Challenges of legal regulation of different parents and their children`s surnames in the practice of Lithuanian courts

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Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy

Faculty of Law, Vytautas Magnus University

Kazimieras Simonavicius University

CHALLENGES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF DIFFERENT PARENTS AND THEIR CHILDREN'S SURNAMES IN THE PRACTICE OF LITHUANIAN COURTS

PERKUMIENЙ, DALIA

ADOMAITYTЙ, KAROLINA

BERIOZOVAS, OLEGAS

Kaunas

Abstarct

The relevance of this study. In today's society, a phenomenon like the different names of family members living together in a family is found quite often. Recently, there has even been an increase in such a phenomenon. This is influenced by the growing number of divorces, as well as the growing trend towards cohabitation relationships and the growing number of children born in such relationships. The main problem. Due to different surnames, there are more and more problems such as confusion in training, health and other institutions, as well as, inevitably, problems when traveling. Also, when experiencing difficulties in maintaining a relationship with the family, the child may not understand why his or her last name should be different from the parent's last name, resulting in feeling excluded, outside of the family, experiencing bullying, or other similar difficulties. The aim of this study is to reveal the problems of legal regulation of different parents' and their children's surnames in the practice of Lithuanian courts. The following tasks were set for the defined goal: To reveal the concept of the child's rights and legitimate interests in the surname, as well as to discuss the development of the regulation of the surname, the main functions of the surname in society; To analyse the peculiarities of the legal regulation in Lithuania related to the child's surname; To analyse the practice of Lithuanian courts in cases regarding the change of a child's surname. The paper concluded that Lithuanian courts do not avoid errors and misinterpretations related to the child's rights and legitimate interests in the surname. The most equitable option in cases of changing the surname of a minor child, which best safeguards the child's rights and legitimate interests, could be to change the child's surname to a double surname consisting of different parents' surnames, reflecting the relationship with both father and mother. The novelty In Lithuania, there are very few studies related to the possible violation of children's rights and / or legitimate interests due to the different names of parents and their children, therefore it was expedient to perform a deeper analysis of the problem and make suggestions that can help solve the problem. As the result the fairest solution is to give the child a surname that indicates both the mother's and father's relationship to the child. The used methodology is scientific literature analysis, descriptive, analytical, comparative, and logical methods.

Key words: different surnames of parents and their children, child's rights and legitimate interests, family law.

Анотація

ПЯРКУМЕНЕ, ДАЛЯ - доц. проф., доктор юридичних наук, Аграрна академія Університета Вітовта Магнуса (Каунас, Литва)

АДОМАІТІТЕ, КАРОЛІНА - магістр, Юридичний факультет Університету Вітаутаса Великого (Каунас, Литва)

БЕРЕЗОВ, ОЛЕГ - докторант з права, декан юридичного факультету, Університет імені Казиміраса Сімонавічуса (Вільнюс, Литва)

ПРОБЛЕМИ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ РІЗНИХ БАТЬКІВ ТА ЇХ ДІТЕЙ У СУДОВІЙ ПРАКТИЦІ ЛИТВИ

Актуальність дослідження. У сучасному суспільстві таке явище, як різні імена членів родини, які живуть разом у сім'ї, зустрічається досить часто. Останнім часом таке явище навіть збільшилося. На це впливає зростаюча кількість розлучень, а також зростаюча тенденція до спільного проживання і зростаюча кількість дітей, народжених в таких відносинах. Головна проблема. Через різні прізвища виникає все більше і більше проблем, таких як плутанина у навчанні, здоров'я та інших установах, а також проблеми під час подорожей. Крім того, відчуваючи труднощі у підтримці відносин з родиною, дитина може не розуміти, чому його або її прізвище повинно відрізнятися від прізвища батьків, у результаті чого дитина відчуває себе виключеною з сім'ї, відчуває знущання або інші труднощі. Мета дослідження - виявити проблеми правового регулювання прізвіща батьків і дітей у судовій практиці Литви. Для поставленої мети були поставлені наступні завдання: розкрити поняття прав і законних інтересів дитини в існування прізвища, а також обговорити розвиток регуляції прізвища, основних функцій прізвища у суспільстві; проаналізувати особливості правового регулювання у Литві щодо прізвища дитини; проаналізувати судову практику Литви у справах про зміну прізвища дитини. У статті зроблено висновок про те, що судова прапктика Литви не уникає помилок і невірних тлумачень, що стосуються прав і законних інтересів дитини в і снуванні прізвища. В результаті найбільш справедливим рішенням буде те, щоб дати дитині прізвище, що вказує на спорідненість з дитиною як матері, так і батька. Використана методика - аналіз наукової літератури, описові, аналітичні, порівняльні та логічні методи.

