The impact of migration processes on the management of socioeconomic development and self-organization of the individual

The increasing the openness of economies - a factor that contribute to exchange of human resources, which increases their competitiveness in international labor markets. Geopolitical transformations - the reason for influencing migration processes.

Рубрика Экономика и экономическая теория
Вид статья
Язык английский
Дата добавления 14.12.2020
Размер файла 19,8 K

Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже

Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru

The impact of migration processes on the management of socioeconomic development and self-organization of the individual

Zos-Kior Mykola

The overall purpose of this paper is to put everyone in the picture about the nature of the brain drain migration and to the search of the possible ways of the improvement of the EU labour migration policy to solve this significant problem. The findings of the analysis indicate that in the modern world with its demographic and economic imbalances, the total number of international migrants is likely to rise during the XXI century. After presenting a statistical overview of two distinct migratory flows of European labour force, it was concluded that the existing politics of brain drain is not adequately captured in the official data. Therefore, the core factors that drive brain drain migration are determined by authors. The most spread models of high-skilled labour attraction management are investigated in the paper. And, finally, the main pillars of the EU labour migration policy to solve a brain drain social problem are proposed.

Keywords: management, socio-economic development, self-organization of the individual, brain drain, European Union, high-skilled labour force, migration processes.

ЗОСЬ-КІОР Микола Валерійович

ВПЛИВ МІГРАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ НА УПРАВЛІННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИМ РОЗВИТКОМ ТА САМООРГАНІЗАЦІЮ ОСОБИСТОСТІ

Проблема. Значні геополітичні перетворення мають вплив на всі аспекти суспільства, включаючи міграційні процеси. Процеси глобалізації економіки та підвищення відкритості економік сприяють обміну людськими ресурсами, що підвищує їх конкурентоспроможність на міжнародних ринках праці. Сьогодні в Україні зростає міграція економічно активного населення, включаючи молодь, жінок та висококваліфікованих фахівців, при цьому країни ЄС мають в основному позитивне міграційне сальдо, що несе з собою і позитивні, і негативні ознаки, що актуалізує тему дослідження.

Метою статті є дослідження впливу міграційних процесів на управління соціально-економічним розвитком та самоорганізацію особистості.

Результати. Доведено, що нині відмінності між країнами по всьому світу часто не такі великі, як диспропорції всередині них, оскільки кожна країна має свій унікальний тип економічної системи. Комплексний аналіз показує, що розрив між регіонами з низьким рівнем доходу та з високим рівнем доходу збільшувався під час спаду в деяких розвинених економіках. Ця обставина допомагає пояснити, чому ринки праці з економікою з високим рівнем доходу настільки привабливі для працівників з територій з низьким і середнім рівнем доходу. Виявлено, що міжнародними мігрантами є люди, які мають різний рівень освіти. Великі відмінності у знаннях та навичках між немігрантами та мігрантами та серед останніх стають більш помітними. Кількість часу, витраченого на навчання, життя та працю за межами країни походження, зазвичай дозволяє мігрантам не лише отримати нові навички в різних сферах, таких як мова чи певне ремесло, а й розвинути технологічну, професійну, академічну, управлінську та ін. можливостей. Таке накопичення людського капіталу часто відбувається за допомогою формальної освіти, неформальних каналів або отриманого практичного досвіду.

Наукова новизна. Визначені основні фактори, що сприяють міжнародній мобільності. Перша група цих факторів пов'язана із створенням умов для подальшого професійного розвитку в приймаючих країнах, де висококваліфіковані емігранти можуть заробляти більш високі зарплати, ніж у своїх країнах походження. На відміну від першої групи факторів, друга пов'язана з наявністю несприятливих умов у країнах походження талановитої та висококваліфікованої робочої сили. Як правило, ці умови включають високий рівень невпевненості, громадянських конфліктів та політичних міжусобиць, які можна розглядати як «поштовх факторів» міжнародної міграції. Не менш важлива група факторів пов'язана з існуванням менших міграційних витрат для висококваліфікованих працівників порівняно з низькокваліфікованою робочою силою. Іншими словами, все це означає набагато полегшений доступ висококваліфікованих працівників до інформації про ринки праці приймаючих країн та сучасних міграційних умовах. І остання група факторів, що сприяють міграції відтоку мозку, пов'язана з реалізацією селективної імміграційної політики для залучення іноземних талантів, особливо декількома світовими економіками з високим рівнем доходу.

