What neural networks know about linguistic complexity
Linguistic complexity is a complex phenomenon, as it manifests itself on different levels (complexity of texts to sentences to words to subword units), through different features and also via different tasks (specific needs of other kinds of audiences).
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 16.08.2023 |
| Размер файла | 65,9 K |
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Appendix 1. Linguistic features
The order of the linguistic features and their codes are taken from (Biber 1988). The conditions for detecting the features for English replicate the published procedures from (Biber 1988), many of them are expressed via lists of lexical items or via POS annotations, which in this study are provided by UDPIPE (Straka & Strakova 2017). The Russian features are either based on translating the English word lists or on using identical or functionally similar constructions.
|
Code |
Label |
Condition |
|
|
A01 |
past verbs |
VERB, Tense=Past |
|
|
A03 |
present verbs |
VERB, Tense=Pres |
|
|
B04 |
place adverbials |
ADV, lex in (aboard,above,abroad,across...) |
|
|
B05 |
time adverbials |
ADV, lex in (afterwards,again,earlier...) |
|
|
C06 |
first person pronouns |
PRON, lex in (l,we,me,us,my...) |
|
|
C07 |
second person pronouns |
PRON, lex in (you,your,yourself,yourselves) |
|
|
C08 |
third person pronouns |
PRON, lex in (she,he,they,her,him,them,his...) |
|
|
C09 |
impersonal pronouns |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
C10 |
demonstrative pronouns |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
C11 |
indefinite pronouns |
PRON, lex in (anybody,anyone,anything,everybody...) |
|
|
C12 |
do as pro-verb |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
D13 |
wh-questions |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
E14 |
nominalizations |
lex ends with ('tion'/ment'/ness', 'ism') |
|
|
E16 |
nouns |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
F18 |
passives with by |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
G19 |
be as main verb |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
H23 |
wh-clauses |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
H34 |
sentence relatives |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
H35 |
causatives |
CONJ, lex in (because) |
|
|
H36 |
concessives |
CONJ, lex in (although,though,tho) |
|
|
H37 |
conditionals |
CONJ, lex in (if, unless) |
|
|
H38 |
other subordination |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
I39 |
prepositions |
ADP |
|
|
I40 |
attributive adjectives |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
I41 |
predicative adjectives |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
I42 |
adverbs |
ADV |
|
|
J43 |
type-token ratio |
Using 400 words as in (Biber 1988) |
|
|
J44 |
word length |
Average length of orthographic words |
|
|
K45 |
conjuncts |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
K46 |
downtoners |
lex in (almost,barely,hardly,merely...) |
|
|
K47 |
general hedges |
lex in (maybe, at about, something like...) |
|
|
K48 |
amplifiers |
lex in (absolutely,altogether,completely,enormously...) |
|
|
K49 |
general emphatics |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
K50 |
discourse particles |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
K55 |
public verbs |
VERB, lex in (acknowledge,admit,agree...) |
|
|
K56 |
private verbs |
VERB, lex in (anticipate,assume,believe...) |
|
|
K57 |
suasive verbs |
VERB, lex in (agree,arrange,ask...) |
|
|
K58 |
seem/appear |
VERB, lex in (appear, seem) |
|
|
L52 |
possibility modals |
VERB, lex in (can,may,might,could) |
|
|
L53 |
necessity modals |
VERB, lex in (ought,should,must) |
|
|
L54 |
prediction modals |
VERB, lex in (shall,will,would), excluding future tense |
|
|
N59 |
contractions |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
N60 |
that deletion |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
P66 |
synthetic negation |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
|
|
P67 |
analytic negation |
Conditions from (Biber 1988) |
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