Ключові слова: різні прізвища батьків та їх дітей, права і законні інтереси дитини, сімейне право.

Аннотация

ПЯРКУМЕНЕ, ДАЛЯ - доц., проф., доктор юридических наук, Аграрная академия Университета Витовта Магнуса (Каунас, Литва)

АДОМАИТИТЕ, КАРОЛИНА - магистр, Юридический факультет Университета Витаутаса Великого (Каунас, Литва)

БЕРЕЗОВ, ОЛЕГ - докторант по праву, декан юридического факультета, Университет имени Казимираса Симонавичуса (Вильнюс, Литва)

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ РАЗНЫХ РОДИТЕЛЕЙ И ИХ ДЕТЕЙ В СУДЕБНОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ ЛИТВЫ

Актуальность исследования. В современном обществе такое явление, как разные имена членов семьи, живущих вместе в семье, встречается довольно часто. В последнее время такое явление даже увеличилось. На это влияет растущее количество разводов, а также растущая тенденция к совместному проживанию и растущее количество детей, рожденных в таких отношениях. Главная проблема. Из-за разных фамилий все больше и больше проблем, таких как путаница в обучении, здоровье и других учреждениях, а также неизбежно проблемы во время путешествий. Кроме того, испытывая трудности в поддержании отношений с семьей, ребенок может не понимать, почему его или ее фамилия должна отличаться от фамилии родителя, в результате чего он чувствует себя исключенным вне семьи, испытывает издевательства или другие подобные трудности. Цель исследования - выявить проблемы правового регулирования фамилий родителей и детей в практике судов Литвы. Для поставленной цели были поставлены следующие задачи: раскрыть понятие прав и законных интересов ребенка в фамилии, а также обсудить развитие регуляции фамилии, основных функций фамилии в обществе; Проанализировать особенности правового регулирования в Литве в отношении фамилии ребенка; Проанализировать практику судов Литвы в делах об изменении фамилии ребенка. В документе сделан вывод о том, что суды Литвы не избегают ошибок и неверных толкований, касающихся прав и законных интересов ребенка в фамилии. В результате наиболее справедливым решением будет дать ребенку фамилию, указывающую на родство с ребенком как матери, так и отца. Используемая методика - анализ научной литературы, описательные, аналитические, сравнительные и логические методы.

Ключевые слова: разные фамилии родителей и их детей, права и законные интересы ребенка, семейное право.

Introduction

With the rapid increase in the number of divorces after which women take over their pre-marital surnames or remarriages, as well as in the case of unmarried children or family adoption and other similar cases, it is often the case that children and other cohabitants (mother, father, brother, sister) are different. It is because of different surnames that problems such as confusion, training, health, and other institutions are increasingly encountered, as well as problems that inevitably arise when traveling. It is estimated that in 2017, 600,000 parents were stopped and questioned at UK airports precisely because their children have a different surname. Such surveys are extremely stressful for both parents and children [1]. The stress experienced by parents and their children when traveling, as well as flight losses, indicate regulatory gaps. Also, when experiencing difficulties in maintaining a relationship with the family, the child may not understand why his or her last name should be different from the parent's last name, resulting in feeling excluded, outside of the family, experiencing bullying, or other similar difficulties.

