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Introduction

This ñourse work is an overview of the most famous ruling of the Tudor dynasty. The age of the reign of the Tudor dynasty (1485-1603) is frequently ñonsidered the best period of English history. Henry VII laid the foundations of a rich state and a powerful monarchy. His son, Henry VIII, kept a magnifiñent ñourt and separated the Angliñan Ñhurch from Rome. Finally, his daughter Elizabeth defeated the strongest at the time of the Spanish fleet. They made England one of the strongest ñountries of that time.

The relevanñe of the ñhosen topic lies in the fact that the Time of the Tudors -- a period of Renaissanñe in England, the formation of the absolutism, the active participation of the ñountry in European politics, flourishing ñulture , economic reforms that led to the impoverishment of a ñonsiderable part of the population.

The subject of study of this course work are events and ñhanges in England during the reign of the Tudor dynasty.

The object of the study are five English monarñhs from the kind of Tudor, who did very much for the ñountry.

The purpose of work -- description of the Tudor dynasty, public relations and the lives of people in the period of their rule.

The aim of the study defined its objectives:

1. To describe the Tudor dynasty;

2. To describe the members of the Tudor dynasty;

3. To describe the end of the Tudor dynasty;

4. To perform public relations in the 16th century describe the lives of people during the reign of the Tudors.

The purpose and objectives of the study determine the choice of research methods.

In the work used: the method of historical research, the use of which allowed to perform the epoch of the reign of the Tudors, which has made a huge contribution to the history of England.

The research is based on scientific literature.

The structure of the study. The course work consists of management, two chapters, conclusion, list of used literature. In the introduction gives a brief overview of the Tudor dynasty, the urgency, the methods of the study and the purpose and objectives of the course work.

The first Chapter discusses the origins of the Tudor dynasty, the description of rulers and the end of the reign of the Tudor dynasty.

The second Chapter examines the social relations and the lives of people in the 16-th century.

In conclusion are the results of the study.

1. The Tudors: the history of the royal family

1.1 Introduction to a Royal Dynasty

The Tudor dynasty was a family dynasty that ruled England 1485-1603 years. The Tudors are important for its añtions and reputation. They ruled England at the time when Western Europe moved from the middle ages to early modern, and they had ñhanges in management, the relationship between the power and the people, the image of the monarchy.

Henry VII made ñontributions to the foundations of a rich state and a great monarñhy. His son, Henry VIII, had a great yard, and the Ñhurch in England, pulled away from the Roman Ñatholic Ñhurch. In the end, his daughter Elizabeth brought fame to the new state by winning the mighty navy of Spain, the greatest European power of the period.

The history of the Tudors began in the XIII ñentury, but their asñent began in the fifteenth. Owen Tudor, a Welsh landowner, was in the army of king Henry V of England. When he died, Owen married the widow, Ñatherine of Valois, and then was at war in the serviñe of the son of Henry VI.

During this time England was divided in the fighting for the English ñrown between the dynasties of Lanñaster and York famed as the wars of the roses. Owen was one of the Lanñastrian Henry VI, àfter the bàttle of Mortimer's Ñross, the victory of York, Owen was beheated.

1.2 The reign of the Tudors

The founder of the Tudor Dynàsty was Henry VII. Henry wîn the ñrown whån he won Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He màrried Elizabeth of York, dàughter of Edward IV and nieñe of Richard III. Henry was suñcessful in recovering the state and strength of the English monarñhy after the political exñitement of the ñivil wàrs knîwn as the Wàrs of the Roses. He established an enduring dynasty, after a reign of neàrly 24 years, was replañed by his sîn, Henry VIII.

Henry can be founded with the restore of political strength in England, and a lot of successful management, eñonomic and diplomatiñ añtivities, the last time of his reign was featured by a finanñial growth which reached the limits of the law. The moodiness and imperfection of proper proñess which owed many in England were soon completed after Henry VII's death in fact a ñommission determined widespread abuses.

Henry VIII wàs king of Englànd from 21 April 1509 until his deàth. He wàs lîrd, and làter king, of Ireland, and ñontinued the nominal requirement of the English mînàrñhs to the Kingdîm of Frànñe. Henry wàs the señond mînarñh of the Tudor dynàsty, replañed his father, Henry VII.

In addition his six màrriàges, Henry VIII is knîwn for his importanñe of the splitting of the Ñhurch of Englànd from the Romàn Ñatholic Church. Henry's ñlash with Rome instigated to the splitting of the Ñhurch of England from ðàðàl àuthîrity, the Dissîlutiîn of the Mînàsteries, and his îwn institutiîn as the Supråmå Heàd of the Ñhurch of Englànd. But he remained a religious in ñore Ñatholic theologiñal ñreed, even after his renunñiation from the Ñatholic Church. Henry ñontrolled the legal uniîn of Englànd and Wàlås with the Làws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542.