Висновки. Посилення міграції є головною тенденцією протягом останніх двох десятиліть, змінюючи існуючу соціально-економічну структуру країн та регіонів по всьому світу. Слід зазначити, що ефективне управління міграційними потоками означає врахування всіх економічних, соціальних та людських вимірів та, очевидно, їх зовнішніх наслідків. Тому слід зміцнювати міцні відносини між країнами походження та транзитом, а також зв'язок між міграційною політикою та політикою розвитку. Висококваліфіковані особи, в умовах економіки, заснованої на знаннях, стали ключовими факторами інновацій та економічного розвитку. Завдяки своїй мобільності вони здатні передавати цінні знання з однієї країни в іншу. У цьому контексті дослідження щодо вдосконалення трудової політики ЄС може підвищити якість прийняття рішень у цій галузі.

Ключові слова: управління, соціально-економічний розвиток, самоорганізація особистості, відтік мізків, висококваліфікована робоча сила, міграційні процеси.

Introduction. Significant geopolitical transformations have an impact on all aspects of society, including migration processes. The processes of economic globalization and increasing openness of economies facilitate the exchange of human resources, which enhances their competitiveness in international labor markets. Today, migration of economically active population is increasing in Ukraine, including young people, women and highly qualified specialists. That is why migration problems are of paramount importance for Ukraine.

Literature review. According to the most recent estimates by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [13], the total share of people living in poverty around the world has declined over the past thirty years, but over a quarter of the world's population still doesn't have enough money for food. By the way, many of employees worldwide live in extreme poverty due to a lack of decent work opportunities, and almost 10 % of the employed population worldwide lived with their families on less than 1,90 USD per person a day in 2016 [14]. geopolitical migration labor competitiveness

Nowadays the differences between countries all over the globe are often not as great as the disparities within them, because each nation has its own unique type of economic system. A comprehensive analysis provided by “The Economist” [7] shows that the gap between low income and high income regions increased during the downturn in some developed economies. This circumstance helps to explain why the labour markets of high-income economies are so attractive to employees from low- and middle-income territories. According to M. Jandl [8], those migrants who move to the high- income countries are able to gain an income that is 20 or even 30 times higher than they would be able to earn at their home countries.

However, in spite of the considerable achievements of its predecessors, a number of issues of theoretical, methodological and practical nature require more clarification and further scientific exploration. There is a need for an in-depth study of migration processes from the point of view of social transformation and the prospects of effective optimization of migration flows. After all, the continuous process of development and transformation of human society creates new trends in migration, which, in turn, also require study.

The purpose of the article is to explore the features of socio-economic development in the faceincreased migration processes.

Results and discussion. As we can see from the last report on international migration [12], published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs on December, 2017, the number of international migrants worldwide has continued to grow over the past 17 years, reaching 258 million in 2017, up from 173 million in 2000. During these almost two decades, the total number of international migrants originating in Asia recorded the largest increase (40,7 million people), followed by the migrant population born in Africa (14,7 million people), in Latin America and the Caribbean (12,9 million people), in Europe (11,6 million people), in Northern America (1,2 million people) and in Oceania (700 thousand people). These tendencies can be seen on the following diagram.

In the present study, it was revealed by us that international migrants are the people who have different levels of educational background. Great differences in knowledge and skills between nonmigrants and migrants and among the latter tend becoming more visible. The amount of time spent studying, living and working outside the country of origin usually allows migrants not only to get new skills in different areas, such as a language or a certain craft, but also develop the technological, professional, academic, managerial and other capabilities. Such accumulation of human capital often takes place through formal education, informal channels or the obtained practical experience.

