3. Practical research of word-formation

With the purpose of confirmation of the revealed features of word-formation in English language practical research of products of modern and classic fiction of the English and American authors has been carried out. The choice of language of art prose was not occasional. The fiction has to give emotional reflection of the validity. Language of fiction reflects public language with its various functional styles. This quality of fiction makes possible to carry out linguistic supervision as it is an objective source of the data about colloquial language.

During practical research it was necessary to solve the following problems:

· To investigate the various ways of word-formation used by authors of the English and American fiction.

· To reveal the most often and typical cases of the use of various ways of word-formation, i.e. to reveal the most productive ways of word-formation.

· To compare ways of word-composition in classical and modern fiction in order to find out the development of the language in this aspect.

Research of various ways of word-formation has been started from a question on rate of their use in products of modern English and American authors. With this purpose products of art prose of the following classical and modern writers have been analysed: J. Austen, Sh. Bronte, G. Chesterton, Ch. Dickens, J. Gasworthy, A. Coppard, U. Lesli, B. McDonald, H. Fielding, etc. For the analysis it has been taken on 20 pages of one of products of each writer.

During the analysis of a language material it was found out, that writers in the products use various ways of affixation.

3.1 The use of word-composition

1. His sisters were fine women, with an air of decided fashion. His brother-in-law, Mr. Hurst, merely looked the gentleman; An invitation to dinner was soon afterwards dispatched; and already had Mrs. Bennet planned the courses that were to do credit to her housekeeping, when an answer arrived which deferred it all. Mr. Bingley was obliged to be in town the following day, and consequently unable to accept the honour of their invitation, (Austen J. Pride and Prejudice)

«Brother-in-law», housekeeping, are examples of word-composition. The first compound word (noun) is formed from 3 words - 2 nouns and a preposition.

According to structure the first consists of three stems, the second (noun) is a derivative compound. It consists of twq stems and ending.

According to the way of joining the first is syntactical, the second has a neutral way of joining.

According to the relations between the components the first compound is coordinative, the second - subordinative.

2. They attacked him in various ways; with barefaced questions, ingenious suppositions, and distant surmises; but he eluded the skill of them all; and they were at last obliged to accept the second-hand intelligence of their neighbour Lady Lucas. (Austen J. Pride and Prejudice)

Barefaced, second-hand are examples of word-composition. The first compound word (adjective) is formed from 2 words and ending. It is a derivative compound.

The second (adjective) consists of two stems it is called a proper compound.

According to the way of joining the first is neutral, the second is syntactical.

According to the relations between the components both compounds are subordinative.

3. «I will waste money on: pasta-makers, ice-cream machines or other culinary devices which will never use; books by unreadable literary authors to put impressively on shelves; exotic underwear, since pointless as have no boyfriend». (Fielding H. Bridget Jones' Diary), pasta-makers, ice-cream, boyfriend are examples of word-composition. The first compound word (noun) is formed from 2 words and ending. It is a derivative compound.

The second (adjective) consists of two stems and is called a proper compound.

The third (noun) is a proper compound. It consists of two stems.

According to the way of joining the first two compounds are syntactical, the third is neutral.

According to the relations between the components these compounds are coordinative.

4. 'Mum. It's eight thirty in the morning. It's summer. It's very hot. I don't want an air-hostess bag.'

'Julie Enderby's got one. She says she never uses anything else.'

Exhausted, I held the phone away from my ear, puzzling about where the missionary luggage-Christmas-gift zeal had stemmed from. When I put the phone back she was saying: '… in actual fact, you can get them with a compartment with bottles for your bubble bath and things. The other thing I thought of was a shopping trolley.' (Fielding H. Bridget Jones' Diary)

air-hostess, luggage-Christmas-gift are examples of word-composition. The first compound word (adjective) is formed from 2 words. It is a compound proper.

The second (adjective) consists of three stems.

According to the way of joining all compounds are syntactical.

According to the relations between the components all compounds are coordinative.

5. When I got to the Alconburys' and rang their entire-tune-of-town-hallclock-style doorbell I was still in a strange world of my own - nauseous, vile-headed, acidic. (Fielding H. Bridget Jones' Diary)

entire-tune-of-town-hallclock-style, own-nauseous, vile-headed, are examples of word-composition. The first compound word (adjective) is formed from 6 words. It is a compound proper.