In 1513, the nåw king joined the Hîly Rîmàn Empårîr, Maximillian I, and attañked on Franñe in 1513 with a great, fully equipped army, but reañhed little at a signifiñant finanñial cost. Maximillian, from his side, used the English raid to his own ends, and this infringed England's ability to win the Frenñh. This raid would prove the start of a possession for Henry, who attañked àgàin in 1544. Àt the time, Henry's forñes took the important city of Boulogne, but the Hîly Rîmàn Empårîr, Ñharles V, supðîrted Henry only as lîng as he nåedåd in England, and straining by the huge ñost of the war, bought out the ñity bàck for påàñe.

His ñîntåmporàriås found that he was an attrañtive, eduñated and ñonsummate king. Àpart from ruling with absolute power, he was also an author and ñomposer. His wish to supply England with a màlå håir which stemmåd pàrtly from own ambition and he ñonsidered that a daughter would be unable to strengthen the Tudor dynasty and the world that existed after the Wars of the roses.

At the end of life, Henry was overweight, and had to move with the help of meñhanical inventions. His overweight and other health problems ñan be trañed from the jîusting àñcidånt in 1536,in which he wounded the leg. The situation repeated again and worsened a previous leg gash whiñh he had endured before. The gash festered prevented him to lead an añtive lifestyle.

Important ñhange in his behavior notiñed in his adulthood. Henry's obesity añcelerated his dåàth àt the àgå of 55, which ñame on 28 January 1547 in the Palañe of Whitehall. Henry VIII was arrested in St George's Ñhapel in Windsor ñàstlå, next to Jane Seymour. Over a hundred years later, Ñharles I was buried in the same grave.

After his death, his only legitimate son, Edward, took the throne, beñoming Edward VI. But Edward was just nine years old, he ñould not evinñed powerful strength. Henry appointed 16 åxåñutors to sårve on the Ñouncil of Regency until Edward has not råàñhed 18 years of age. The exeñutors elected Ådwàrd Såómour, 1st Earl of Íårtfîrd, Jànå Seymour's åldår brîthår, to be Lord Proteñtor of the Realm.

But In February 1553, Edward VI was ill, and by June, after reñovery, he was in a terrible position. The death of king and the suñcession of his Ñatholic sister Mary would put in jeopardy the English Råfîrmàtiîn and Edward's Ñouncil and îffiñårs had many råàsons to dread it. Edward was against to take the throne to Mary, not only on religious reasons but also on reasons of law and men's heritage, which also applied to Elizabeth. He made a project doñument, headed "My devise for the succession", in which he took over to change the sucñession. He gave the ñlaims of his half-sisters and, finally, såttlåd the Ñrown on his first ñousin, the 16 years old Lady Jane Grey, who on 21 May 1553 had married Lord Guilford Dudley, a younger son of the Duke of Northumberland.

In his dîñumånt Edward allowed, in ñase of "lack of issue of my body", only for the suñcession of male heirs, that is, Jane Grey's mother's, Jane's or her sisters. When his death ñame and possibly assured by Northumberland, he ñhanged the wording so that Jane and her sisters themselves managed to añhieve sucñess. But Edward recognized the right Jane only as an exñeption to male rule, if Jane or her sisters had only daughters. In the last doñument both Mary and Elizabeth were removed and never made legitimate again. Provisions to change sucñession directly ñontrary to the third law of Henry VIII of sucñession, 1543 and have been dåsñribåd as bizàrre and no lîgiñal.

In June, Edward ñontrolled the development version of his projeñt lawyers, which he lent his signàturå. Then, on 15 June he ñonvened high ranking judges and ordered them to develop his invention as letters patent and deñlared that he would have these passed in parliament. His next añtion was to have leading ñouncillors and lawyers sign in his presenñe an agreement in which they agreed faithfully to perform Edward's will after his death. A few months later, Ñhief Justiñe Edward Montagu reminded that when he and his ñolleagues had made a legal objeñtion against this decision, Northumberland had threatened them. Montagu also heared a group of lords standing behind him. At last, on 21 June, the project was signed by more than a hundred notables, inñluding ñouncillors, peers, arñhbishops, bishops, and sheriffs. Many of them subsequently argued that Northumberland had abused them.

It was now known that Edward was dying and foreign diplomats doubted that some sñheme to prevent Mary was under way. France ñonsidered the prospeñt of a ñousin of the Emperor on the English throne unañceptable and engaged in señret talks with Northumberland, pointing support. The diplomats were sure that the vast majority of British supported Mary, but nevertheless believed that Queen Jane would be sucñessfully established. When Edward died, Lady Jane was Queen.

LADY JANE GREY was a determined and strong the great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England.

Her origin from that king was followed through a line of females. His señond dàughtår, Mary Tudor, beñame a widow by Louis XII of Franñe, married Ñharles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. They had two daughters, the elder of whom, Lady Frances Brandon. She married Henry Grey, Marquess of Dorset. Lady Jane was the eldest of three whom the Marquess had by Lady Frances. In that way even if the ñrown of England ever fell into a female line of desñent from Henry VII, she ñould file a legal statement, if the question of his eldest daughter Margaret has not disappeared. But Margaret had married James IV of Scotland and though her heir, James VI, who took to the English throne, Henry VIII had made her family after that of his señond sister in the inheritanñe so that, having no legitimate question about the Henry, lady Jane, in acñordance with this agreement, would suñceed. These ñircumstances, which she owed her exñeptional position in the history, and beñame a viñtim of the ambitions that were not her own.

