Types of enterprises and particularities of their managing

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Essay

Types of enterprises and particularities of their managing

Introduction

Enterprise is an independent entity that has legal personality and shall be in accordance with the charter of production or other activity for profit. The company has its own balance, current account and other bank accounts, seal with the name.

Types of enterprises in accordance with the forms of ownership:

- Individual (on the basis of personal property and labor of an individual);

- Private (on the basis of ownership of an individual with a right to hire workers);

- Collective (based on ownership of the workforce);

- State (owned by the state);

- Joint (by combining different property owners).

Depending on the type of activity of the enterprise may be industrial, construction, coal mining, chemicals, trade, etc.

Enterprises are small, if the number of its employees is less than the limit (in industry and construction - up to 200, in trade - up to 15 people).

The scale of the enterprise is conventionally divided into small, medium and large. In a market economy the most stable - large companies control a large share of the market of goods. Advantages small businesses the flexibility and the fact that they are easy to open or close.

A special place is occupied by transnational corporations (TNCs) with branches in many countries around the world. They can generate more revenue from the production and sale of products, where now it is more profitable. Examples of TNCs: "Ford", "IBM", "Kodak", "Reebok".

If the owners are liable for the obligations of the company with all its assets, it is called now with unlimited liability. Typically used as a form of business of the limited liability company (LLC). Every owner is responsible for its debts to the extent of their share of the capital invested in the assets of LLC.

Enterprises can voluntarily join. This process is called co-operatives. Types of associations:

- Association (for the coordination of economic activity);

- Corporation (delegating certain powers control center);

- Consortia (temporary association of industrial and banking capital for major projects);

- Corporations (associations for industrial, scientific, transport, trade and banks with centralized financial control).

According to the criterion of the legal status and ownership of the enterprise are divided into: private individual having the status of a legal entity, the company, with the distinguished association of persons, capital (business partnership), public and co-operative societies, corporations and consortia, state and municipal enterprises and institutions, joint enterprises with foreign capital, joint-stock companies (of various types).

Legal status and ownership significantly effect on the features of the functioning of enterprises, the mechanism of decision-making, control, authority and accountability. This is particularly affects the system of strategic management, as imposed certain restrictions on the adaptation of enterprises to changes in the external and internal environment.

Industry classification and company profile determined the products produced or services provided. The structure of industries and enterprises belonging to them depends on the applied classifications. Moreover, these classifications in each country are different and may vary at different times. The economic activity of the country is changing there is a constant process of structural adjustment, change the size and the relationship between the branches of a changes the contents of the industry, though the name may not be changed.

1. Individual enterprise

Individual enterprise is an enterprise owned by a citizen of the rights of private property or family members on a common property. It is not a legal entity and acts as legal relations as an individual. Entrepreneur, owning individual enterprise has unlimited liability for the obligations of all its assets, except for the property on which, in accordance with applicable law cannot be levied. Members of the family - the owners of the individual enterprise have unlimited joint and several liability for its obligations with all its assets, except for the property, which may not be levied. Property of an individual enterprise is formed based on the property of a citizen (family) and other sources, which are not prohibited by law.

Company, located in individual ownership, the entrepreneur provides maximum simplicity and flexibility, but at the same time, nothing prevents it from personal responsibility. It also allows the business owner to have full control. However, as soon as it involved other owners of the individual enterprise is no longer out of the question.

A person who wants to establish a company, usually have to make a very small amount of formalities at the state level, the most onerous of which is a simple business registration in accordance with the Act, the name of the companies. At the federal level, the individual owner only requires accurate accounting and reporting of income from employment or business free professional activities.

The fact of the enterprise in the individual property owner identifies with his business. This allows you to freely dispose of the money to move assets of the business (with the emergence of small-sized tax liabilities or none at all) and use any loss on the company to balance the income derived from other sources, including those produced regularly. Legal responsibility for the production of defective products, breach of trust or satisfaction of any other claims is also being given to the owner personally. However, an individual business can be protected from this liability by insurance, but as another form of business organization.

Individual owners do not pay for a tax on unemployment insurance, which is an advantage of this legal form in comparison with others (many of them paid the tax for the owner / employee). Many of the drawbacks associated with the pension plans for the sole owners were eliminated Act on tax measures for economic recovery in 1981 (ERTA and TEFRA). These pension plans will now have at least most of the benefits and limitations that are set for corporations. The individual owner may also require the establishment of pension plans for its employees.

Another disadvantage of an individual enterprise with respect to taxes is that the owner cannot be eligible for tax credits to cover group life insurance, health insurance and disability insurance.