The second and the third (adjectives) are derivatives.

According to the way of joining all compounds are syntactical.

According to the relations between the components all compounds are coordinative.

6. I was also suffering from road-rage residue after inadvertently getting on to the M6 instead of the M1 and having to drive halfway to Birmingham before I could find anywhere to turn round (Fielding H. Bridget Jones' Diary)

road-rage is an example of word-composition. It is noun, consists of two stems, a compound proper.

According to the way of joining it is syntactical compound.

According to the relations between the components compound word is coordinative.

7. She seemed to manage to kiss me, get my coat off, hang it over the banister, wipe her lipstick off my cheek and make me feel incredibly guilty all in one movement, while I leaned against the ornament shelf for support. (Fielding H. Bridget Jones' Diary)

lipstick is an example of word-composition. It is noun, consists of two stems, a compound proper.

According to the way of joining it is neutral compound.

According to the relations between the components this compound word is coordinative.

8. She led me through the frosted-glass doors into the lounge, shouting, 'She got lost, everyone!' (Bridget Jones' Diary)

frosted-glass is an example of word-composition. It is an adjective, consists of two stems, a derivational compound.

According to the way of joining it is syntactical compound.

According to the relations between the components compound word is subordinative.

9. 'Bridget! Happy New Year! said Geoffrey Alconbury, clad in a yellow diamond-patterned sweater. (Fielding H. Bridget Jones' Diary)

diamond-patterned is an example of word-composition. It is an adjective, consists of two stems, a derivational compound.

According to the way of joining it is syntactical compound.

According to the relations between the components this compound word is subordinative.

10. 'Junction nineteen! Una, she came off at Junction nineteen! You've added an hour to your journey before you even started. Come on, let's get you a drink. How's your love-life, anyway?' (Fielding H. Bridget Jones' Diary)

love-life is an example of word-composition. It is noun, consists of two stems, a compound proper.

According to the way of joining it is syntactical compound.

According to the relations between the components this compound word is coordinative.

11. Everyone knows that dating in your thirties is not the happy-go-lucky free-for-all it was when you were twenty and that the honest answer is more likely to be, 'Actually, last night my married lover appeared wearing suspenders and a darling little Angora crop-top, told me he was gay/a sex addict/a narcotic addict/a commitment phobic and beat me up with a dildo, ' than, (Fielding H. Bridget Jones' Diary)

happy-go-lucky, free-for-all, crop-top are examples of word-composition. These are two nouns and an adjective. Nouns consist of three stems, adjective consists of two stems.

According to the way of joining these are syntactical compounds.

According to the relations between the components these compound words are coordinative.

12. 'Big beyond all sense. How are the ear-hair clippers?' The rich, divorced-by-cruel-wife Mark - quite tall - was standing with his back to the room, scrutinizing the contents of the Alconburys' bookshelves: mainly leather-bound series of books about the Third Reich, which Geoffrey sends off for from Reader's Digest. (Fielding H. Bridget Jones' Diary)

ear-hair, divorced-by-cruel-wife, leather-bound are examples of word-composition. All these compounds are adjectives. The first and the third consist of two stems (compound proper), the ssecond - of three syems.

According to the way of joining these are syntactical compounds.

According to the relations between the components these compound words are subordinative.

13. I racked my brain frantically to think when I last read a proper book. The trouble with working in publishing is that reading in your spare time is a bit like being a dustman and snuffling through the pig bin in the evening. I'm halfway through Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus, which Jude lent me, but I didn't think Mark Darcy, though clearly odd, was ready to accept himself as a Martian quite yet. Then I had a brainwave. (Fielding H. Bridget Jones' Diary)

Dustman, halfway, brainwave are examples of word-composition. These are nouns, consist of two stems, compounds proper.

According to the way of joining these are neutral compounds.

According to the relations between the components this compound word is coordinative.

3.2 The use of affixation

1. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want a wife. (Austen J. Pride and Predjudice, Ch. 1)

Universally, acknowledged, possession - these are words formed with the help of affixes.

