Past tense forms of the verb ’be’ in modal constructions in Udmurt

It is possible that there is an adversative function of val and vylem in the desiderative modal construction, in the imperative mood and in the pluperfect tenses. However, further analyses are required in order to establish this function of the past tense forms of the existential verb and characterize its relation to their temporal use and modal attenuation.

Abbreviations

2, 3: first, second, third person

1PST: first past tense

2PST: second past tense

ABL: ablative

ACC: accusative

ATT: attenuator

CAR: caritive

CNG: connegative

COMP: comparative

CONJ: conjunctive

DAT: dative

DEM: demonstrative

PN: proper noun

PRS: present tense

PST: past tense

PL: plural

POSS: possessive

PP: postposition

PTC: particle

PTCP: participle

ELA: elative

F: feminine

FUT: future tense

GEN: genitive

IMP: imperative

INF: infinitive

INE: inessive

INS: instrumental

ILL: illative

NEG: negation

NMLZ: nominalizer

OPT: optative mood

PTCP.ACT: active participle

PTCP.NESS: necessitive participle

PTCP.PRF: perfect participle

REFL: reflexive

SG: singular

Q: question clitic

QUOT: quotative particle

References

1. Tarakanov I.V. Uslovnoye naklaneniye, yego znacheniya i proiskhozhdeniye suffiksa -sal v udmurtskom yazyke [The conditional mood, its meaning and the origin of the suffix -sal in the Udmurt language]. In: Tarakanov V.I. (ed.) Issledovaniya i razmyshleniya ob udmurtskom yazyke. (Sbornik statey) [Studies and reflections ont he Udmurt language (Digest of articles)]. Udmurtia, Izhevsk. 1998. P. 168-180. In Russian.

2. Tarakanov I.V. Karonkyl [Verb]. In: Timerkhanova, N.N. (ed.) Udmurt kyllen veraskonl'ukettodosez (morfologijez) [The morphology of the Udmurt language]. Izhevsk. 2011. P. 138-254. In Udmurt.

3. Zakiev M.Z. Tatarskaya grammatika [The Grammar of Tatar. Vol. 3. Syntax]. Kazan: Tatarskoye knizhnoye izdatel'stvo. 1992. Vol. 3 Sintaksis [Syntax]. 488. p. In Russian.

4. Aikhenvald A.Y. Evidentiality. New York: Oxford University Press. 2004. 480 p. In English. Aikhenvald AY. The essence of mirativity. Linguistic Typology. 2012. Vol. 16. P. 435-485. In English. Bartens R. Permilaisten kielten rakenne ja kehitys [The structure and development of the Permic languages]. Suomalais-ugralaisen seuran toimituksia [Issues of the Finno-Ugrian Society] 238. Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura [Finno-Ugrian Society]. 2000. 372 p. In Finnish.

5. Chung S., Timberlake A. Tense, aspect and mood. In: Shopen, T. (ed.) Language typology and syntactic description vol. III, Grammatical categories and the lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985. P. 241-258. In English. de Haan F. Typology of Tense, Aspect, and Modality Systems. In: Song, J.J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Typology. New York: Oxford University Press. 2010. P. 445-464. In English.

6. Hofmann T.R. Realms of Meaning: An Introduction to Semantics. Routledge, London. 2013. 360 p. In English.

7. DeLancey S. Mirativity: The grammatical marking of unexpected information. Linguistic Typology. 1997. Vol. 1. P. 33-52. In English.

8. Greed T. The expression of knowledge in Tatar. In: Aikhenvald, A.Y. & Dixon, R.M.W. (eds.) The grammar of knowledge. A Cross-Linguistic Typology. New York: Oxford University Press. 2014. P. 69-88. In English.

9. Iatridou S. The Grammatical Ingredients of Counterfactuality. Linguistic Inquery. 2000. Vol. 31. № 2. P. 231-270. In English.

10. Kelmakov V.V., Hannikainen S. Udmurtin kielioppia ja harjoituksia [Udmurt grammar and exercises]. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura [Finno-Ugrian Society]. 1999. 319. p. In Finnish.

11. Kiefer F. Jelenteselmelet [Theory of meaning]. Budapest: Corvina Kiado. 2007. 381 p. In Hungarian. Kozmacs I. Udmurt nyelvkonyv [Udmurt textbook]. Szeged: JATEPress. 2002. 133 p. In Hungarian. Kubitsch R. Evidencialitas a mai udmurt nyelvben [Evidentiality in contemporary Udmurt]. In: Scheibl Gy. (ed.) Lingdok 17.: Nyelveszdoktoranduszok dolgozatai [Lingdok 17.: Papers of PhD students in linguistics], Szeged: Szegedi Tudomanyegyetem, Nyelvtudomanyi Doktori Iskola. 2018. P. 251-270. In Hungarian.