Relevance of the topic

The topic is relevant because a phenomenon such as different surnames of parents and their children and inconveniences arising from different surnames is not new, but relevant (even a noticeable increase) in the current period and still causing problems in the family for both children, both to his parents. Also, due to the increasing number of divorces, the number of single mothers is also increasing, which often leads to differences in the surnames of the child and the parents, i. y. the problem is growing.According to the official statistics portal in 2019. divorces were registered by 8.7 thousand. couples. Compared to 2018, 43 (0.5%) more couples divorced than in 2018. More than half (54 percent) in 2019. divorced couples had children under the age of 18 in common. After the divorce, 6.7 thousand people lived in families without one of the parents (usually without a father). children (6.6 thousand in 2018) [2]. Also, the problem of different parents' and their children's surnames is influenced by the increasing trend of creating cohabitation relationships and the growth of children born in such relationships. According to Eurostat, the European Union's statistical agency, in 2018. the share of children born out of wedlock in the EU was 42%. This is 17 percentage points more than in 2000 [3]. The relevance of the topic is also justified by the fact that in Lithuania, there are very few studies related to possible violation of children's rights and / or legitimate interests due to different parents' and their children's names, so it was expedient to perform a deeper analysis of the problem.

The aim of the research is to reveal the problems of legal regulation of different parents' and their children's surnames in the practice of Lithuanian courts.

Results

The child's right to have a name from birth the right of the child to a name is one of the fundamental human rights protected by both national and international law. It should be noted that the right to a name must be guaranteed to the child from birth in order for him or her to acquire legal identity and to be protected in order to exercise his or her rights [4]. It is also very important that the child has the right to a name that is in his or her best interests. It should be noted that a newborn child cannot exercise his or her own rights, including the right to a name. In addition to state institutions, the child's parents are very important for the implementation of the law [5]. It is also important to keep in mind the role of the state in ensuring the rights of the child, as the state in which its citizens live and the most vulnerable group is children, must make every effort to ensure that the rights of this vulnerable group are upheld. the right to a name from the outset, and this right includes the fact that the child must acquire a name that does not conflict with his or her well-being [6]. Evolution of surname emergence and further regulation the emergence of surnames in public life was not a sudden but rather long-lasting event. At the same time, it is worth mentioning that the emergence of surnames is a relatively recent phenomenon [7]. In England, surnames were unknown until about the 10 th century and they were introduced or inherited only many years later [8]. However, some available data on personal surnames suggest that Lithuanian surnames began to form in the 15th century. [9] In ancient times, each person had only a name. [10] Identification and identification from others using only the name was possible because the communities were small at the time [11]. Later, as the population grew and communities expanded, the name alone became insufficient. As the number of people grew, people with the same names emerged, so there was a need to separate a person from his or her namesakes and not confuse them. This was the main reason for the introduction of certain adjectives next to the name: father's name, names of craft, origin or place of residence, all kinds of nicknames, which gradually became hereditary names [12]. Attention should be paid to the history of surnames, which indicates that the surnames expressed power [13]. For example, slave authorities renamed slaves in order to make their property visible to that slave [14].