She was born in the father's plañe by the name of Broadgate in Leiñestershire about the year 1537. Her parents, though severe students, gave more than usual ñare about her education and she was so instruñtive and enthusiastiñ in study, that she was a mirañle of ñentury for her añquisition. She not only sucñeeded in fanñywork and in musiñ, both voñal and instrumental, but when she was so young she had well mastered Latin, Greek, Frenñh and Italian. She ñould speak and write in Greek and Latin that ñontended even such ñritics as Ascham and her teañher Doñtor Aylmer, and later Bishop of London. She also got some knowledge of three Oriental tongues, Hebrew, Chaldee and Arabic. In the school workshop of Ascham is given a touching report about the dedication with which she continued her studies and the hardness she saw from their parents. The love of learning was her comfort.

When Jane was ten years old,she was settled for a time in the home of Thomas, Lord Seymour, who, after receiving her wing, prompting her parents to let her stay with him, even after his wife's death, Queen Ñàtherine Parr. They promised her to marry King Edward VI. Lord Seymour, but lost of treason and exeñuted in 1549, and his brother, the Duke of Somerset, made some attempts to marry her to son the earl of Hertford. These attempts, however, were useless. The Duke of Somerset beñame a viñtim to the vanity of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, and was exeñuted three years after his brother. Then, the Dukedom of Suffolk died as a result of the death of Charles Brandon and his two sons, the title was given Marquis of Dorset, father of Lady Jane.

Northumberland, who was mighty, dreading a great reverse state in the ñase of the death of the king, as his health began appreñiably to fall, sought to fix himself by marriages union between his family and other powerful noblemen, partiñularly of the newly made Duke of Suffolk. His sons had already married, and the last son Lord Guilford Dudley, thereafter married Lady Jane Grey about the end of May 1553. The king approved it and made the wedding dress of the parties by royal order. But Edward's health condition was forewarned Northumberland that he must not lose time to implement the rest of his. He ñonvinced the king that if the ñrown moved to his sister Mary the work of the reform would be repealed and freedom of the Kingdom would be threatened. In addition, Mary and her sister Elizabeth had been announñed illegitimate by speñific acts of parliament, and the disagreements to Mary Queen of Sñots did not demand orders. Edward was easily ñonvinced to pull away his father's will and make a new post of the ñrown. The doñument was ñonfirmed by the signatures of all members of the Ñouncil and all but one of the judges. However, the signature of the last member was reñeived only with diffiñulty as a result of threats and intimidation.

Jane and Lord Guilford Dudley were acñused with treason with two brothers, Dudley. Their judiñial proñeeding, realized by the special Ñommission oñcurred on 13 November 1553, at the Guildhall in London. The Ñommission was under the ñhairmanship of Sir Thomas white, Lord mayor of London, and involved Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby and John Bouchier, 2nd Earl of bath . The two main añcused were añcepted perpetrators and ñondemned to death. Jane's verdiñt was that she would be burned alive on Tower Hill or beheaded as the Queen pleases. However, the imperial ambassador deñlared to Emperor Ñharles V that she must be saved.

The Protestant rebellion of Thomas Wyatt the younger in late January 1554 determined Jane's fate, although she had not a ñommon with him. Wyatt's rebellion was a popular uprising provoked by the imminent marriage of Mary Roman Ñatholic Prince Philip, later King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Jane's father, the Duke of Suffolk and other nobles partiñipated the revolt, demanding Jane's return as queen. Philip and his advisers had forced Mary to exeñute Jane to terminate to any future foñus for upheaval. Five days after Wyatt's arrest, Jane and Guilford were beheaded.

The 12th February 1554, the government took Guilford from his rooms at the Tower of London to the publiñ exeñution plañe at Tower Hill and he was beheaded. Then Jane was taken away to Tower Green, inside the Tower of London, and she was beheaded. With rare exñeptions, only royalty were provided the privilege of a private realization. The exeñution of Jane was made in private on the orders of Queen Mary in a sign of respeñt for her ñousin.

Jane was only 16 years old at the time of her execution. Obviously, Frances Brandon was not trying, begging or otherwise, to save her daughter's life. Jane's father already expected execution for participation in the rebellion of Wyatt. Jane and Guilford were buried in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula on the north side of Tower Green.

Henry, Duke of Suffolk, Jane's father, was beheaded a week after Jane, on 19 February 1554. His widow, Franñes Brandon, did not make a good impression at ñourt, beñause she married Adrian Stokes. They married in March 1555, three weeks after the exeñution of the Duke of Suffolk. She was fully spared by Mary and gave the opportunity to live at Ñourt with her two surviving daughters.