Universally (an adverb) was formed from the noun and consists of the stem univers - and two suffixes: - al and - ly. The fitst suffix is an adjective-forming, denominal suffix (universe > universal). Its notion is «relating to» and it denotes quality of the subject. The second is an adverb-forming, deadjectival suffix - ly (universal > universally). Its notion is «in what manner». Both suffixes form a new part of speech and possess productiveness in word-formation.

Acknowledged is a Participle II (non-finite form of the verb) formed from the verb. It consists of the prefix ac-, root know, suffixe - ledge. Prefix ac - denotes «addition or increase», it doesn't change a part of speech, Suffix - ledge is archaic and is very rare in the English word-formation.

Possession is noun formed from the verb (to possess > possession) with the help of the deverbal, noun-forming suffix - sion which is borrowed from French. It changes a part of speech and has a notion of state or quality.

2. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. (Austen J. Pride and Predjudice, Ch. 1)

Feelings, entering, neighborhood, surrounding, rightful, property - words formed with affixation.

Feeling - noun is formed with the noun-forming, deverbal, productive suffix - ing, which changes the part of speech (to feel > feeling) and denotes action or process.

Entering, surrounding - Gerunds formed from the verb (to enter, to surround) with the help of noun-forming, deverbal, productive suffix - ing, which changes the part of speech (to feel > feeling, to surround - surrounding) and denotes action or process. In this sentence entering has a function of the object, surrounding - in the function of adjective.

Neighborhood - noun is formed with the noun-forming, non-productive suffix - hood, which doesn't change the part of speech (neighbor > neighborhood) and denotes state, condition or quality.

Rightful - an adjective which is formed from the noun «right» with the denominal, adjective-forming suffix - ful. It has a notion «full of» and changes a part of speech.

Property - a noun formed from the adjective (proper > property) with the help of the noun-forming, non-productive suffix - ty. It denotes state, condition or quality and changes a part of speech.

3. «You are overscrupulous surely. I dare to say Mr. Bingley will be vey glad to see you; and I will send a few lines by you to assume him of my hearty consent to his marrying whichever he chooses of the girls; though I must throw in a good word for my little Lizzy» (Austen J. Pride and Predjudice, Ch. 1)

Overscrupulous, surely, hearty, marrying, whichever - words formed with affixes.

Overscrupulous is an adjective which consists of the prefix over - (with the meaning of excessiveness), which is attached to the borrowed from French word scrupulous. The prefix doesn't change the part of speech.

Surely - an adverb that was formed from the adjective sure and an adverb-forming, deadjectival productive suffix - ly, which denotes «in what manner» and changes a part of speech (adj > adv).

Hearty - an adjective formed from the noun heart and an adjective-forming, denominal suffix - ty which changes a part of speech (n > adj). and denotes state, condition or quality.

Marrying - a Gerund (non-finite form of the verb) in the function of object formed from the verb to marry and a productive deverbal suffix - ing and denotes action or process.

4. I find out of long experience that I admire all nations and hate all governments, and nowhere is my natural anarchism more aroused than at national borders where patient and efficient public servants carry out their duties in matters of immigration and customs. (Steibeck J.)

Government - a noun formed from the verb with the help of the productive noun-forming, deverbal suffix - ment (denotes result, action). This suffix changes a part of speech (v > n).

Anarchism - a noun formed from the noun with the help of the non-productive suffix - ism (denotes state or quality). This suffix doesn't change a part of speech.

National - an adjective formed from the noun with a productive adjective-forming, denominal suffix - al (denotes «relating to»). This suffix changes a part of speech (n > adj).

Immigration - a noun formed from the verb with the help of the productive noun-forming, deverbal suffix - tion (denotes state or quality). This suffix changes a part of speech (v > n).

5. I would have to retrace my way at least thirteen miles, find a vet, have Charlie vaccinated, and return. There were nice men, friendly and helpful. They gave me a cup of tea and Charlie half a dosen cookies. And they seemed genuinely sorry that I had to go to Erie. (Steibeck J.)

To retrace - a verb, formed with the help of productive prefix re - which denotes «again», repetition of the action. It doesn't change a part of speech.

Thirteen - a numeral formed with the help of numeral-forming suffix - teen. This suffix doesn't change a part of speech.

