Basketball

History and evolution of basketball. Key terms used in sport. The essence of basketball games, required elements, the number of players. Optimal growth in the game. Weight basketball ball. The situation of players on the field. Maneuvering in the game.

Рубрика Спорт и туризм
Вид реферат
Язык английский
Дата добавления 27.11.2008
Размер файла 48,3 K

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судья на поле

старший судья

помощник главного судьи

судья секундометрист

секретарь

cудья хронометрист

справедливый

нарушение

отвергать

оспаривать

нарушитель

возобновлять игру

проверять

утверждать

признавать

расходиться во мнении

давать право

отменять (игру)

возобновлять

истечение (времени игры)

преимущество, первенство

спортивный мяч

указание, назначение

судья, наблюдающий (следящий за мячом)

судья, следящий за игроками

зона действия

периферическое зрение

быть неуверенным

таблица очков

иметь отношение, касаться

сообщать

знак, карточка

табло

разногласие

Task IX. Read text 7. Pay attention to the officials, their assistants, their duties, and responsibilities

Text 7. Refereeing

Officials

The officials are a referee and an umpire. They shall conduct the game in accordance with the rules and official FIBA interpretations of such rules.

The officials shall be assisted by a timekeeper, a scorer and a 30 second operator. They are sitting at the table. In order to operate the scoreboard an assistant scorer may also sit at the table.

It is very important that the referee and the umpire of a given game should not be connected in any way with either of the teams represented on the court and they should be thoroughly competent and impartial.

None of them have authority to agree to changes to the rules. The officials shall wear a uniform consisting of grey shirt, long black trousers, black basketball shoes and black socks.

DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE OFFICIALS

General duties and powers of the officials

Both referee and umpire have powers to make decisions for infractions of the rules.

Neither official shall have the authority to set aside or question decisions made by the other. However, the referee has greater duties, powers and responsibilities in some cases. Such as prior to the game, at the end of the game, about time and score or when the two officials disagree upon whether a goal counts or not, etc.

When a violation or foul occurs the official shall blow his whistle to stop the play and signal the timer to stop the clock. After a field goal or a goal resulting from a free throw they shall not blow their whistle, but shall clearly indicate that a goal has been scored. If a personal foul occurs he shall also indicate the number of the offender, the type of the foul and indicate how the game will be resumed. When a team is entitled to a throw-in an official shall clearly signal the act which caused the ball to become dead, the direction of play to follow, unless it follows a successful goal or an awarded goal.

After each foul or jump ball decision the officials shall exchange their position on the court.

SPECIAL DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE REFEREE

The referee shall, prior to start of the game:

inspect and approve all equipment, including all the signals used by the

table officials;

inspect and approve the court, baskets and backboards;

select the game ball;

recognise the scorer, timekeeper and 30-second operator.

The referee shall toss the ball at centre to start the game. He shall have the power to stop the game when conditions warrant it.

He shall determine that a team shall forfeit the game if it refuses to play after being instructed to do so by the referee or if the team, by its actions, prevents the game from being played.

He shall decide matters upon which the timekeeper and scorer disagree.

At the end of each half and of each extra period, or at any time he feels it necessary, he shall carefully examine the scoresheet, approve the score and confirm the time that remains to be played.

His approval at the end of the game terminates the connection of the officials with the game.

The referee shall have the power to make decisions on any point not specifically covered in the rules.

TIME AND PLACE FOR DECISIONS

The officials shall have powers to make decisions for infractions of rules committed either within or outside the boundary lines, such as the floor surrounding the court, including team bench and scorer's table area. They have no direct power on the auditorium, dressing room, etc. If there is any problem concerning the behaviour of the spectators, it is the task of the organisers to help them or restore order.

These powers shall start when they arrive on the court, which shall be twenty minutes before the game is scheduled to begin, and shall terminate with the expiration of playing time as approved by the referee.

DIFFERENT DECISIONS BY OFFICIALS

Normally, the two officials, depending on their position on the court, have different responsibilities. With a good cooperation they can avoid the situation that leads to make different decisions. However, it sometimes can happen that the two officials make different decisions at approximately the same time.