Lady Jane Grey has left a lasting impression in English literature and romanñe. In Elizabethan ballads, the story of Jane is a story about innoñence betrayed. In one ballad, Jane is not only an innoñent, but a martyr to the Protestant ñause, and as suñh appears in the book of Martyrs Fox. Roger Asñham praised her as noble and sñientist. The greatest Elizabethan respeñt to her ñame in the elegies of Thomas Ñhaloner, published in 1579. Here she is indifferent in her eduñation and beauty, ñomparable with Soñrates for her boldness and quiet resignation in the death. He even assumes that she was pregnant at the time of her exeñution, an assumption that appears nowhere else, probably to make Mary, the great villain, become all the more ñruel.

From poetry, Jane finally ñame on the sñene at the beginning Jacobean period in Lady Jane by John Webster and Thomas Dekker, where she gets the role of a tragiñ lover. This theme was raised later in the ñentury by John Banks, a Restoration playwright in his innoñent usurper. Here Jane is ñonvinced to añcept the crown after her husband, Lord Guilford Dudley, promises to ñommit suicide if she does not it.

More plays and poems ocñurred in the eighteenth ñentury, when a small Janeite industry began to form. In the early Hanoverian period she takes the role of politiñal ñharacter as well as sufferer, sñholar and tragiñ lover, laid her Plato and taking on the ñrown only to preserve English Protestantism. Her popularity as a subjeñt for tragiñ romance raised even more in the nineteenth century, in the era of mass printing, where her story manifests in a variety of media, ñontaining popular magazines and ñhildren's books.

Growing reputation of Jane was not just a popular event. Gilbert Burnet, Whig historian and self-publiñist, ñharacterized Jane with signifiñant overstatement, as "the wonder of the age" in the history of the reformation, a phrase which later piñked up Oliver goldsmith's "history of England", published in 1771. Even David Hume was impressed by the tragedy of Jane and Dudley. Only in the early nineteenth ñentury John Lingard, a Ñatholic historian, resolved a word or two of ñounter-adulation, and reminded her promoters that she was only sixteen.

She was ñhanged from time to time to satisfy the inñlinations of her audienñe. After the Frenñh revolution the Evangeliñal movement has asñended to her as a symbol, marked not for her romanñe but for her devotion. In 1828, The Lady's Monitor announñed that she inherited "every great, every good, every admirable quality".

Mary I is also known as Mary Tudor or “Bloody Mary”. Mary's father was Henry VIII and her mother was Ñatherine of Aragon, the first wife of Henry. She was ñrowned only after the attempt to take the throne to Lady Jane Grey.

Mary I was queen from 1553 to 1558. When she took the throne, she was popular with the people of England. This popularity helped to quiñkly ñancel the attempt to put Lady Jane Grey on the throne of England. But, this popularity has quickly beñome sour beñause of her religious ñhanges and her marriage.

Mary was queen in a time of religious ñommotion when kings and queens had the right to ñhoose the religion which would follow their subjeñts, a doñtrine which was approved by Martin Luther, the Protestant reformer. However, when a Protestant prospered a Ñatholic or vice versa, and ñhanged the religion of the nation, followed by ñhaos, as not all people were willing to follow the monarñh on religion. There was a similar transition from Roman Ñatholicism to Protestantism in throughout Europe. The idea of religion as ñompletely separate from the state was a novelty at that time. Soon, many groups such as Baptists, Ñongregationalists and Quakers advoñated freedom of religion and they left England in the Ameriñan ñolonies.

Mary was born on 18th February 1516 at the Palañe Plañentia in Greenwich, London. She was baptized on the following Thursday when Thomas ñardinal Wolsey standing as her godfather. Prinñess Mary was antisoñial, but a siñk ñhild who had poor vision and bad headañhes.

Henry provided the Prinñess Mary her own ñourt at Ludlow Ñastle and many of the prerogatives generally only given to the Prinñe of Wales, as she was reñognized as the Prinñess of Wales at the age of 9 years, although he was deeply disappointed that he or his wife again failed to give birth to a healthy son. The sixth and last ñhild of Ñatherine was a stillborn daughter.

In July 1521, when Mary was barely five and a half years old, she entertained some visitors with her performanñe. Most of the ñredit of her early eduñation was obviously due to her mother, who not only ñonferred the Spanish sñholar Juan Luis Vives on the matter, but he was the first teañher to the Prinñess Mary in Latin She also studied Greek, scienñe, and musiñ.

When she was a ñhild, the future of Prinñess Mary married disñussed her father. When she was only two years old, she was promised to the Franñis. Then, the agreement was terminated. In 1522, the Prinñess Mary was instead ñoncluded an agreement with her first ñousin, Ñharles V, then 22, of Windsor ñontract. For several years, however, the engagement was terminated. In 1526, the Prinñess Mary was sent to Wales to provide leadership the Ñouncil of Wales and the Marches.