Friendly - an adjective formed with a productive adjective-forming, denominal, polisemantic suffix - ly (denotes «quality»). This suffix changes a part of speech (n > adj).

helpful. - an adjective formed with a productive adjective-forming, denominal suffix - ful (denotes «full of»). This suffix changes a part of speech (n > adj).

genuinely - an adjective formed with a productive adverb-forming, denominal, polisemantic suffix - ly (denotes «In what mannerlity»). This suffix changes a part of speech (n > adv).

6. Mr. Pickwick had made his preliminary arrangements, and was looking over the coffee-room blinds at the passengers in the street, when the waiter entered, and announced that the chaise was ready - an announcement which the vehicle itself confirmed, by forth with appearing before the coffee-room blinds aforesaid. (Dickens Ch.)

Appearing - a Gerund (non-finite form of the verb) in the function of object formed from the verb to marry with productive deverbal suffix - ing that denotes action or process.

Arrangements, announcement - nouns formed from verbs. The productive noun-forming, deverbal suffix - ment expresses in this case value of the fact of performance of action.

Passengers, waiter - nouns formed from verbs. The productive, noun-forming, deverbal suffix - er expresses in the first case the person possessing an attribute or ability to make action, and in the second case - the person constantly engaged in what its basis defines (professional work of the given person).

7. There is no happiness like that of being loved by your fellow-creatures, and feeling that your presence is an addition to their comfort. (Bronte Ch.)

Happiness - a noun, the suffix-ness is a productive noun-forming, deadjectival suffix, it joins an adjective and expresses value of a condition of a subject. It changes a part of speech (adj > n).

Creature - a noun formed from the verb «to create» with the the help of the non-productive noun-forming, deverbal suffix - ure (denotes condition, action). This suffix changes a part of speech (v > n).

Feeling - a Gerund (non-finite form of the verb) in the function of object formed from the verb to feel with a productive deverbal suffix - ing that denotes action or process. This suffix changes a part of speech (v > n).

Addition - a noun, formed with the help of the productive, noun-forming, deverbal suffix - tion, it joins a verb, forms nouns from verbs and expresses abstract value. It changes a part of speech (adj > n).

Presence - a noun, formed with the help of the productive, noun-forming, deverbal suffix - ence, it joins to a verb (to present), forms nouns from verbs and expresses abstract value. It changes a part of speech (v > n).

8. Mr. Pickwick had no leisure to observe either this, or any other particular, the whole of his faculties being concentrated in the management of the animal attached to the chaise, who displayed various particularities, highly interesting to a by-stander, but by no means equally amusing to anyone seated behind him. (Dickens Ch.)

management, stander - nouns formed from verbs with the help of productive noun-forming, deverbal suffixes - ment, - er expressing value of the fact of performance of action, and the person working definitely at present.

Particularities - the noun formed from the adjective particular with the help of the suffix - ity expressing state, condition.

Highly, equally - the adverbs formed from adjectives with the help of the suffix - ly, expressing value «in such a manner».

Interesting, amusing - the adjectives formed from verbs with the help of the suffix-ing.

9. The British character? Suspicion had been dawning on Michael for years that its appearances were deceptive; that members of Parliament, theatre-goers, trotty little ladies with dresses tight blown about trotty little figures, plethoric generals in armchairs, pettish and petted poets, parsons in pulpits, posters in the street-above all, the Press, were not representative of the national disposition. (Galsworthy, J. The White Monkey)

Suspicion, disposition - the nouns formed from verbs with the help of the productive, noun-forming, deverbal suffixe - tion, giving to them value of condition and action.

Appearance - a noun formed from a verb with the help of the productive, noun-forming, deverbal suffix - ance, giving to it abstract value of condition.

deceptive; representative - the adjectives formed from verbs with the help of the productive, adjective-forming, deverbal suffix suffix, expressing value «possessing property, an attribute, quality».

goers - the noun formed from the verb with the help of the productive, noun-forming, deverbal suffix - er, expressing the person working definitely at present.

Trotty - an adjective formed from the noun trot and an adjective-forming, denominal suffix - ty which changes a part of speech (n > adj) and denotes state, condition or quality.

