Ізоморфізм та аломорфізм в ойконімії США й України

АННОТАЦИЯ

Скляренко О.Н. Изоморфизм и алломорфизм в ойконимии США и Украины. - Рукопись.

Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата филологических наук по специальности 10.02.15. - общее языкознание. Киевский национальный университет имени Тараса Шевченко. Институт филологии. - Киев, 2008.

В диссертации осуществлен комплексный анализ словообразовательного и лексико-семантического аспектов ойконимии США и Украины. К исследованию привлечены многочисленные топонимические данные из других языков.

Впервые проведено систематическое исследование ойконимических систем США и Украины на синхронном уровне, с широким использованием фактов диахронии. В результате исследования было выявлено значительное число схожих или даже идентичных (изоморфных) явлений как в лексико-семантическом, так и в структурно-словообразовательном плане в ойконимических системах рассматриваемых языков. Был установлен изоморфизм в номинационных принципах ойконимии, в использовании одинаковых структурно-словообразовательных топонимических структур. Вместе с тем выявлены значительные расхождения, различные (алломорфные) явления, касающиеся топонимической номенклатуры, способов ее организации, статистических параметров и т.д.

Различия обусловлены не только спецификой рассматриваемых языков, их топонимических систем и путей их развития, не только различными географическими и историческими условиями их существования, но и особенностями ономастического менталитета, ономастических вкусов и традиций народов, создающих свои названия.

Ключевые слова: ойконим, изоморфизм, алломорфизм, ойконимикон, ойконимная система, топонимная система, лексико-семантический аспект, структурно-словообразовательная модель, номинация.

SUMMERY

Sklyarenko O.M. Isomorphism and Allomorphism in Oikonymia of the USA and Ukraine. Manuscript.

Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Philology. Speciality 10.02.15 - General Linguistics. Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University. Institute of Philology. - Kyiv, 2008.

The paper presents a complex comparative analysis of word-formation and lexico-semantic aspect of oikonymia of the USA and Ukraine. Numerous toponymic data of various languages have been involved in the research.

For the first time a systematic investigation of oikonymic systems of the USA and Ukraine on the synchronic level with wide use of diachronic data has been carried out. In the result of investigation a considerable number of similar or even identical (isomorphic) phenomena in the lexico-semantic and word-building aspects in the oikonymic systems of both languages have been revealed. Isomorphism in the principles of nomination, in use of equal word-building toponymical structures has been established. At the same time considerable divergences, different (allomorphic) phenomena concerning toponymic nomenclature, ways of its organization, statistic parameters, etc. have been revealed.

There are two main types of place-names formation in both languages: derivation and compounding. Each of these types comprises several subtypes. Lexico-semantic derivation includes onymisation with toponymic synecdoche, toponymic metonymy, onymisation of abstract nouns, of substantivized adjectives and other subtypes. Transonymisation as a kind of lexico-semantic derivation includes oikonyms formed from other place-names, hydronyms, oronyms, personal names and is used in both languages. Forming oikonyms from anthroponyms is especially important in American toponymy, being one of its most sriking peculiarities. Suffixational derivation is the most important way of place-names formation in Ukrainian toponymy, but rarely used in American. Pure prefixational derivation is of little productivity in the toponymical systems of both languages; confixational derivation is by far more popular in Ukrainian.

Compounding includes two main subtypes of forming place-names: those which combine bases to form one-word compound toponyms and those which combine independent words to form multiword complex toponyms. There is a wide range of compound types: noun + noun; adjective + noun; Num + noun; verb + noun; adjective + adjective (Ukrainian type); verb + Indef. pron, adjective (Superl) + noun, verb + adverb, Pres. participle + noun, noun + verb, adverb + verb (American type) and some others.

American toponymy is rich in all kinds of reductions, abbreviations, acronyms, "reversed'' names, names formed with meaningless components but with euphonic sounding.

Complex place-names may be primary toponyms (formed directly as such) and secondary toponyms (formed from simple, derivative or compound toponyms with differential elements). American toponymy, unlike Ukrainian, has numerous occasional place-names, names formed by coining two (or more) words with unusual meanings, various exotic names with the purpose to be unique toponymical formations.

The differences are caused not only by the specificity of the given languages and their toponymic systems, not only by differences in the geographical and historical conditions of their existence and ways of developments, but also by peculiarities of onomastic mentality, onomastic tastes and traditions of people who created these names.

Key words: oikonim, isomorphism, allomorphism, oikonymicon, oikonimic system, toponymic system, lexico-semantic aspect, word-building model, nomination.

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