Consequently, all emigrants can acquire some type of new skills and knowledge, but this tends to happen the more intensively - the more skilled emigrants are, through a process of cumulative causation driven by the increasing returns that are typical of knowledge and its accumulation [10]. Actually, this is about “brain drain” phenomenon. Though this term was first coined by the world's oldest independent scientific academy widely known as the “Royal Society” to describe the migration of scientists and technologists from the United Kingdom and Canada in the middle of XX century, it is commonly referred to as the international transfer of resources in the form of human capital [4], i.e. the migration of relatively highly educated individuals from the developing countries to the developed ones. Today the term “brain drain” is used to describe the phenomenon of emigration of highly qualified talented professionals from one country to the other [5] and as such, it is an integral part of the process of international migration.

Recent research on high-skilled emigrants [10] has led us to the determination of the core factors that drive its international mobility. The first group of these factors is related to enabling conditions for further professional development in host countries, where the high-skilled emigrants are able to earn higher salaries that in their countries of origin. Host countries ensure the greater labour productivity, due to more advanced institutional environment. Besides, the permanent inflow of high-level talent, capital and technology results to the sustainable development of these agglomeration economies. Many host countries offer quite favourable opportunities to the high-skilled labour force for its further professional development in terms of better living conditions and employment opportunities. As practice shows, these countries can ensure really favourable conditions for the fruitful research and academic interaction for scientists and researchers, as well as to create more secure property rights for entrepreneurs.

In contrast to the first group of factors, the second one is associated with the existence of adverse conditions in the countries of origin of talented and high-skilled labour force. As a rule, these conditions include a high level of insecurity, civil conflict and political strife, which can be regarded as “push factors” of international migration. Equally important group of factors is concerned with the existence of lower migration costs for the high-skilled as compared to the low-skilled labour force. In other words, all this implies much easier access for the high-skilled workers to the information on host country labour markets and current migration conditions. And the last group of factors that drive brain drain migration is related to the implementation of the selective immigration policies for attracting foreign talent, especially by several of the world's high-income economies.

Over the last few decades brain drain phenomenon has become one of the most serious constraints on low-income economies development. By the way, it is also a matter of concern for many European countries, which have recently seen a significant share of their high-skilled labour force emigrate abroad [2].

According to the investigations of J. Hasselbalch [6], the overall statistical picture does support a notion of two distinct migratory flows of European labour force: a steady flow of medium-skilled Eastern employees moving West over a longer duration of time, and a more sudden flow of highly-skilled Southern employees moving North during the last Eurozone financial crisis, which was caused substantially by sharply escalating interest rates on the EU's Southern members. On the basis of the above considerations, it's reasonable to assume that we should expect a risk of brain drain in Eastern and Southern countries of the European Union, but the flows from each of these regions are driven by various factors. The long-term Eastern flow of the labour force in Europe can be explained by differences in wages and working conditions while another one, the sudden Southern flow of the labour force was concerned with the rapidly rising unemployment levels in the period of the above- mentioned Eurozone crisis.

The last biggest enlargement in the history of the EU has led to increased diversity within individual member states and their attractiveness as the host countries for potential high-skilled immigrants. Unfortunately, at present there is no long-term data that would allow us to analyze the trends year by year. We also know nothing about the educational levels of migrants and their prevailing forms of employment. This is because the gathered statistics can't track individual movements of employees. As a result, we still have gaps and uncertainties in the data available on these aspects.

R. Mьnz [11] observes, that “in the short run, Europe needs more labour mobility between EU member states given excessively high unemployment reported in some regions, while others face a shortage of skills. In the long run this will not be sufficient to close gaps in European labour markets”. But in fact many Europeans are not ready to accept a large number of international migrants, even high-skilled ones, and give their electorate vote to the political parties with restrictive migration agendas. Thus, we have the following challenges: the first one is related to organizing political majorities in favour of more proactive migration policies; the second one is concerned with talent and skills; and the last one is related to the moving away from unilateral migration policies towards negotiated win-win solutions aiming at reducing the costs of, and enhancing the welfare gains from, migration and remittances.