Plethoric, pettish - the adjectives formed from nouns plethora, pet designating animate objects, with the help of non-productive, adjective-forming, denominal suffixes-ic, - ish denoting «characterized with something». These suffixes change part of speech (n > adj).

National - the adjective formed from the noun by means of the adjective-forming, denominal suffix - al, expressing value «inherent, belonging». This suffixe changes part of speech (n > adj).

10. I have not had the pleasure of your company since you graced my establishment in the country. My children, for some reason best known to themselves, have deprived me of the opportunity of renewing our acquaintance. (Snow, C.P.)

pleasure - the noun formed from the verb with the help of the productive, noun-forming, deverbal suffix suffix - ure, expressing value of action or condition. This suffixe changes part of speech (v > n).

establishment - the noun formed from the verb with the help of the productive, noun-forming, deverbal suffix suffix - ment, denoting the fact of action, result.

Opportunity - the noun formed from the adjective «opportune» with the help of the noun-forming, deadjectival suffix suffix - ity, expressing state, condition.

Acquaintance - the noun formed from the verb with the help of the noun-forming, deverbal suffix-ance, expressing state or quality.

Renewing - a Gerund (non-finite form of the verb) in the function of object formed from the verb to renew with a productive deverbal suffix - ing that denotes action or process. This suffix changes a part of speech (v > n).

The prefix re - denotes repetition, «again». It doesn't change a part of speech.

11. He loved argument: He was sometimes shamed of the harshness that leapt to his tongue, but when he let himself go, argument made him fierce, cheerful, quite spontaneous and self-forgetful. (Snow, C.P.)

argument - the noun formed from the verb with the help of productive, noun-forming, deverbal suffix - ment, expressing value of the action, result.

Harshness (haste) - the noun formed from the verb with the help of the suffix - ness which expresses value of condition of the subject. It is a productive noun-forming, deadjectival suffix, it joins an adjective and changes a part of speech (adj > n).

cheerful, self-forgetful - adjectives formed from verbs with the help of the productive adjective-forming, denominal and deverbal suffix - ful. This suffix changes a part of speech (n > adj) and expresses value «full, fraught, overflown with that the basis»

spontaneous - the adjective formed with the help of the borrowed adjective-forming suffix - ous from basis of the noun, but this basis does not function in the English language as an independent word.

12. Well, he would not be bullied into it by the affection of old-stagers like Sir Edgar or the fears of his ex-pupils like Roberts. As to intimations of his feelings - his feelings were his own affair … he had long felt that detailed scholarship such as Clun favored was insufficient, disreputable, crossword-puzzle work, and historical generalizations were an equally disreputable pseudo-philosophic moralizing of the kind that old Stokesay had indulged in at the end of his life. (Wilson A.)

affection, intimations, generalizations - nouns formed from verbs with the help of the productive, noun-forming, deverbal suffix - tion, it joins a verb, forms nouns from verbs and expresses abstract value. It changes a part of speech (adj > n).

Feeling - noun is formed with the noun-forming, deverbal, productive suffix - ing, which changes the part of speech (to feel v.> feeling n.) and denotes action or process.

old-stagers - nouns formed from verbs with the help of the suffix - er, expressing the person working definitely at present.

Scholarship - the noun formed from a noun with the help of a suffix - ship, expressing collective value, it is combined with a nominal basis.

Insufficient - the adjective formed from the noun by means of the suffix - ent, expressing quality value. The negative prefix in - was used to form a new adjective in order to express negatime meaning.

Disreputable - the adjective derivative of a verbal basis with the help of the suffix-able, expressing value «capable to something». The negative prefix dis - was used to form a new adjective in order to express negative meaning.

historical - the adjective formed from the noun by means of the suffix-al, expressing value «inherent, belonging».

equally - the adverb formed from the adjective with the help of the productive, adverb-forming, deadjectival suffix - ly, expressing value «in such a way, thus».

pseudo-philosophic - adjective formed from basis of names of nouns, designating animate objects, with the help of suffixe - ic.

Moralizing - Gerund formed from the verb with the help of the noun-forming, deverbal, productive suffix - ing.