With regard to some regulation of already formed surnames in the families of that time, it should be noted that the traditional concept of the legal family, arising from the development of the history of different legal traditions, is based on the institution of marriage [15]. Under common law, children were divided into legal and illegal. The place the child had in the family, if any, and which of the parents or adults could control the child depended on whether the child was legal or illegal. What surname a child will be given depended on whether the child was born in wedlock or not [16]. It should be noted that for many years' women were obliged to accept a man's surname when they got married [17]. It should be noted that even now, despite the progress made in gender equality in recent decades, most women continue to change their surnames to husbands after marriage, and most parents choose to give their children a patronymic. This means that the tradition of the family surname continues to put strong pressure on romantic relationships. In Lithuania, there is also another important nuance that has shown a very important role of the father in the family and in the child's life. The Marriage and Family Code of the Socialist Republic of Lithuania, which entered into force on January 1, 1970, contains a provision that: "the child's name is determined by the agreement of the parents, the father's name is given according to the father's name" [18]. In transcribed personal documents written in Russian or in their Russian parts, where the patronymic section is filled in according to the three-person system of personal names, a transcribed form of the father's name was written next to the name and surname of the Lithuanian citizen, eg: Balaisytй Eglй, Vladtautas - Балайшите Эгле, Kazio - Пакальнис Владас, Казё [19]. Assessing such records, it can be seen that the patronymic indicated that the child had a certain dependence on the father. The meaning and function of the surname in society The question of the importance of a surname in society has been raised for a very long time. In re the Marriage of Gulsvig, 498 N.W.2d 725 (1993), Judge Snell of the Iowa Supreme Court, commenting on the change of the child's surname, mentioned in his dissenting opinion several features emphasizing the importance of the name: Eldson C. Smith noted in The Story of Our Names (1930) that, apart from his closest friends, a person's name is the most noticeable, most striking feature. This, too, is the most vulnerable thing. An old Roman sentence says, "Sine nomine homo non est" (without a name a man is nothing). A person's name is like a signboard to the world. It is one of the most enduring assets; it remains when everything else is lost; it belongs to those who have nothing more. The name is the only effective, efficient way to describe individuals now and future generations. When a person dies, the name is the only part of the person that continues to live in the world ”[20]. It can be concluded that names and surnames are undoubtedly important, essential elements in human life. Also, the surname and first name of a person in a public space are necessary for a person to establish and maintain social connections with other persons in the profession, business or personal life [21]. In addition, in Coeriel et al. The Netherlands has been told that surnames are used to identify a person for purposes such as social security, insurance, licenses, marriage, inheritance, voting and when you vote for you, passports, taxes and public records, making it an important part of your identity [22].

Legal aspects of giving a child a surname

The child's surname is given when the civil status record is made, and in particular the child's birth record. According to Item 34 of the Rules for Registration of Civil Status Acts approved by the Order of the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania, “the birth of a child must be declared within three months from the date of his or her birth”. [23] It can be noted that parents have a duty to register the birth of a child. In the Re T (A child) case, the child was given a name and surname, but such an assignment was not officially registered because the child's father objected to it, guided by certain of his convictions. The court said that the father and / or mother is legally obliged to register the birth of a child and also mentioned that “it is clearly in the best interests of [the child] that the birth of a child be registered in order to be recognized as a citizen and entitled to the benefits of such citizenship '[24]. Legal aspects of giving a child a surname The child's surname is given when the civil status record is made, and in particular the child's birth record. According to Item 34 of the Rules for Registration of Civil Status Acts approved by the Order of the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania, “the birth of a child must be declared within three months from the date of his or her birth” [25]. It can be noted that parents have a duty to register the birth of a child. In the Re T (A child) case, the child was given a name, but such an assignment was not officially registered because the child's father objected to it, guided by certain of his convictions. The court said that the father and / or mother is legally obliged to register the birth of a child and also mentioned that “it is clearly in the best interests of [the child] that the birth of a child be registered in order to be recognized as a citizen and entitled to the benefits of such citizenship' [26]. Giving a child a surname when the child's mother is married Item 43.1 of the Rules for Registration of Civil Status Acts is intended for the provision of the name and surname of a child when the child's mother and father are married, which provides that: “43.1. if the surnames and nationalities of the child's parents are the same, the child shall be given the surname and nationality of the parents. If the surnames of the parents are different, the child is given the surname of the father or mother or a double surname consisting of different surnames of the father and mother by agreement of the parents” [27]. Under Swedish law, if the child's parents have a common surname at birth, the child is automatically given the parent's surname. If the parents have different surnames at the birth of the child, different rules apply depending on whether the parents previously had children together. If the newborn has older biological brothers or sisters who are in joint parental care, the newborn will be given the surname that the brother or sister has. In other cases, parents can choose the child's last name from those held by one of the parents. They can also give the last name that one of the parents had just before the marriage. It should be noted that in Sweden the choice of a child's surname must be notified in writing within three months of the child's birth and, if no notification is given within this period, the child is considered to have acquired the mother's surname at birth [28].