M. Andersson [1] has reviewed country approaches to talent attraction management, identifying differences in regard of talent management leadership and organizations. While the European and Nordic approaches tend to be mostly public sector driven, i.e. public sector actors are the main initiators of talent management policies, the Singapore and US / Canadian approaches tend to rely more on the private sector. In total, the authors have identified at least seven different talent attraction management models used by different countries (Table 1).

Table 1

The world

wide spread models of high-skilled labour attraction management

Models of labour attraction management

Brief characteristics of the presented models

Public sector driven model

Public sector organizations take the lead in promoting employment opportunities of the host countries, while the private sector organizations can be involved in legitimizing the public sector's efforts. Obviously, some large companies use the public sector recruitment platform to seek employees of highest quality (instead of establishing its own recruitment channels).

The market and sponsor driven model

In most cases it is a public-private partnership where the provision of services is carried out in cooperation with the business community, or through sponsorship or even certain service fees.

The division of work model

The given model is related to the idea that private and public sector organizations take not only distinctively different roles, but also the complementary ones.

Social entrepreneurship model

The model is concerned with the voluntary and needs based service provision which is functioning through the activity of volunteers and various social partnerships (including funding from major beneficiaries such as universities, or companies).

The network model

This participatory model is based on the arrangement between the following actors: business structures and entrepreneurs, academia, public bodies, social entrepreneurs and the like. The main idea of this interaction is concerned with the thesis that high-skilled employees, coming to a country, do not need one single entering service, because they can enter through different “entry points”.

The talent attraction arena-centric model

This is the most geographically concentrated innovative milieu or arena (science park or cluster), able to attract people sharing the same lifestyle or interest.

The single forerunner approach

This is a model where the high-skilled labour attraction management is initiated and carried about by a single person or company.

Source: adapted

ty authors from: [3]

As we can observe from the Table 1, all of these models have their own advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, each of them provides a good guidance to the national economies, cities or regions on how it would be possible to set up high-skilled labour attraction management policies and what format the cooperation could take.

The country that is most attractive for economic migrants, according to the Migration Attractiveness Index 2017 [9], is Austria (Table 2), which stands out among EU countries due to having the lowest rate of unemployment, along with a high level of funding for families with children.

Table 2

Top-10 European countries according to the M

Migration Attractiveness Index in 2017

EU countries

Total score

Unemployment rate

Cost of living index

Positive attitude to immigration from outside of the EU

Austria

369

6,0

71,52

36

Sweden

391

6,9

78,88

64

Luxembourg

360

6,3

77,28

49

Denmark

351

6,2

83,02

31

Finland

343

8,8

73,06

38

The Netherlands

334

6,0

72,47

44

Ireland

331

8,0

76,98

56

Germany

328

4,1

65,50

41

United Kingdom

304

5,3

69,49

49

Belgium

301

8,0

75,36

39

The next country which is rather attractive for high-skilled migrants is Sweden, which is characterized by a society open to immigrants. The country in third place, which comes close behind Sweden, is Luxembourg. This Western European country is literally developed around its capital city of the same name, and is has excellent conditions for conducting business activity. In addition to a very high rate of socio-economic development, Luxembourg has the highest percentage of foreigners in overall society (approximately 47 %) of all of the EU countries. Under this view on the most attractive European countries for economic migrants, the following facts can appear. Thus, the societies of such Scandinavian countries, as Denmark and Finland, are wealthy in terms of GDP per capita, median earnings and the obtained level of funding for families with children. In contrast, Germany and the United Kingdom, with their highest level of inflow of foreigners from the “new” EU member states during the last decade, have only 8th and 9th positions in the ranking respectively. In many respects this can be explained by the immigration policy of those countries, and migration networks as well.