3.3 The use of conversion

1. «Why? I haven't left the country. I'not about to leave the country. But I handed over my passport jist the same. He leafed through it, pausing at the entry-and-exit stamps of other journeys. He inspected my photograph, opened the yellow small-pox vaccination certificate stapled to the back cover. At the bottom of the last page he saw penciled in a faint set of letters and figures». (Steinbeck J.)

Handed, leafed, pausing, stapled, penciled are examples of full conversion. Type of conversion - verbalization - forming verbs from nouns.

Denominal verbs denote instrumental use of an object. The new verb possesses all grammatical characteristics of the verb as a part of speech, in our example it is Past Indefinite, Active voice.

Verbs were formed from nouns in order to show person's activity. Denominal verb denotes the same meaning of the noun - activity of the object.

2. It was a morning like other mornings and yet perfect among mornings. Kino heard the creak of the rope when Juana took Coyotito out of his hanging box, and cleaned him and hammocked him in her shawl in a loop that placed him close to her breast. (J. Steinbeck)

Hammokced is an example of verbalization from a noun to a verb: n > v. It is a complete conversion. Denominal verb denotes instrumental use of an object. The new verb possesses all grammatical characteristics of the verb as a part of speech, in our example it is Past Indefinite, Active voice.

In the given fragment Steinbeck forms a verb from a noun hammock for what he places this word in a circuit of homogeneous parts of the sentence. Realization of its value occurs within the limits of one compound sentence to a formed word in a subordinate clause of time. A key to understanding of value of a formed verb is noun shawl.

3. «And if you want anything done - mind, anything - about Ferse, you've only to phone me at the Club. Here's the number.» He penciled it on a card and handed it to her. (J. Galsworthy)

In this abstract words pencil, hand are used as verbs. These are examples of verbalization from a noun to a verb: n > v. It is a complete conversion. Verb «to pencil», «to hand» were formed from nouns «a pencil», «a hand». Denominal verbs denote instrumentsl use of an object. The new verb possesses all grammatical characteristics of the verb as a part of speech, in our example it is Past Indefinite, Active voice.

In this case the author uses a microcontext which is quite enough for realization both lexical, and grammatic values. Within the framework of one offer with the help of a key word card and semantics of nouns pencil, hand from which verbs ere formed, lexical value of verbs is realized by their function in the sentence (predicates), and morphological registration (a suffix - ed), and also object (it) and circumstance of a place (on a card).

4. Tom Lachford walked straight to the Smudgeville First National Bank, straight into it, and straight through it to the manager's room. There was something compelling about the man, something dynamic in the way he sat down, and something almost titanic or teutonic in the way he laid his hat on the table. «See here, Mr. Beanhead,» he said, «I want the loan of a thousand dollars.» The manager spasmed. «On what security?» he winced. (St. Leacock. Perfect Lover's Guide.)

Spasmed is an example of verbalization from a noun to a verb: n > v. It is a complete conversion. Denominal verb denotes action characteristic of the object. The new verb possesses all grammatical characteristics of the verb as a part of speech, in our example it is Past Indefinite, Active voice.

Here at creation of a new word we noticed other context: describing external and internal characteristics of the hero as «irresistable», «dynamical», «titanic» person by whom he is represented to Mr. Beanhed at his first occurrence in bank, Leacock creates a situation (i.e. a wide context) which helps to open meaning of a formed word. Internal and external force, self-confidence and tone with what Lachford begins the conversation with the manager of bank forces the last «to shudder, flinch» (to spasm). Hence, all situation plays a role of a lexical context.

5. Billy rolled the lids back from the mare's eyes with his thumb and forefinger. He felt the lower lip and fingered the black, leathery teats. (J. Steinbeck. The Red Pony.)

He paced the office, corner to corner, and halted by the draped Stars and Stripes, fingering the flag for a moment, and then he sat down. (D. Carter. Fatherless Sons.)

In quick impatient gestures she loosened her long, thick, brown hair. She shook it until it rolled down over her shoulders, and he fingered it. (D. Carter. Fatherless Sons.)

The verb to finger was convertedly formed from the noun finger with meaning ' to point out with the finger '. It is an example of verbalization from a noun to a verb: n > v. It is a complete conversion. Denominal verb denotes instrumental use of an object (finger). The new verb possesses all grammatical characteristics of the verb as a part of speech, in our example it is Past Indefinite, Active voice.