Natural and common way of minimizing the tax burden on the individual owner was a translation business in corporate form in a time when the marginal rate of personal income tax rate higher than corporation tax. Because of the higher rates of such tax, Act on tax reform in 1986 did little unjustified transformation of the individual enterprise of the corporation in order to save on taxes. If only the transition to the corporate form is not dictated by considerations of business, it is better to remain the sole owner.

2. Collective enterprises

Сollective enterprises are divided into economic partnerships and cooperatives.

Partnership is the union of the closed type with a limited number of participants in a joint activity based on common ownership and are directly involved in the management.

Among the characterizing features of the partnership should be highlighted:

- Fixed the participants;

- Participation in the enterprise;

- Participants are personally financially liable.

In organizational terms, the partnership is a simple form of business organization. Meanwhile, retaining the benefits of the individual entrepreneur, this form gives much more opportunities to raise funds because of the expanded range of participants. Wider proprietary database allows you to expand opportunities to attract sources of credit, guaranteed by now property of all participants. In addition, pooling the knowledge of many people, the possibility of their specialization in certain management functions now largely removed the problem faced by a single individual entrepreneur. Greatly increases the stability of the enterprise, the existence of which is now not so much connected with the personality of the owner, because the shares can be transferred to other persons in the event of any of the participants of the case. However, the partnership is not without flaws. Firstly, the separation of control functions among the participants in the partnership creates difficulties in the form of a possible conflict based on a competition between the parties, and the struggle for leadership. In addition, the reduced efficiency in decision-making. Second, the partnership can retains an excessive liability of the members though now largely due to errors and strangers. All this makes this form of business organization rather vulnerable it is less common.

3. Joint Stock Company

Joint Stock Company (JSC) - a type of business entities. Joint-stock company recognized organization whose authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares certifying liability rights of company participants (shareholders) in relation to society.

Joint-stock enterprise type the following benefits:

- The ability to attract additional investments through the issuance of shares;

- Limitation of Liability collaborates shareholder value of the shares at the general economic interest;

- Reducing business risk;

- To facilitate the transition of capital funds from industry to industry.

The founders of the company are citizens or legal entities, which decide on its establishment. The number of founders of an open society is not limited. One person the decision to establish the company the person acts alone may found company. However, society cannot have as its sole founder (shareholder) of another company, consisting of one person.

Joint Stock Company may be open or closed.

Open Joint Stock Company is a company, whose shareholders have the right to dispose of their shares. The supreme governing body of the joint stock company is the general meeting of shareholders. Exclusive competence of the General Meeting by law. General meeting of shareholders may not consider and take decisions on matters not within its competence by law. By the company's shareholders is not limited to, the shares can be freely traded in the market.

Management of the Company by the sole executive body - the director, CEO, or collegial executive body (board, management). Executive bodies accountable to the Board of Directors (Supervisory Board) of the company and the general meeting of shareholders. Shareholders have the right of access to documents of the Company, such as the agreement on the establishment, charter, and proof of the public's right to the property on its balance sheet, the internal documents of the company, annual reports and other.

Closed Joint Stock Company is a company whose shares are distributed only among the founders or advance a certain number of persons.

Shareholders of that company have a preemptive right to purchase shares sold by other shareholders. The number of participants is limited to the closed joint-stock company law. As a rule, a closed joint stock company is not obliged to publish statements to the public, unless otherwise provided by law.

The main differences between a closed joint stock company (JSC) and open joint stock company (JSC)

Number of shareholders:

- JSC for not more than 50, if exceed, the Company shall be transformed into an open joint;

- For JSC is not limited.

The pre-emptive right to acquire the shares alienated by the shareholders of the Company:

- For the Company's shareholders have a preferential right to the bid price to a third party (similar to the distribution of shares in the Company);

- For pre-emptive right of not allowed.

Distribution of shares:

- For the Company among the founders of a pre-defined group of persons;

- For the distribution of shares to the public (public offering).

4. Production Co-operative

Production Co-operative (co-operative) - profit organization established by a voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership for the joint production and other economic activities, based on their personal labor and other participation and integration of its members (shareholders) of property shares. Charter of the production cooperative may provide for participation in its activities and legal entities.

Members of the cooperative are vicariously liable for its obligations in the manner prescribed by its Articles of Association. The total number of members of the production cooperative may not be less than five members of the cooperative may be citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons. Legal entity involved in cooperative activities through its representative in accordance with the Charter of the cooperative. Also, be aware that all members of the production cooperative shall be liable for the debts of the company with their personal property.