12. Kubitsch R. Az udmurt indirekt evidencialis mirafiv jelentesarnyalata. [The mirative connotation of the Udmurt indirect evidential] In: Scheibl Gy. (ed.) Lingdok 18.: Nyelveszdoktoranduszok dolgozatai [Lingdok 18.: Papers of PhD students in linguistics] Szeged: Szegedi Tudomanyegyetem, Nyelvtudomanyi Doktori Iskola. 2019. P. 25-40. In Hungarian.

13. Kubitsch R. A letige mult ideju alakjai mint modalis partikulak az udmurt nyelvben [The past tense forms of the verb 'be' as modal particles]. Nyelvtudomanyi Kozlemenyek [Papers in Linguistics] 2020. Vol. 116. P. 97-137. In Hungarian.

14. Kugler N. Megfigyeles es kovetkeztetes a nyelvi tevekenysegben [Observation and conclusion in language activity in Hungarian]. Budapest: Tinta Konyvkiado. 2015. 280 p. In Hungarian.

15. Kugler N. Az evidencialitas es a modalitas [Evidentiality and modality]. In: Tolcsvai, N.G. (ed.) Nyelvtan [Grammar]. Budapest: Osiris Kiado. 2017. P. 464-494. In Hungarian.

16. Malchukov A.L., Xrakovskij V.S. The Linguistic Interaction of Mood with Modality and Other Categories. In: Nuyts, J. - Van Der Auwera, J. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Modality and Mood. New York: Oxford University Press. 2016. P. 196-222. In English.

17. Nuyts J. Analyses of the Modal Meaning. In: Nuyts, J. - Van Der Auwera, J. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Modality and Mood. New York: Oxford University Press. 2016. P. 31-49. In English.

18. Palmer F.R. Mood and modality (Second edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001. 236 p. In English.

19. Poppe N. Tatar Manual. Uralic and Altaic Series 25. Bloomington: Indiana University. 1963. 271 p. In English.

20. Saraheimo M. Finite remote past tense in Udmurt: Temporal, modal and pragmatic functions. Forthcoming. In English.

21. Siegl F. The 2nd past in the Permic languages. M.A. Thesis. Tartu. 2004. 189 p. In English.

22. Skribnik E., Kehayov P. Evidentials in Uralic Languages. In: Aikhenvald, A. Y. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality. New York: Oxford University Press. 2018. P. 525-555. In English.

23. Timberlake A. A Reference Grammar of Russian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2004. 510. p. In English.

24. Winkler E. Udmurt. Languages of the World/Materials 212. Mьnchen: Lincom Europa. 2001. 85. p. In English.

25. Winkler E. Udmurtische Grammatik [The Grammar of Udmurt]. Verцffentlichungen Der Societas Uralo- Altaica [Issues of the Uralo-Altaic Society] 81. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2011. 188. p. In German.

Литература

1. Закиев М.З. Татарская грамматика, Казань: Татарское книжное издательство. 1992. Том. 3 Синтаксис. 488. с.

2. Тараканов И.В. Условное наклонение, его значения и происхождение суффикса -сал в удмуртском языке // Исследования и размышления об удмуртском языке. Ижевск, 1998. С. 168-180.

3. Тараканов И.В. Каронкыл // Удмурт кыллэн вераськонлюкеттодосэз (морфологиез) Ижевск, 2011. Б. 138-254.

4. Aikhenvald A.Y. Evidentiality. New York: Oxford University Press. 2004. 480 p. In English.

5. Aikhenvald A.Y. The essence of mirativity. Linguistic Typology. 2012. Vol. 16. P. 435-485. In English.

6. Bartens R. Permilaisten kielten rakenne ja kehitys [The structure and development of the Permic languages]. Suomalais-ugralaisen seuran toimituksia [Issues of the Finno-Ugrian Society] 238. Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura [Finno-Ugrian Society]. 2000. 372 p. In Finnish.

7. Chung S., Timberlake A. Tense, aspect and mood. In: Shopen, T. (ed.) Language typology and syntactic description vol. III, Grammatical categories and the lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985. P. 241-258. In English.

8. de Haan F. Typology of Tense, Aspect, and Modality Systems. In: Song, J. J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Typology. New York: Oxford University Press. 2010. P. 445-464. In English.