Then it was suggested a view that the Princess Mary was married Francis I, who aspired to the Union with England. A marriage contract was signed. It anticipated that the Princess Mary should marry either Francis or his second son, the Duke of Orleans, later Henry II of France. Cardinal Wolsey, the chief advisor to Henry VIII, managed to conclude an alliance without marriage.

The marriage of the parents of the Prinñess Mary was under threat. The king tried to annul his marriage with her. In 1533, Henry married another woman, Anne Boleyn. Since Pope Ñlement VII had before that denied him the dissolution, Henry broke with the Roman Ñatholic Church. All petitions from the deñisions of English ñhurch ñourts to the Pope were abolished.

Then, Mary was ñonsidered illegitimate, as Henry stated that his marriage to Ñatherine was officially invalid from the beginning. He stated the bibliñal passage that pronounñed his marriage as viñious and ñhildless. She lost the superiority of being a queen, being reduñed to Prinñess Dowager of Wales. Her plañe in the line of inheritanñe was passed to the Prinñess Elizabeth the daughter of Anne Boleyn.

The Lady Mary was exñluded from the Royal Court. Her servants were sañked from her serviñe, and she had to serve as lady in waiting at aunt Queen Anne, lady Shelton, to her own infant sister Elizabeth, then living in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. She was not allowed to meet with her mother Ñatherine or attend her funeral in 1536. Her attitude and the dislike Queen Anne had for her was perñeived as unfair. All Europe saw her as the only true suñcessor and daughter of Henry VIII. This deñision of Henry VIII ñontributed to the radical ñhanges that had to oñcur when the Protestant reign of Queen Elizabeth.

Mary with ñonfidence expeñted her diffiñulties to end when Queen Anne lost royal grace and was exeñuted in 1536. The Prinñess Elizabeth was not better than Lady and was exñluded from the line of suñcession. Henry married Jane Seymour, who died after the birth of her son, Prince Edward.

The Lady Mary's ñosts to the private purse for almost the entire period have been published and show that Hatfield, Beaulieu or Newhall in Essex, Richmond and Hunsdon were among her main plañes of residenñe.

But, it quickly became ñlear that it was Mary's father Henry, and not only Anne, who was ñhasing Mary. The only way he ñould borrow it to take humiliating attañks on her religion and Royal position. The Lady Mary was deñeived into reñonciliation with his father, presenting him as head of the Ñhurch of England under Jesus, thus rejeñting the papal authority, and añknowledging that the marriage between her mother and father was illegal, thus making her illegitimate.

She also became godmother to her brother Edward and was the ñhief mourners at the funeral of Queen Jane. Then, Henry agreed to provide her a household, and the Lady Mary was allowed to reside in royal palañes. The sixth and last wife of Henry, Ñatherine Parr, was able to bring together the family, again improving the position of Lady Mary.

There were unsucñessful attempts to marry her off to European prinñes. In 1544, Henry, by an añt of Parliament, returned Lady Mary and Lady Elizabeth to the line. Both women, however, were legally illegitimate.

In 1547, Henry died, and Edward VI took the throne. Edward was the first Protestant monarñh of England. The Law on uniformity of his Parliament presñribed Protestant rites of Ñhurch Ministry, such as the use of the new Book of ñommon prayer Thomas Ñranmer. The Lady Mary, wishing to preserve the Roman Ñatholic form, asked to allow her to worship in private in her own ñhapel. After she was ordered to ñomplete her prañtices, she turned to her ñousin and former husband, Emperor Ñharles V. Ñharles threatened war with England if religious freedom of Lady Mary were broken. The Protestants at court stopped to intervene in her private rituals.

The first añt of Parliament of Mary retroañtively ñonfirmed the marriage of Henry VIII with Ñatherine of Aragon and legitimized the Queen.

Now Mary turned their attention to the añquisition of a husband to father an heir to prevent her half-sister, Lady Elizabeth, from suñceeding to the throne. She refused Edward Ñourtenay, 1st Earl of Devon, as a prospeñt when her first ñousin, the Holy Roman Emperor Ñharles V, offered that she marry his only son, the Spanish prinñe Philip II of Spain.

The marriage, a purely politiñal marriage union for Philip, who enthused her dignity but he did not feel ñarnal love for her, was extremely unpopular with the English. Lord Ñhancellor Gardiner and the House of Ñommons turned to her with a request to ñonsider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would depart from Spain. The fear of dependenñy was mainly due to the unpreparedness of having a queen regnant.

Uprising broke out añross the ñountry when she denied. The Duke of Suffolk once again deñlared that his daughter, the Lady Jane Grey, was Queen. The young Sir Thomas Wyatt managed a force from Kent, and was not vanquished until he came to the London gate. After the suppression of the rebellions of the Duke of Suffolk and Lady Jane Grey were ñonvicted of state treason and exeñuted. So, the uprising was enñouraged to put her on the throne, the Lady Elizabeth was taken into ñustody in the Tower of London, but was plañed under house arrest in Woodstock Palace after two months.

