи були зіставні за освітою, статтю та віком. Дані аналізували за допомогою програмного забезпечення SPSS22. Результати дослідження. Результати багатофакторного дисперсійного аналізу показали, що існує значна різниця щодо тілобудови та фізичної й соціальної тривожності в підлітків з ожирінням та підлітків із нормальною вагою. Результати також показали, що високий соціально-культурний тиск щодо схуднення й фізичних змін відіграє значну роль у збільшенні фізичної соціальної тривожності. Але це не є досить суттєвим у масштабах проблем із тілобудовою та фізичною соціальною тривогою. Ожиріння й високий соціально-культурний тиск для схуднення та фізичних змін є важливими факторами посилення проблем із зображенням тілобудови та фізичною й соціальною тривожністю. Але соціально- культурний тиск не зменшує ролі ожиріння в збільшенні чи зменшенні проблем із тілобудовою та фізичною й соціальною тривожністю. Висновки. Тому можна зробити висновок, що проблеми з тілобудовою в людей з ожирінням більшою мірою впливають на їхню масу тіла, а не на соціокультурний тиск для схуднення та зміни тіла. obesity anxiety weight

Ключові слова: ожиріння, тілобудова, фізична соціальна тривога, соціально-культурний тиск, схуднення, фізичні зміни.

Сидел Мохаммед Хоссейн Хоссейни Равеш. Анализ значения сдерживания социально-культурного давления на подростков с нормальной и избыточной массой тела во время похудения и физических изменений. Актуальность. Ожирение - это глобальная эпидемия. Ожирение растет в развивающихся странах из-за изменений в образе жизни. Цель исследования. Это исследование было нацелено на сравнение проблем с телосложением и социально-физической тревожностью у подростков с ожирением и нормальной массой тела путем изучения сдерживающей роли культурно-социального давления для потери веса и физических изменений. Методы. В этом перекрестном исследовании 70 подростков с ожирением и 72 девочки с нормальным весом были отобраны путем одностадийной кластерной выборки от учащихся старших классов в Мешхеде. Инструменты сбора и измерения данных включали высокочувствительные портативные цифровые весы, вопросник многомерных отношений в себе, вопросник физического социального беспокойства и вопросник культурного социального давления. Группы были сопоставимы по образованию, полу и возрасту. Данные проанализированы с использованием программного обеспечения SPSS 22. Результаты исследования. Результаты многомерного дисперсионного анализа показали, что существует значительная разница в телосложении, физической и социальной тревожности у подростков с ожирением и подростков с нормальным весом. Результаты также показали, что высокое социально-культурное давление для снижения веса и физических изменений играет важную роль в повышении физической социальной тревожности, но не играет сдерживающей роли в масштабах проблем с телосложением и физической социальной тревожностью. Ожирение и высокое социально-культурное давление для снижения веса и физических изменений являются важными факторами в увеличении проблем с социальной, и физической и социальной тревожностью. Но социальнокультурное давление не уменьшает роли ожирения в увеличении или уменьшении проблем с телосложением и физической социальной тревожностью. Выводы. Таким образом, можно сделать вывод, что на проблемы с телосложением у людей с ожирением больше влияет их масса тела, а не социокультурное давление для потери веса и изменения тела.

Ключевые слова: ожирение, телосложение, физическая социальная тревожность, социокультурное давление, потеря веса, физические изменения.

Introduction

Obesity is a chronic and common disorder that is a predisposing factor for certain diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and some types of cancer. With the increasing prevalence of obesity, it is projected that by 2030, 50 percent of the world's population will be obese [43]. Obesity is not only the cause of physical problems but as one of the interactions between the body and the psyche that has been observed in research literature, it is one of the causes of behavioral problems [41]. Research shows that obese children face many adverse behaviors and are more likely to use aggressive behaviors. Obesity has a two-way association with psychological distress and one's psychiatric status. In other words, many psychological problems as a primary and constant factor can cause obesity, and on the other hand, obesity itself can lead to many unpleasant psychological consequences and dissatisfaction with life. Obesity is positively and significantly correlated with internalized and extrinsic symptoms reported by parents [44] And in internal studies, Dehkordi reported that overweight and coping disorder in overweight boys was greater than in normal weight boys [6]. Therefore, one of the areas of research related to obesity is the study of the correlates and psychological treatments of obesity. Many external and internal studies have shown that psychological treatments are effective in reducing obesity. While this weight loss is minor in some cases. some believe that many obesity-related illnesses, such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, have been significantly improved by slight 5 % body weight reductions [4].