5. State enterprise

State-owned company, state-owned corporation, state-owned enterprise (SOE) - the organization of any organizational-legal form, plant and equipment which are state-owned (or municipal), and heads are appointed or employed under contract by public authorities.

State Company recognized non-profit organization with no membership and established by the Russian Federation based on property assessments for the provision of public services, and perform other functions using public property based on trust management. State-owned company established in accordance with federal law.

State Corporation recognized a non-membership non-profit organization established by the Russian Federation based on asset contribution and set up for the implementation of social, administrative, or other socially useful functions. State Corporation created by federal law.

6. Joint venture

The joint venture occurs when two parties come together to begin to implement a project. It is expected that the joint venture, both parties undertake an equal investment in the project, as well as spend equal time and effort to develop his concept. While joint ventures are generally relatively small-scale companies, large corporations also use this method to diversify their activities. Creation of joint venture can ensure the success for small companies that are just starting out in the business world, as well as for existing corporations. Since the value of pre-launch and start-up costs for new projects is generally high, a joint venture allows both parties to share the burden, as well as profits.

From the point of view of management, the management of the joint venture is a little more complicated. For each of the parties, which are a joint business, there is an objective need for concerted action to the other party. In other words, none of the parties involved in such a project can no longer make all decisions solely on their own. For a project to really become a "joint venture" must be strict compliance with the commitments of each party.

Taking the decision to establish a joint venture, it is important to make sure that both sides consistent with the proposed project for a client base. In such projects, each of the parties shall be in addition another. Sometimes misunderstandings or lack of communication can destroy a joint venture. Therefore, both parties need to be able to align their expectations and that they are able to offer the project.

From the moment when a joint venture company, its founders must have a strategic plan. In other words, the two sides should focus on the future partnership, and not only on current income. Ultimately, short-term and long-term success are equally important. To achieve these successes, it is necessary to establish a clear synergy in the joint venture.

enterprise type cooperative ownership

7. Distinctive factors that characterize the activity of the enterprise

Despite the fact that the characteristics of the enterprises as socio-economic systems are similar, each company independently solves the problems associated with links in the "business-to-state", taking into account existing and potential "breakthroughs" to the restructuring at the macro and micro levels; with the social processes in society, etc.

Defining the essence of the company and its main activities carried out by the following 8 characteristics:

- Main product or service;

- Main unit of production (e.g., production of acid);

- The main technology for the production of production (production of chemicals from the oil or gas, production of parts using powder metallurgy);

- Core group of consumers served by now (cars - for various social groups, computers - for the production or training);

- degree of satisfaction of the needs of consumers in a product or service that is already familiar to the buyer (complex equipment in the kitchen, the curriculum at different levels and areas) and are of varying quality;

- scale of operation in the industry, with coverage of all industrial-technological complex - from raw material to manufacture the final product or service or specialization at one stage in the production unit (manufacturing buckles, assembly of finished products from component parts or cosmetic substances spilling from tanks in bottles, packaging and for sale);

- The degree of diversification of the enterprise: the use (or not) the main raw material, technology, distribution channels and marketing; a service (or different) groups of customers, etc.

- degree of orientation of the company to achieve high economic and financial performance, which makes it less vulnerable to the ups and downs of the overall market conditions by eliminating the focus on any one type of activity, intensification of non-current assets, participation in various activities profitable.

Conclusion

The company created for the production of material goods needed by society, to provide a variety of services to the population. The immediate impetus for the organization of production of foundation is the prospect of a profit and to use it to meet the needs. In other words, the task of manufacturing, research and commercial enterprises is to meet the public demand for products, services and sales based on the profit social and economic interests of the staff and the owner of the property business. Analysis of the experiences of prosperous firms in developed countries leads to the conclusion that their consistently high results are determined software interactions of technological, organizational, and social elements of production, which is achieved through the implementation of a new concept of development of the economy. The basis of this concept is to control the orientation of a person, as opposed to the applied methods for a long time, at which the main control objects were complex machines and processes.

It can be concluded that the characteristics of the control in each type of enterprises are individual. Managers must have its own approach to solve problems in the enterprise in terms of its form.

List of references

1. Архипов А.И. Экономика. М., Проспект, 2004.

2. Волков В., Ильин А. Экономика предприятия. - М.: Экономическое образование, 2003. - 677 с.

3. Герчикова И.Н. Менеджмент. - М., ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2005.

4. http://www.topknowledge.ru/osnovmen.html

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