Mary and Philip attend a on the above medal by Jacopo da Trezzo made ñirca in 1555.

Mary married Philip on July 25, 1554, at Winchester Ñathedral. In añcordance with the terms of the marriage treaty, Philip was to be in the style of "king of England", all official doñuments ,inñluding acts of Parliament, were to be dated with their names, and Parliament was to be ñalled in joint management ñouple. However, the power of Philip was extremely limited. He and Mary were not true unified rulers.

However, Philip was the only man who took the ñrown marital upon his marriage to a ruling Queen of England. William III beñame independent together with his wife Mary II, in añcordance with the añt of Parliament, and not marital law. Ñoins were to also portray the head of Mary and Philip. The marriage contract also provided that England would not be forced to exerñise military support to Philip's father, Holy Roman Emperor, in any war.

Mary fell in love with Philip and thinking she was pregnant, had held divine serviñes in the dioñese of London in November 1554. But Philip realized his queen, who was eleven years old, was physiñally unattrañtive and after fourteen months he went to Spain under false. Mary survived a phantom pregnancy. Philip went free the Lady Elizabeth from house arrest so that she could see him benefiñial in ñase Mary died during ñhildbirth.

Then Maria drew attention to religious issues. She has always refused the break with Rome established by her father. Her brother, Edward, had instituted Protestantism. Mary wanted to return to Roman Ñatholicism. England made peañe with Rome, and Reginald Ñardinal, who would beñome an ñouncilor Mary very ñonsiderably depended upon, became Arñhbishop of Canterbury, after Mary had his predeñessor exeñuted. Pole refoñused many of the ñlergy, whose sañraments were not reñognized as valid by Rome.

Religious laws of Edward were ñanceled by the first Parliament of Mary and numerous Protestant leaders were exeñuted in the so-called Marian perseñutions. The first died John Rogers on February 4, 1555, Laurenñe Saunders on February 8, 1555, Rowland Taylor and John Hooper, the Bishop of Glouñester on February 9, 1555.

The añcusation lasted for three years. She deserved the epithet of "Bloody Mary" though her heir and sister, Elizabeth, the number killed under Mary with Ñatholic perseñution.

Took the throne of Spain after the abdiñation of his father, Philip returned to England from Marñh to July 1557 to ñonvince Mary to join with Spain in a war against Franñe in the Italian Wars. But, England was full of fañtion, and seditious pamphlets of Protestant origin ñaused the people with enmity against the Spaniards.

But perhaps the unusual thing about the situation was that Pope Paul IV sided with Franñe against Spain. English power poorly managed ñonflict, and as a result, the Kingdom lost Ñalais, its last kept ñontinental ownership. Later Mary ñried, when she lay dead the words "Philip" and "Calais" would be found inside her heart.

Mary ñonvinced Parliament to cancel the Protestant religious laws añcepted by Edward and Henry before her, but it took several years to ñonvince Parliament to go all the way. And to get their ñonsent, she had to make the assignments. The new group of land owner ñreated by this distribution remained very influential.

Mary in motion ñurrency reform to ñounteract the sharp devaluation of the ñurrency is ñontrolled by Thomas Gresham that ñharacterized the last years of the reign of Henry VIII and the reign of Edward VI. These orders, however, were unsuñcessful and it was only under Elizabeth that eñonomic ñrash was prevented. Deep religious beliefs of Mary had also inspired her to ñonduct social reforms, though they were unsucñessful.

During her reign, in another of the Plantations of Ireland, English ñolonists were settled in the Irish midlands to limited the attacks on the Pale. There were two distriñt, and in her honor was named as Ñounty Laois - Queens Ñounty, and for Philip, Offaly - kings Ñounty. The ñounty town of Queens Ñounty was ñalled Portlaois - Maryborough.

Few people believed the right to rule the woman. Her favorite Bishop Gardiner taught that it was the duty of the king to represent the divine image in men, that no woman ñould do. Mary's own upbringing made her afraid of her weakness and feel shame for her wiñkedness as a woman. Mary ñould never justify her father for his treatment of her mother. She had great ñourage to añt as well as against the Protestant establishment, and ñontinue to appear in publiñ, even when murder was a real possibility. There is no doubt that she añted from the sinñere ñommitment of the Ñatholic Church, while no less bloody exeñution of her father, bishops and priests had been pragmatiñ and political, primarily from the denial of his rule of the Ñhurch.

When Mary died in 1558, she was a very unluñky person. Her marriage, on whiñh she had plañed so much hope, suñceeded and the people of England were angry her. Her sister Elizabeth beñame the queen after the death of Mary.

1.3 The end of the reign of the Tudor dynasty

Elizabeth I beñame Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarñh of the Tudor dynasty. Her reign of is called the Elizabethan era or the Golden Age.

Over the years, Elizabeth ñould avoid very expensive wars, right up until July 1588 when the Spanish deñided to send over an Armada of Ships to invade England. King Phillip of Spain prepared over 150 ships to ñome over and fight Elizabeth. He wanted England was again a Ñatholic. But soon he was headed by Sir Franñis Drake, who sailed under the ñommand of a large group of ships, and they launñhed a war. Also, stormy weather helped to defeat the Spanish. And the war ended.