Considering the above findings and the many researches that confirm the correlation between psychological disorders and obesity, it is necessary to examine the problem of obesity from a psychological perspective. Looking at the research literature on obesity, we come to two very important concepts that have been studied in relation to this issue: body image and physical social anxiety. The body image can be defined as the subjective image of one's body size and shape (the perceptual dimension) and his or her sense of these physical (emotional dimensions). The link between obesity and body image has been established in many studies [20]. Singh, Ashok, Bino, Parskar [36], Bihomika [2] and Schwartz & Brownell [35] attribute this to the incorrect estimation of body size and shape in obese individuals. on the other hand, severe cultural pressure on The slim, especially in Western societies, leading to the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction, especially among obese adolescents [17].

Another variable associated with obesity and little research has been done on it is physical social anxiety. Research has shown that physical social anxiety is associated with anxiety about the body, obesity, and eating disorders [2]. Physical social anxiety is one of the problems associated with dissatisfaction with the physical state and subset of social anxiety and occurs when a person feels that his or her physical characteristics are a potential source of ridicule or humiliation [25]. Every time a person perceives himself or herself as different from others, this means that he or she will evaluate his or her outward appearance negatively, may experience more social problems, receive weaker reactions from others, and thus exhibit poorer overall adaptation [32]. Because obese people have distorted estimates of their physical characteristics, and evaluate their appearance negatively, they are at risk for social anxiety, so that obese children are concerned about their body image and body image. Girls who are overweight are more likely to have social interaction problems than boys [14].

According to the findings, it is necessary to investigate the psychological problems of obese people, especially the two variables of body image and physical social anxiety. In recent years, however, researchers have found that the relationship between obesity and psychological problems is ambiguous and contradictory [21]. These findings point to the fact that most studies are looking for a simple link between obesity and psychological problems. Therefore, the researchers recommend that mediating and moderating variables be considered in examining the psychological problems of obese individuals.

Socio-cultural pressure in the general sense is the actual or potential social and cultural forces controlling or guiding human thought, behavior, or action in a particular direction. In a more limited sense, social-cultural pressure refers to public opinion. Many people think that sometimes socio-cultural pressure can affect people's sense of the world. Hence, some view the totality of the explicit and implicit, direct and indirect effects that the social and cultural environment exerts on the people in whom they live, as sociocultural pressure. The emergence of public opinion requires at least information, shared culture and human contact. The power of public opinion originates from the fact that certain behavior patterns are imposed by these thoughts and become behavioral norms [2]. Mass media, public opinion, fashion, advertising, and so on are important social and cultural forces to change the lifestyle and pressure on obese and overweight people to form inappropriate body image and strive to improve it [19]. The present study aimed to investigate the moderating role of cultural social pressure for weight loss and physical change in the incidence of physical image problems and physical and social anxiety in obese individuals. One of the influencing factors in behavioral and psychological problems such as body image problems and physical and social anxiety in overweight and obese women and girls, cultural social factors and extreme emphasis on fashion media and aesthetics of certain societies on excessive weight loss as [27; 41]. Recent research supports the social-cultural model of body image dissatisfaction in obese individuals. This model states that the more obese individuals feel the more pressured to lose weight, the more they are exposed to body image problems [22] and this dissatisfaction with body image results in increased physical social anxiety [15].

A 2011 study in several different countries found that ideal body image and body image dissatisfaction were influenced by parents, peers, the media, and religious attitudes. These socio-cultural factors even influence the type and amount of people's eating and physical activity. This study showed that cultural values and norms and messages received by the media, peers, and parents play an important role in ideal limb characteristics and as a result of body image dissatisfaction [30]. Numerous other studies have also shown that socio-cultural factors contributing to body image dissatisfaction include media pressure, peer pressure, and parental pressure [18]. However, numerous studies have also attempted to show that these three factors are culturally dependent and apply only to Western countries [23]. In other words, given the wide cultural differences between different societies, it is possible that obese individuals in one country may be less susceptible to self-esteem and increase physical social anxiety but not in another [29]. This approach has been supported by studies showing that Asian women are less physically dissatisfied with Western women and less likely to engage in weight loss behaviors [26]. But in recent years, Western culture about the ideal body is penetrating into Asian countries, including Iran, and the easiest way to identify the popularity of American and European films or to use fashion magazines among industry professionals, Fashion and clothing [31].