In such cases the principles are as follows:

if the officials disagree as to who caused the ball to go out-to-bounds a jump ball shall be called between the two involved players. However, one of the officials may withdraw his decision if he has been satisfied that his partner was in better position to make the right decision;

if one of the officials calls violation and the other calls foul at the same time, the stronger call, the foul will take precedence. However, if they agree that the violation occurred before the foul, the violation shall be penalised and the foul shall be disregarded, unless it was technical, unsportsmanlike or disqualifying foul, in which case it will be penalised;

if both officials are calling fouls on two different players from the same team, they shall determine which foul occurred first and penalise it accordingly; the second foul shall be disregarded, unless it was technical, unsportsmanlike or disqualifying foul, in which case it will be penalised as well;

when, after a foul, a successful goal is scored the official who called the foulshall decide whether the goal counts or not. If both officials call the foul, generally, the nearest, official or the official towards whom the play is moving, takes the call (goes to the scorer's table), and decides whether the goal counts or not;

when a foul is called, the official calling the foul shall decide whether the fouled player was in the act of shooting or not, and the game will be resumed by free throws or by throw-in. If both officials call the foul, generally, the near-rest official or the official towards whom the play is moving, takes the call (goes to the scorer's table), and decides the resuming of the game. If the two officials disagree the referee's decision takes precedence;

the responsibility to decide whether a goal counts 2 or 3 points is on the trail official. When there's a shot near to the lead official he shall help his partner, but the trail official shall give the signal to the scorer's table;

in the event when time expires or 30 second signal sounds and the officials disagree whether the goal counts or not, the referee shall decide.

MECHANICS AND OFFICIATING TECHNIQUES

Positioning of Officials

During the game the two officials, generally position, themselves so that they are on the left side of the players and the ball, and they can see each other on their right diagonally.

As play progresses up the court an official should take a position behind (and to the left), and he is called «trail official», the other official should always be ahead of the play, and he is called «lead official».

The two officials position themselves so that the ten players are between them (boxing-in principle).

As the direction of play changes the two officials follow the ball and the lead becomes trail, the trail becomes lead official.

After each foul and jump ball decision the two officials shall exchange their position.

There are two different designations for officials to each game: Referee and Umpire. There are two different positions on the court: Lead and Trail. Do not interchange the positions and the designations. At one time the referee is in lead position at another time he is in trail position.

DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES ON THE COURT

Good officiating requires the two officials to work in cooperation with each other, one referee taking responsibility for on-the-ball coverage and the other away the ball.

In order to achieve proper coverage, the two referees shall seek to obtain the best possible position from which to judge the play.

To simplify this, the half of the court has been divided into rectangles, number 1 to 6. Depending on the position of the ball the two officials have different responsibilities. One of them shall primarily watch the ball and the play around it; the other has the primary task to watch the play away from the ball. He shall also know where the ball is located but it is not the same as watching the ball.

The trail official has primary responsibility on the ball and the play around it when the ball is located in rectangle 1,2,3,5 and 6; the lead official when the ball is in rectangle 4 and 5. The rectangle 5 is the only area where both referee have the same primary responsibility. It is statistically proved that the most of the fouls are committed in this area.

The position of the ball dictates whether an official referees on the ball or off the ball.

An official, when the ball is not in this primary responsibility area, must utilize his peripheral vision.

The play that everyone watching the game can see, must be called. It does not matter if it occurs in an official's primary area of responsibility or not. If the official not primarily responsible for the action knows (not guesses) what has occurred, he may, or even, he must call it.

RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE LINES

Each official has specific responsibilities for the boundary lines. The trail official is primarily responsible for the sideline to his left and the centre line. He shall call the out-of-bounds on his side line and the back court violation.

The lead official is primarily responsible for the sideline to his left and for the end line. He calls when the ball goes out-of-bounds at these lines.

Normally both officials call for the line that is directly concerned with his primary responsibility. The other official should not interfere, unless his partner is unsure of the decision. This will prevent conflicting decisions and jump ball situations.

