Euphemisms
The History Of Euphemisms. Definition and function of euphemisms. Taboos and euphemisms. Semantic world behind euphemisms. Usage of euphemisms. The evolution of euphemisms. The division of the euphemisms to their meaning. Euphemisms of the profane.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | курсовая работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 07.06.2014 |
| Размер файла | 32,6 K |
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The opposite sides of euphemisms are taboo words and dysphemisms. Dysphemism is an expression with connotations that are offensive. They are opposed to euphemisms because of content. The function of dysphemism is to aggravate the denotatum with the meaning which is more negative. They are used to offend somebody deliberately.
The motives of appearance of euphemisms:
1. superstition;
2. the feeling of fear;
3. sympathy and compassion;
4. the feeling of shame;
5. the feeling of politeness.
The formation of new nominations with euphemisms are based on 3 emotional sphere:
1. fear;
2. odium;
3. shame.
Euphemisms and dysphemisms get pejorative evaluation.
Psychological aspect of the study euphemisms and dysphemisms explains domination of euphemisms and dysphemisms in the active vocabulary. These words get into high level of the vocabulary. Using words with negative meaning, euphemisms and dysphemisms with pejorative evaluation makes the speaker feel their magic influence and that he or she is everything allowed. Very narrow local world view of a man makes negative sides of life more dominating than positive ones.
Classification of euphemistic mapping on the thematic principle divide them into different categories:
1. terms of foreign and technical origin ( copulation, security breach)
2. abbreviation (SOB for son of a bitch), abbreviation in clinical settings ( PITA for “pain in the ass” patient)
3. indirections (behind, privates, unmentionable)
4. mispronunciation (goldarnit)
5. cases with litotes or reserved understatement (not exactly thin for fat, not completely truthful for lied)
6. changing nouns to modifiers(right - wing element for “Right Wing”)
LIST OF LITERATURE
1. Benveniste, Emile, “Euphemismes ancient and moderns”, in Problemes de linguistique generale, vol. 1, pp. 308-314. [originally published in: Die Sprache, I (1949), pp. 116-122]
2. Allan K. Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used as Shield and Weapon / K. Allan, K. Burridge // New York: Crown Publisher, 1991. - 326 p..
3. R.W. Holder: How Not to Say What You Mean: A Dictionary of Euphemism, Oxford University Press, 504 pages, 2003.
4. Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression (ISSN US)
5. MsGlone, M.S., Beck, G., & Pfiester, R.A. (2006). Contamination and camouflage in euphemisms. Communication Monographs, 73.
6. Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). Greek Grammar. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 678 p.
7. Мусабекова С. Euphemisms as Linguistic Phenomena in the Sphere of Alcohol, Вестник КазНУ, серия филологическая, № 6 (105), 2007, c. 169-171.
8. Антрушина Г.Б., English Lexicology, seventh edition, 1999, 287 p.
Retrieved from http://en.wikipendia.org/wiki/ Euphemism
9. Burchfield R. Language awareness: Readings for college writers / R. Burchfield, A. Rosa, V. Clark // Boston: Bedford, 2000. - 512 p.
10. Cole W. L. Language divergence and estimated word retention rate / W. L. Cole, A. T. James // New York: Language Publisher, 1991. - 156 p.
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The euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend. Its the history of in English and usage, classification and other peculiarities. The division of the euphemisms according to their meaning.
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