Given the widespread impact of socio-cultural factors, especially those of parents, peers, and the media, the present study hypotheses that body image and physical social anxiety in obese individuals are affected by cultural social pressure for weight loss and physical change. And these problems are tempered by the cultural social pressure to lose weight and change. Previous studies have reported that the vacuum is of interest, age, gender, and environment, with no specific attention being given to this group, nor to the differences in the culture of different countries. In addition, most of the internal research has been done in the field of medical sciences and psychology, and has received less attention from a physical education perspective. This study attempts to address the issue of obesity with an interdisciplinary perspective on the particular age and gender spectrum that most teachers and physical education teachers deal with from a different science perspective. It should be noted that due to the increasing influence of western social and cultural standards and ideals of physical activity in our country and the increasing pressure on obese people to gain lean body, it is necessary to recognize the psychological effects of these standards on individuals and psychological functioning. Their social, especially among obese young girls, is increasingly felt. Understanding the consequences of obesity and their exacerbated socio-cultural factors will lead to the design of more effective treatments and more careful planning to control obesity. However, there is no need for any internal studies to examine the social cultural pressure for weight loss and physical change in obese individuals. Finally, the theoretical and research foundations reinforce the idea that body image and social anxiety are different in obese and obese adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare body image problems and physical social anxiety in Normal weight and obese adolescents with regard to the moderating role of cultural social pressure for weight loss and physical change.

Methodology. The present study is fundamental in terms of objectives and in terms of causal-comparative data collection. The statistical population of this study included all female adolescents studying in the school year of 2019, in high school in Mashhad, with the age range of 14-18 (50,000). The sample consisted of 70 obese and 72 normal weight girls who were selected by one-stage cluster sampling. first of them were selected randomly from seven districts of Mashhad city, then referring to all high schools of this area and weight measurement. And the height of the students, the obese were screened using the BMI. Health experts were measured every school. All students who were obese, a questionnaire survey was given. People with normal weight and obese subjects were matched for age and education groups and completed a similar questionnaire.

In the present study, since the sample studied were adolescents and the body ratios changed naturally during adolescence, so we defined the CDC as the z-score by age, or We defined over 30 as obese. BMI stands for Body Mass Index (BMI) is a statistical measure for comparing a person's weight and height. It is very simple to calculate and is used in many places to determine overweight and weight loss. Body mass index is obtained by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the second power (x) of his height in meters. In this index, individuals with a score above 30 are considered obese, with a range between less than 16 and more than 40 [9].

Measurement tools included high-sensitivity portable digital scales and a non-dilatable tape meter (for measuring body mass index), self-reported multidimensional relationship questionnaire, physical social anxiety questionnaire, and cultural social pressure questionnaire for weight loss and change.

During the study, after coordinating with the school authorities, students who appeared to have a body mass index above 30 were first used to measure height and weight by the school health officer to measure their height and weight. After determining their BMI, they completed the questionnaires if their BMI was above 30 and were willing to participate in the study. After data collection, they were entered into SPSS software and the results were discussed. In this study, descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to show the status of the data such as mean and standard deviation. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the hypotheses in the inferential statistics section. For the purpose of the analysis, the Sociocultural pressure variable for weight loss and body change was transformed from the interval variable to the ordinal variable, so that the mean of Sociocultural pressure for weight loss and body change was calculated first for the research data and then They received lower than average scores as the group that had low pressure for weight loss and physical change, and those who had higher than average scores on cultural social pressure for weight loss and physical change, as the group who had high stress. To lose weight and have a change in body, they were grouped and so on Multivariate Analysis of Variance Analysis to Investigate the Main Effect of Weight (on Two Obese and Normal Weight Levels) and the Main Effect of Cultural Social Pressure on Weight Loss and Physical Change (with Two Levels of High and Low Pressure) on Components Body image and physical community anxiety as well as the interaction of weight effect and sociocultural stress were used for weight loss and physical change.

Findings. The mean age of the participants in this study was 14-18 years and the mean age of the obese group was 16,6 years and the mean age of the normal weight group was 16,2 years. The participants had a weight range of 25 to 110 kg, The average weight of obese and normal weight group was 84 kg and 62 kg, respectively. All participants were single. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to investigate the differences in body image problems in obese and overweight adolescents and to examine the moderating role of cultural social pressure on weight loss and body change in increasing or decreasing body image problems. Table 1 presents descriptive information on body image problems by obese and normal-weight individuals as well as by the level of cultural social pressure for weight loss and physical change.

As can be seen in Table 1, the average body image score in obese individuals is lower than in normal- weight individuals. In addition, in both obese and normal-weight groups, people who experience high cultural social pressure for weight loss and physical change have lower body image scores than those who experience low cultural social stress.

Mean and Standard Deviation of Body Image by Weight and Social Cultural Pressure for Weight Loss and Body Change

Table 1