9. Hofmann T.R. Realms of Meaning: An Introduction to Semantics. Routledge, London. 2013. 360 p. In English.

10. DeLancey S. Mirativity: The grammatical marking of unexpected information. Linguistic Typology. 1997. Vol. 1. P. 33-52. In English.

11. Greed T. The expression of knowledge in Tatar. In: Aikhenvald, A.Y. & Dixon, R.M.W. (eds.) The grammar of knowledge. A Cross-Linguistic Typology. New York: Oxford University Press. 2014. P. 69-88. In English.

12. Iatridou S. The Grammatical Ingredients of Counterfactuality. Linguistic Inquery. 2000. Vol. 31. № 2. P. 231-270. In English.

13. Kelmakov V.V., Hannikainen S. Udmurtin kielioppia ja harjoituksia [Udmurt grammar and exercises]. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura [Finno-Ugrian Society]. 1999. 319. p. In Finnish.

14. Kiefer F. Jelenteselmelet [Theory of meaning]. Budapest: Corvina Kiado. 2007. 381 p. In Hungarian. KozmacsI. Udmurt nyelvkonyv [Udmurt textbook]. Szeged: JATEPress. 2002. 133 p. In Hungarian. Kubitsch R. Evidencialitas a mai udmurt nyelvben [Evidentiality in contemporary Udmurt]. In: Scheibl Gy. (ed.) Lingdok 17.: Nyelveszdoktoranduszok dolgozatai [Lingdok 17.: Papers of PhD students in linguistics], Szeged: Szegedi Tudomanyegyetem, Nyelvtudomanyi Doktori Iskola. 2018. P. 251-270. In Hungarian.

15. Kubitsch R. Az udmurt indirekt evidencialis miratrv jelentesarnyalata. [The mirative connotation of the Udmurt indirect evidential] In: Scheibl Gy. (ed.) Lingdok 18.: Nyelveszdoktoranduszok dolgozatai [Lingdok 18.: Papers of PhD students in linguistics] Szeged: Szegedi Tudomanyegyetem, Nyelvtudomanyi Doktori Iskola. 2019. P. 25-40. In Hungarian.

16. Kubitsch R. A letige mhlt idejh alakjai mint modalis partikulak az udmurt nyelvben [The past tense forms of the verb 'be' as modal particles]. Nyelvtudomanyi Kozlemenyek [Papers in Linguistics] 2020. Vol. 116. P. 97-137. In Hungarian.

17. Kugler N. Megfigyeles es kovetkeztetes a nyelvi tevekenysegben [Observation and conclusion in language activity in Hungarian]. Budapest: Tinta Konyvkiado. 2015. 280 p. In Hungarian.

18. Kugler N. Az evidencialitas es a modalitas [Evidentiality and modality]. In: Tolcsvai, N.G. (ed.) Nyelvtan [Grammar]. Budapest: Osiris Kiado. 2017. P. 464-494. In Hungarian.

19. Malchukov A.L., Xrakovskij V.S. The Linguistic Interaction of Mood with Modality and Other Categories. In: Nuyts, J. - Van Der Auwera, J. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Modality and Mood. New York: Oxford University Press. 2016. P. 196-222. In English.

20. Nuyts J. Analyses of the Modal Meaning. In: Nuyts, J. - Van Der Auwera, J. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Modality and Mood. New York: Oxford University Press. 2016. P. 31-49. In English.

21. Palmer F.R. Mood and modality (Second edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001. 236 p. In English.

22. Poppe N. Tatar Manual. Uralic and Altaic Series 25. Bloomington: Indiana University. 1963. 271 p. In English.

23. Saraheimo M. Finite remote past tense in Udmurt: Temporal, modal and pragmatic functions. Forthcoming. In English.

24. Siegl F. The 2nd past in the Permic languages. M.A. Thesis. Tartu. 2004. 189 p. In English.

25. SkribnikE., Kehayov P. Evidentials in Uralic Languages. In: Aikhenvald, A. Y. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality. New York: Oxford University Press. 2018. P. 525-555. In English.

26. Timberlake A. A Reference Grammar of Russian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2004. 510. p. In English.

27. Winkler E. Udmurt. Languages of the World/Materials 212. Mьnchen: Lincom Europa. 2001. 85. p. In English.

28. Winkler E. Udmurtische Grammatik [The Grammar of Udmurt]. Verцffentlichungen Der Societas Uralo-Altaica [Issues of the Uralo-Altaic Society] 81. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2011. 188. p. In German.

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