For realization of this meaning in all cases the same microcontext consisting of a verb to finger+ a noun, being by a direct object to this verb is used.

6. The Bentley's tank was full. I backed her out of the garage at a high speed, pulled her round, and waiting only for the Marquees to clamber in beside me, rammed her out into the road. It was about eight o'clock. I gunned her along boulevard round the lake as fast as the cold engine would take. (J. Masters. To the Coral Strand.) '

My wife and I parted very quickly, since both of us hate good-byes, and neither one of us wanted to be left when the other had gone. She gunned her motor and exploded away for New York and I, with Charley beside me, drove Rocinante to the Shelter Island Ferry. (J. Steinbeck. Travels with Charley.)

In these sentences the verb to gun is formed from the noun and is used in the meaning «to run or drive a car, machine, motor or the like '.

It is an example of verbalization from a noun to a verb: n > v. It is a complete conversion. Denominal verb denotes instrumental use of an object (a gun). The new verb possesses all grammatical characteristics of the verb as a part of speech, in our example it is Past Indefinite, Active voice.

For realization of the value more complex context here is used - macrocontext including the indication that word her replaces the noun Bentley (brand of a motor vehicle). Besides, the verb to gun with a new meaning (instrumental use of an object) is included in a circuit of homogeneous parts of a sentence: I backed her out of…;… pulled her round…; rammed her out into…; I gunned her…

7. The heat was terribly oppressive, and the huge sunlight flamed like a monstrous dahlia with petals of yellow fire. The youths in the gallery had taken off their coats and waistcoats and hung them over the side. (Wilde O.)

Flamed is an example of verbalization from a noun to a verb: n > v. It is a complete conversion. The verb «to flame» was formed from the noun «a flame» in order to show a manner of sun activity. Denominal verb denotes action characteristic of the object (sunlight). The new verb possesses all grammatical characteristics of the verb as a part of speech, in our example it is Past Indefinite, Active voice.

8. They talked to each other across the theatre and shared their oranges with the tawdry girls who sat beside them. Some women were laughing in the pit. Their voices were horribly shrill and discordant. The sound of the popping of corks came from the bar. (Wilde O.)

Popping is an example of verbalization from a noun to a verb: n > v. It is a complete conversion. The verb «to pop» was formed from the noun «a pop» in order to show a manner of activity. Denominal verb denotes the same meaning of the noun - activity of the object. The new verb possesses all grammatical characteristics of the verb as a part of speech, in our example it is Gerund.

9. A quarter of an hour afterwards, amidst an extraordinary turmoil of applause, Sibyl Vane stepped on to the stage. (Wilde O.)

Stepped is an example of verbalization from a noun to a verb: n > v. It is a complete conversion. The verb «to step» was formed from the noun «a step» in order to show person's activity. Denominal verb denotes action characteristic of the noun (step). The new verb possesses all grammatical characteristics of the verb as a part of speech, in our example it is Past Indefinite, Active voice.

10. He flung himself down on the sofa and turned away his face.

«You have killed my love,» he muttered. She looked at him in wonder and laughed. He made no answer. She came across to him, and with her little fingers stroked his hair. (Wilde O.)

To look in wonder, to make no answer are examples of a partial conversion. The nouns «wonder» and «answer» in set expressions were formed from verbs respectively «to wonder», «to answer». It is a process of substantivation: v > n. These nouns were converted from verbs and are used only in the Singular form and denotes momentaneous actions.

Nouns denote action characteristic of objects.

11. I didn't expect him to, though,» he added, wisely, and with a glint. «I'm too old a trader for that. He's out of it now, anyway. That Michaels-Kennelly crowd skinned him. Yep, if you'd `a' been here ten or fifteen years ago you might `a' got in on that. (Wilde O.)

Skinned is an example of verbalization from a noun to a verb: n > v. It is a complete conversion. The verb «to skin» was formed from the noun «a skin» in order to form a metaphor. Denominal verb denotes action characteristic of the object. The new verb possesses all grammatical characteristics of the verb as a part of speech, in our example it is Past Indefinite, Active voice.