THE PRIMARY DUTIES OF THE TRAIL OFFICIAL

2 and 3 point attempts for goal

at an attempt for goal whether time had expired at the end of a period or a 30 second violation had occurred before the ball had left the hand of the shooter

play above the level of the ring, goal tending and basket interference

rebounding situations, especially watching the perimeter players

screens both on and away from the ball

handchecking

low post area, especially on weak side (away from the ball)

fouls away from lead official

travelling violations, also near to the lead official and close to the basket

30 second clock

off-the-ball coverage when the ball is out of his primary area of responsibility

sideline to his left and centre line, ball returned to back court

10 second violation

THE PRIMARY DUTIES OF THE LEAD OFFICIAL

play underneath the basket

pivot/post play

action in the restricted area most of the time (the only exception when the ball

is located in rectangle 4), 3 second violations

screens (mostly away from the ball)

rebounding situations (pushing for rebounds)

shooting situations close to the basket

sideline to his left and the endlin

TABLE OFFICIALS

The officials shall be assisted by a timekeeper, a scorer and a 30 second operator. In order to operate the scoreboard an assistant scorer may also sit at the table. A technical Commissioner, if appointed by the National Federation, is also present. During FIBA events a Technical Commissioner shall always be nominated.

They are sitting at the table as it is shown on the diagram below.

Timekeeper

The timekeeper shall keep a record of playing time and time of stoppage. He shall note when each half is to start and shall notify the referee more than three minutes before this time so that he may notify the teams, or cause them to be notified, at least three minutes before a half is to start.

For a charged time-out the timekeeper shall start a time-out watch and shall direct the score to signal when 50 seconds have elapsed after the start of the time-out.

The timekeeper's signal causes the ball to become dead and the game clock to be stopped.

He shall indicate with a very loud signal the expiration of the playing time in each half period or extra period.

Scorer

The scorer records the scoresheet made about the game.

He shall keep a record of the names and numbers of players who are to start the game and of all substitutes who enter the game.

When there is an infraction of the rules pertaining to submission of line-up, substitutions or numbers of players, he shall notify the nearest official as soon as possible after the infraction is discovered.

He shall keep a chronological running summary of points scored and he shall record the field goals made and the free throws made or missed.

He shall record the personal and technical fouls called on each player or coach and he shall notify the referee immediately when the fifth foul (for games of 2 x 20 minutes) or the sixth foul (for games of 4 x 12 minutes) is called on any player. He shall indicate the number of fouls committed by each player. Every time a player commits a foul, he shall raise, in a manner visible to both coach, the marker with the number corresponding the number of fouls committed by that player.

He shall record the time-outs charged to each team and shall notify the coach through an official when he has taken the second time-out (for games 2 x 20 minutes) or third time-out (for games of 4 x 12 minutes) in each half.

Whenever possible, the scorer should check his running score with the visual scoreboard. If there is a discrepancy and his score is correct, he shall immediately take steps to have the scoreboard corrected.

30 second operator

The 30 second operator shall operate the 30 second device or clock. He measures the time of team control on the court.

If a team in control of the ball fails to shoot for goal within 30 seconds, this shall be indicated by the sounding of the 30 second signal.

The 30 second operator must know well the rules concerning of control of the ball, especially team control.

The signal of the 30 second operator shall be different from that of the scorer and the timekeeper.

The signal should sound automatically when the digital count down type of device reaches «Zero», and should effect the stop of the game clock automatically as well. The signal causes the ball to become dead. The 30 second device shall be started by the operator as soon as a player gains control of a live ball on the court. The 30 second device shall be stopped as soon as team control is ended.

ASSISTONT SCORER

TECHNICAL COMMISSIONER

Vocabulary and Speech exercises

Ex. 1. Find Russian equivalents for the following English words:

officials

umpire

referee

expiration

infraction

jumpball

scoreboard

coverage

scoresheet

discrepancy

старший судья

нарушение

состав судей

помощник главного судьи

спорный мяч

истечение

таблица очков

табло

зона действия

разногласие

Ex. 2. Try to match these words with their meanings:

offender

an official taking position ahead of the play

impartial

to see that rules are obeyed

restor

fair

inspect

resume

disagree

give notice of

expiration

an official taking position behind (and to the left) of the ball

notify

take a different view

set aside

coming to an end

lead official

one who has been guilty

trail official

reject

Ex. 3. Name the following in English:

состав судей

судья поля

старший судья

помощник главного судьи

судья секундометрист

секретарь

Ex. 4. Speak on:

official's uniform

general duties and powers of the officials

special duties and powers of the referee

different decisions by officials

positioning of officials

division of responsibilities on the court

responsibility for the lines

the primary duties of the trail official

the primary duties of the lead official

table officials

the scorer responsibilities

the timekeeper resposibility

the 30 second operator responsibility

Ex. 5. Explain referees's official hand signals.

Ex. 6. Compose the referring corps for a game.

Ex. 7. Pretend you are the referee. Tell how you will conduct the game.


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