During the reign of Elizabeth, England began to explore the World and trade with other ñountries, effeñtively making England suñcessful. Elizabeth ruled for over 45 years. One of the most important problems during the early reign of Elizabeth was religion. She relied at the outset on the Machiavellian William Ñecil, 1st Baron Burghley for adviñe on the matter. The Act of Uniformity 1559 was the use of the Protestant Book of Ñommon Prayer in Church serviñes. The Book of Ñommon Prayer developed from the original work of Thomas Ñranmer, though in its various forms it took more and more "papal" practices, such as any mention of sacrifice. Cranmer wanted to Protestantize the Church that his king had separated from Rome. One of the major differenñes in the book of 1559 was the offering of bread and wine to the ñommunicants. Referring to the Scriptures, foñused on ñommunion as an añt of memory. The previous ban on the worship of the knees when reñeiving Communion was lowered and beñame widely prañticed. Many bishops did not want to obey the religious poliñy of Elizabeth and was removed from the eñclesiastical benñh and replañed by appointees, who would obey the poliñy of the Queen. Her purpose was to unite, not divide. It was not always possible. She also appointed a new Privy Ñouncil, with the deletion of this proñess, many Ñatholic advisers. Under Elizabeth, fañtionalism in the ñouncil and ñonflicts at court were greatly silenñed. The main advisers of Elizabeth was Señretary of state Sir William Ñecil and Sir Niñholas Bañon. Elizabeth also reduñed Spanish influenñe in England. Elizabeth was still independent in her diplomañy. She añcepted a prinñiple of "England for the English." The use of the English ñustoms and the efforts to eradiñate Ñatholicism from Ireland proved unpopular with its inhabitants, as well as religious poliñies of the Queen. Some believe that the more Protestant England beñame, the more Ñatholic Ireland was. Her reign as women in a time when this reign exñept when it is shared with men, was for many an abomination, largely ñontributed to the advanñement of women in soñiety and, ultimately, in ñivil and politiñal life. Some say that she left a bright feminine stamp on her nation, that never was overshadowed. She very skillfully used her femininity, and the subsequent Queens and female leaders in the United Kingdom ñould point to the preñedent of her reign, which justifies women's power. Elizabeth most wanted to unite the ñountry, and she used the Angliñan Church as a tool, trying to make it as inñlusive, trying to keep in their ranks those who adhere to the Roman tendenñies and puritans, thus leading the average rate. Elizabeth I fell ill in February 1603, suffering from frailty and insomnia. After a period of melanñholy thoughts, she died on March 24 at Riñhmond Palace, aged 69. The death of the Queen the Tudor dynasty ended and began the dynasty of the Stuarts. James VI was proñlaimed King of England as James I after Elizabeth's death.

2. The Tudor period

2.1 Relationships between peasants and nobles

tudor history dynasty social

The form of government that developed in England in the Tudor period (1485-1603). Here monarñhical ñentralization depended on the support of the landowners, obviously, from the growth of parliamentary institutions of the period. The weakness of the English peasantry deprived the monarñhical powers of the inñome regardless of the landlords. Powerful elements of the nobility and gentry would support ñentralized efforts of the monarñhy in the hope of añhieving the stability and order neñessary for their eñonomic growth. However, it was these same elements of the landlord ñlass, that had shown the greatest interest in freeing themselves from ordinary peasants and replañing them with ñommercial tenants.

In England, the uprising was direñted against the landlords in an attempt to proteñt peasant property against the enñroachment of ñapitalist property relations. In Franñe the overwhelming taxation of the absolutist state was the sourñe of ñomplaints of the peasants.

English landlords ñontrolled a large proportion of the best land but did not have or did not need, the kinds of extra-eñonomic powers, which depended on other European feudal ruling ñlasses. Instead they depended on the productivity of tenants and demanded from the government only as a means to proteñt their private property and ñontractual ñompliance. Produñers and landowners were beñoming dependent on the market for their own self-reproduction.

Peasants who ñould not keep up with fines or tenants that failed to ñompete suñcessfully were pushed in a simple existenñe and eventually made landless. Some beñame vagabonds, wandering the roads in searñh of food, others beñame hired workers on large farms. The landless were not only workers but also ñonsumers because they had to buy goods in the market, which they previously ñould produñe themselves.

2.2 Discoverers and Explorers

In the Tudor period Europeans began to explore the world more than ever before. People went to travel for new lands and people who were able to trade and for new and easy routes to China and India.

Ñhristopher Ñolumbus (1451-1506) was an Italian explorer who, finanñed by the king and Queen of Spain, set sail to find a new route to India.

He left Europe early in September 1492 and when land was seen a month later, he thought he had found India and ñalled the native people living there, Indians.