12. He telegraphed her an enigmatic message of congratulation. (Wilde O.)

Telegraphed is an example of verbalization from a noun to a verb: n > v. It is a complete conversion. The verb «to telegraph» was formed from the noun «a telegraph» in order to show a kind of communication. Denominal verb denotes instrumental use of the object. The new verb possesses all grammatical characteristics of the verb as a part of speech, in our example it is Past Indefinite, Active voice.

13. He had never been as striking, as stand-up as Aileen, though possibly she might have more sense. Jove! if he could find a woman like Aileen to-day. Life would take on a new luster. (Wilde O.)

Stand-up - an example of adectivization of the verb, a new adjective was formed from the verb «to stand-up» which has a meaning «straight». It is a complete conversion. But the new adjective was formed with the help of affixation (suffix - ish). It has the same meaning with the verb, but denotes an attendant feature of the person «being upright, honest».

14. Laughter seems to signal an attempt to ingratiate oneself in a society. (Wilde O.)

To signal is an example of verbalization from a noun to a verb: n > v. It is a complete conversion. The verb «to signal» was formed from the noun «a signal» in order to show a kind of communication. Denominal verb denotes instrumental use of an object. The new verb possesses all grammatical characteristics of the verb as a part of speech, in our example it is an infinitive as a part of compound verbal predicate.

15. He had two large town houses, but preferred to live in chambers as it was less trouble, and took most of his meals at his club. (Wilde O.)

Town is an example of adectivization of the noun, a new adjective was formed from the noun «a town» which has a meaning «city». It is a complete conversion. The new adjective has the same meaning of the noun, it denotes type of the house.

4. Results of practical research

We have researched 13 abstracts from fiction with 27 examples of compound words, 12 abstracts with 73 examples of using affixation, 15 abstracts with 18 examples of conversion.

Practical research has confimed our theoretical proposals.

The English language has a great versatility of techiques in replenishing vocabulary.

As we can conclude from our practical research, the most productive way is affixation, and specifically, suffixation. There are a lot of productive suffixes in English that are used in forming new words: - er, - al, - ing, - tion, etc. There are non-productive archaic suffixes in English that were used early times and now they are very rare (-ledge, - ard).

The second productive means of word formation is word-composition. The most frequently using compounds in modern English, as we can see from the modern fiction, are compounds consisting of three and more stems with syntactical way of joining. In classical fiction there were no these compounds, there were mostly compounds proper with two stems and neutral way of joining.

The third productive technique of word-formation is conversion. The most common type of conversion is verbalization - forming verbs from nouns.

Conclusion

On the basis of the analyzed theoretical and practical material we came to the following conclusions.

The term «word-formation» has two major values which should be distinguished precisely. In the first value it is used for expression of constant process of formation of new words in a language. The language is in a condition of the continuous development including certain language processes, including process of creation of new lexical units. This process has received the name of «word-formation».

Word-building is one of the main ways of enriching vocabulary.

The essence of word-formation processes consists in creation of the new names, new secondary units of a designation and as such names are words, the term «word-formation» is first of all the name of process of formation of words.

In the second value the term «word-formation» designates the section of a science engaged in studying of process of formation of lexical units.

There are four main ways of word-building in modern English: affixation, composition, conversion, abbreviation. There are also secondary ways of word-building: sound interchange, stress interchange, sound imitation, blends, back-formation.

As practical research has shown the most productive ways are the first two because basically new words are formed by such ways. The affixal way shares on prefixal and suffixal.

The analysis of affixal derivatives has shown that the following characteristics are inherent in affixes: joining to a making basis, the affix expresses the certain value and is easily allocated as productive word-forming element, and the making basis possesses ability to be used in language without an affix.

Research has shown that the suffixal way of formation of nouns from verbs more often is used.

Conversion is widely used in English. It is a characteristic feature of the English word-building system. It is also called affixless derivation or zero-suffixation. By this source of forming new words there are verbalization, substantivization as the most productive ways.

Word-composition is also a very productive means of word-formation, in modern English there are wostly compounds with two-stems, but there is a tendency to form words with three or more stems.

Other ways - sound interchange, stress interchange, sound imitation, blends, back-formation - are not very productive and are not used so frequently in English.

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