As for Central and Eastern European countries, it should be mentioned that they still remain not very attractive for high-skilled migrants. The predominant type of immigration in this region is seasonal, mainly from Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Belarus.

When analyzing the main pillars of the EU labour migration policy to solve a significant brain drain social problem, at least three main conclusions can be drawn:

First of all, the European Union government should improve the existing labour migration channels to ensure that high-skilled employees from abroad can choose any European country over other host destinations. Thus, the EU Blue Card, which provides comprehensive socio-economic rights and a path towards permanent residence in Europe, should be expanded by lowering the wage threshold. The so-called “Blue-Card-Ready” pool of the qualified candidates could also be considered for a much long period of time. It should be easier for people graduating in the European universities to obtain a work permit in the EU. In general, the current EU Directives on labour migration should be more flexible to ensure an effective high-skilled labour attraction management.

Secondly, the European Union should simplify procedures which are currently an obstacle to attracting and recruiting high-skilled employees. Recognition of foreign qualifications should be simplified. A creation of a single application platform for labour migration would also help, while maintaining decision making at the level of EU member countries.

Thirdly, the European Union government should reinforce and promote the single labour market for high-skilled employees from abroad. Obviously, the provisions for intra-EU mobility for this target category of people should be improved to help the interested employers to offer an enticing package to the potential migrants abroad.

Conclusions. In this regard, an increased migration has been a main trend of the past two decades, changing the existing socio-economic structure of the countries and regions across the globe. It should be noted that effectively managing migration flows means taking into account of all the economic, social and human dimensions, and, obviously, of their external implications. Therefore, strong relations among countries of origin and transit ones should be upgraded, as well as the link between migration and development policies. Highly-skilled individuals, in the context of knowledge- based economy, have become the key factors for innovation and economic development. Due to their mobility, they are able to transfer valuable knowledge from one country to another. Migration policy both at the EU and national levels is one of the urgent topics in current political debate, with daily discussion of the impact of migration in the media across European countries. In this context the study on the improvement of the EU labour policy can enhance the quality of policy-making decisions in this field.

References

1. Andersson M. (2014). Talent Attraction Management - innovative tools and strategies for attracting and retaining talent. Tendensor. Talent conference, Tallin, Estonia. ULR: http://www.praxis.ee/vana/fileadmin/tarmo/Projektid/Haridus/ONE_BSR/Marcus_Andersson_01.pdf (Accessed: 15.01.2020).

2. Beine M., Docquier F., Rapport H. (2006). Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries: winner and losers. ULR: https://sites.uclouvain.be/econ/DP/IRES/2006-23.pdf.

3. Carrera S., Guild E., Eisele K. (2014). Rethinking the Attractiveness of EU Labour Immigration Policies. Comparative perspectives of the EU, the US, Canada and beyond. Centre for European policy studies. ULR: https://slidex.tips/download/rethinking-the-attractiveness-of-eu-labour-immigration-policies.

4. Durlauf S., Blume E. (2016). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. ULR: https://books.google.com.ua (Accessed: 15.01.2020).

5. Government of Albania (2019). From brain drain to brain gain: mobilizing Albania's skilled diaspora: A policy paper for the Government of Albania. ULR: https://pdf.piwikanalytics.win (Accessed: 15.01.2020).

6. Hasselbalch J. (2017). The European politics of brain drain: a fast or slow-burning crisis? CSGR Working Paper No. 285/17.Center for the Study of Globalization and Regionalization. University of Warwick. ULR: https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/research/researchcentres/csgr/papers/285-17.pdf

7. The Economist (2011). International affairs: The gap between many rich and poor regions widened because of the recession. ULR: http://www.economist.com/node/18332880 (Accessed: 15.01.2020).

8. Jandl M. (2007). Innovative concepts for alternative migration policies: Ten innovative approaches to the challenges of migration in the 21st century. Amsterdam University Press. 152 p.