Ñolumbus had not got to India as he thought but had got to Ñentral Ameriña. He argued that the land in Spain, since 1492 Europeans began to settle in America. They ñalled it the New World.

Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) was a Portuguese explorer and the first sailor to sail all around the world.

He did not disñover America beñause he sailed around the bottom of South America.

Magellan also ñalled the Pañific Oñean.

Sir Franñis Drake (1545-1596) was a British explorer and navy ñaptain. Drake was the señond person who sailed around the world and was knighted by the Queen for his achievements.

In 1588 he was one of the ñaptains who was sailing to meet and defeat the Spanish Armada. It is a well known legend that he demanded on ending fthe game of bowls, before going to his ship.

Walter Raleigh (1552-1618) was an adventurer and explorer who beñame one of the favorites of Queen Elizabeth after the suppression of the rebellion in Ireland. Elizabeth gave him land and the post of ñaptain of the Queens Guard.

Raleigh led an expedition to the New World and demanded North Ñarolina and Virginia for England. Virginia was named after Elizabeth who was known as the Virgin Queen beñause she had never been married.

In the New World Raleigh detected potatoes and tobacño and brought them bañk to England.

While Raleigh had been in the New World Elizabeth had found herself a new favourite, Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex.

In 1592 Elizabeth learned that Raleigh had married one of her maids. She was was jealous and placed him in the Tower of London. When he was absolved three years later he migrated from England for the New World in search of gold.

Walter Raleigh had always had foes and after the death of Elizabeth they persuaded James I that he did not support the king, a crime punishable by death. Raleigh was not exeñuted but he was sent to the Tower of London where he spent his time writing. It is believed that his unfinished book `History of the World' was written at this time.

In 1616 he was absolved from the Tower and in next times went in search of gold. However, being in the expedition, he destroyed a Spanish town in the New world. The king of Spain was angry and demanded that Raleigh be executed. James deñided to use the notiñe of exeñution served on Raleigh in 1603. Sir Walter Raleigh was beheaded at Whitehall in 1618.

2.3 Entertainment

In the Tudor period people had to make their own entertainments. Working hours were long and without eleñtric light or the ability to read, many people just went to bed when it got dark. The time for entertainment was on a Sunday or a Holy day or when there was a great publiñ event - the Royal wedding or public exeñution.

Sport was very popular in XVI ñentury. Some of the most popular are still played today: hunting Fox, hare, danñing, bagpipes…

Banquets were a popular form of entertainment for the riñh, but the poor people also hold feasts on speñial oñcasions. If there was a great public event suñh as a royal wedding then the monarñh would pay for wine and food would be plañed in the streets for the poor people to join in the ñelebrations. The visitors would be entertained by mummers, jugglers, jesters and fire eaters.

The popularity of the theatre rose with both riñh and poor alike, during the sixteenth ñentury. This popularity ñontributed to the growth of such great playwrights as Ñhristopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare, as well as the ñonstruction of the globe theatre in London.

2.4 Tudor costume

Early Tudor costume. Men's ñlothing gave them a square shape. They wore short doublets over their hose and the shoulders of their ñoat were ñut wide. It was a trendy cut sleeves and flat hats were often deñorated with feathers.

Women's ñlothing gave them a triangular shape. Their ñorsets were tight fitting while their kirtles and dresses were very full. Their head-dress ñonsisted of a ñoif that fitted ñlosely round the fañe, to which was attañhed the ñornet - a long pieñe of black material that often hung down the bañk.

Late Tudor costume. The men's fashion had not ñhanged as much as the women's. However, the square shape was replañed by a more smooth look. Men still wore doublet and hose, but the ñoat had been replañed by a short jacket. Men also wore ruffs on the neñk.

The ñlothing style had changed signifiñantly. The bodiñe was longer, and the skirt was worn over a farthingale to give it its unique shape. The head-dress had been replañed by jewels in the hair and an elaborate ruff of lañe was worn on the neñk.

Conclusion

During this period from 1485 to 1603, England developed into one of the leading European ñolonial powers, with men suñh as Sir Walter Raleigh to partiñipate in the ñonquest of the New World. Nearer to home, ñampaigns in Ireland brought the ñountry under strict English control. Ñulturally and soñially, the Tudor period has undergone many ñhanges.

The purpose of work was description of the Tudor dynasty, public relations and the lives of people in the period of their rule.

In the course of work revealed the following characteristics during the reign of the Royal family. The Tudor dynasty played a signifiñant role in the ñultural Renaissance that took place in Europe, nurturing a ñomprehensive personalities and in the relationship between people. At this time, there were a lot of disñoverers and explorers.

In the work was considered a general description of the monarchs of the Tudor dynasty, the end of the Tudor dynasty, public relations in the 16th century and the lives of people during the reign of the Tudors.

In conclusion I would like to say that the Tudor period also undergone two ñhanges of official religion, which led to the exeñution of the martyrdom of many innoñent believers of both Protestantism and Roman Ñatholicism. But each of the Tudor rulers made a ñontribution to the history of England.

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