Сексуальна експлуатація неповнолітніх як соціальне явище: тенденції і шляхи профілактики

Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата социологических наук по специальности 22.00.04 - специальные и отраслевые социологии - Харьковский Национальный университет внутренних дел, Харьков, 2006.

Целью диссертационного исследования является описание и анализ сексуальной эксплуатации несовершеннолетних как социального феномена, включая выявление основных тенденций, а также разработка комплексной программы реабилитации детей - жертв сексуальной эксплуатации.

В исследовании представлена теоретико-социологическая интерпретация явления коммерческой сексуальной эксплуатации детей в пределах концепции социального поля (П. Бурдье) и криминально-правового поля (И. Рущенко), дается описание явления на основе данных эмпирических исследований и с привлечением материалов международных организаций, формируются основные тенденции развития явления. В международную классификацию введено новый вид детской порнографии - "скрытая камера", - как один из видов сексуальной эксплуатации несовершеннолетних.

Основные наработки и рекомендации роботы были использованы в Украине для разработки определенных глав в Национальных Планах и Программах, изданы научно-методические пособия для социальных работников и работников правоохранительных органов, разработаны и опробованы в странах СНГ методики тренингов для социальных работников.

Ключевые слова: сексуальное насилие над детьми, сексуальная эксплуатация детей, коммерческая сексуальная эксплуатация детей (КСЭД), детская проституция, детская порнография и Интернет, торговля детьми, ранние браки, детский секс-туризм, детские сексуальные насильники, профилактика просветительская и юридическая, реабилитация.

ABSTRACT

Shved O.V. Sexual exploitation of minors as social phenomenon: tendencies and ways of prevention. Manuscript.

The dissertation is presented for competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of sociological sciences, specialty 22.00.04 - special and branch sociologies - Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs, Kharkiv, 2006.

The dissertation is devoted to disclosing of the problem of sexual exploitation of minors, especially to one of its forms - to commercial sexual exploitation, revealing global tendencies and reasons contributing to this phenomenon in Ukraine. Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) consists of practices that are demeaning, degrading and in many instances life-threatening to children. The Empirical part of this work is based on the sociological researches carried out by the author in Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.

The concept of commercial sexual exploitation of children from the point of view of a criminal and legal field; the theoretical base is constructed on the theory of a social field of P. Sorokin, French sociologist P.Burdje and theories of a criminal and legal field of Ukrainian sociologist I.P. Rushchenko.

It's for the first time in the national sociology that the forms of commercial sexual exploitation of children like: child prostitution, trafficking in children, child pornography, child sex tourism and early marriage are considered. The analysis is based on the data from all over the world as well as CIS countries and Ukraine. A new kind of child pornography "the hidden camera" is entered into the international classification as one of 11 types of sexual exploitation of minors in Ukraine.

Despite considerable efforts of the dedicated groups and the governments, CSEC phenomenon seems to increase both in scale and scope. The global development tendencies show that CSEC turns into a transnational problem, into the chain of organized crime, involving poor countries and their minors to be used in child sex - tourism. There is a tendency to use children in child pornography production. It becomes possible because Internet technologies are very well developed and profits from sales are very high. Child prostitution is in demand because of the corruption in the society, fear to catch sexually transmitted infections, and also because there are several popular misconceptions or myths surrounding sex with a virgin or child. Nowadays we can see an increased demand for boys use (homosexual prostitution) and in Central Asian countries there is a return to old traditions - to early child forced marriages.

There are many factors for children which could involve them in CSEC in Ukraine: macro (poverty, changes in valuable and moral orientations, influence of mass-media, illusion of "golden life" abroad, indifference of population to asocial families, decreased social control by police, school, doctors; middle (social environment, specific areas of living); micro (family, influence of relatives and friends, specific characteristics of children, addiction to drugs or alcohol).

The efforts to prevent sexual exploitation of children should concentrate on legal protection and awareness raising of different target groups in society: children, parents, specialists working with children such as teachers, social workers and law enforcement representatives. These groups also should be educated in existing legislation. The program of rehabilitation of children - victims of commercial sexual exploitation is offered by the author. This program-model includes 6 steps of rehabilitation process and 6 groups of specialists working together for successful rehabilitation and reintegration of minors.

The basic elaborations and recommendations of the given work were used for development of the number of chapters in the National Plans and Programs in Ukraine for 2006-2016 years, as well as in writing educational and methodical manuals for social workers and workers of law enforcement bodies, for realization of training in CIS countries.

Key words: sexual violence against children, sexual exploitation of children, commercial sexual operation of children (CSEC), child prostitution, child pornography and Internet, trafficking in children, early marriages, child sex-tourism, children's sexual perpetrators, prevention of educational and legal, rehabilitation.

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