9. Matuszczyk K. (2018). The Migration Attractiveness Index in 2017. CEED Kulczyk Research Institute. ULR: http://ceedinstitute.org/attachments/420/39855ff647bf393ca4fba0ad823fce5a.pdf

10. UN Conference on Trade and Development (2012). Mobilizing the Diaspora: From Brain Drain to Brain Gain. The Least Developed Countries Report: Harnessing Remittances and Diaspora Knowledge to Build Productive Capacities. ULR: http://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/ldcr2012_ch4_en.pdf

11. Mьnz R. (2014). The global race for talent: Europe's migration challenge. ULR: http://bruegel.org/wp-content/uploads/imported/publications/pb_2014_02_.pdf (Accessed: 15.01.2020).

12. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2018). The International Migration Report 2017 (Highlights). ULR: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/ migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf (Accessed: 15.01.2020).

13. The State of Food and Agriculture 2015 (2016). Social protection and agriculture: breaking the cycle of rural poverty. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ULR: http://www.fao.org/3Za- i4910e.pdf (Accessed: 15.01.2020).

14. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2017 (2018). ULR: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2017/overview/ (Accessed: 15.01.2020).

Размещено на Allbest.ru


Подобные документы

  • The influence of the movement of refugees to the economic development of host countries. A description of the differences between forced and voluntary migration from the point of view of economic, political consequences. Supply in the labor markets.

    статья [26,6 K], добавлен 19.09.2017

  • The Human Capital Theory. External Migration in Kazakhstan. The major causes of out-migration in Germany. Migration in Kazakhstan during 2004-2010. Internal Migration in Kazakhstan. The major factors determining the nature of the migration to Russia.

    реферат [2,2 M], добавлен 14.04.2012

  • Thematic review of the characteristics of each factor of production. The theories of main economists. The possible variants of new factors of production. Labor resources. "Elementary factors of the labour-process" or "productive forces" of Marx.

    реферат [437,4 K], добавлен 18.10.2014

  • Solving the problem of non-stationary time series. Estimating nominal exchange rate volatility ruble/dollar by using autoregressive model with distributed lags. Constructing regressions. Determination of causality between aggregate export and volatility.

    курсовая работа [517,2 K], добавлен 03.09.2016

  • Transition of the Chinese labor market. Breaking the Iron Rice Bowl. Consequences for a Labor Force in transition. Labor market reform. Post-Wage Grid Wage determination, government control. Marketization Process. Evaluating China’s industrial relations.

    курсовая работа [567,5 K], добавлен 24.12.2012

  • Concept of competitiveness and competition, models. Russia’s endowment. Engendered structural dominance and performance. The state of Russian competitiveness according to the Global Competitiveness Index. Place in the world, main growth in detail.

    курсовая работа [1,2 M], добавлен 28.05.2014

  • Economic entity, the conditions of formation and functioning of the labor market as a system of social relations, the hiring and use of workers in the field of social production. Study of employment and unemployment in the labor market in Ukraine.

    реферат [20,3 K], добавлен 09.05.2011

  • Special features of multinational corporations. Out the main objectives of a transfer pricing system. Modernisation of business processes of enterprise, use of innovative technologies. Preparing the profit and loss account of the company of Crystal ltd.

    курсовая работа [28,6 K], добавлен 16.02.2014

  • Prospects for reformation of economic and legal mechanisms of subsoil use in Ukraine. Application of cyclically oriented forecasting: modern approaches to business management. Preconditions and perspectives of Ukrainian energy market development.

    статья [770,0 K], добавлен 26.05.2015

  • Resources of income for enterprises. Main ways of decreasing the costs Main ways of increasing the income. Any enterprise’s target is to make profit. In order to make it a company should understand where comes from the income and where goes out costs.

    курсовая работа [59,9 K], добавлен 09.11.2010

Работы в архивах красиво оформлены согласно требованиям ВУЗов и содержат рисунки, диаграммы, формулы и т.д.
PPT, PPTX и PDF-файлы представлены только в архивах.
Рекомендуем скачать работу.