Causes and tendencies of English abbreviations
Shortened words and minor types of lexical oppositions. Their specific groups. "Cyber-English" for informal text messages. The types of abbreviations on the newspaper "The USA today". The modern type of shortening to abbreviate the telephone numbers.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | курсовая работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 08.11.2012 |
| Размер файла | 34,1 K |
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:@) pig
:'-) tears of laughter
:-P stick tongue out
:-(*) you make me sick
x-( you are mad
:-" whistling
;-) wink
:-@ screaming
O:-) saintly
@}-}}--rose
Appendix 4
Blendings or portmanteau:
alphabet = alpha + betta
atomaniac = atom + maniac
Bollywood = Bombei + Hollywood
brunch = breakfast + lunch
camcorder = camera + recorder
cinerama = cine(matographic pano) rama
e-mail = electronic mail
emoticon=emotion + icon
fantabullous = fantastic + fabulous
fergilicious = Fergie + delicious
frenglish = French + English
ligar = lion + tiger (Lewis Carroll “Alice in the Wonderland”)
medicare = medical care
mobitone = mobile phone + ringtone
moped = motor + pedal
motel = motor + hotel
Niffles = Niagara Falls
Pakistan = Panjab, Afghania, Kashmir and Singh, and the final part of Baluchistan;
pixel = picture + elements
Pokemon = pocket + monster
positron = positive + electron
slanguage = slang + language
smaze = smoke + haze
smog = smoke + fog
spam = spiced ham
Streetball = street + basketball (a game with one ring)
televangelism = television + evangelist
Transceiver = transmitter + receiver
Appendix 5
$ - monetary symbol of US dollar
% - percent
& - and (ampersand)
*- note
.com - commercial
@ - at (in commerce)
1A-12D number of pages
3yrs - three years
4info - for info
51/2 - five and half
a.m. - (Lat.ante meridiem) in the morning
ABC - alphabet; television channel
at&t - American telephone and telegraph
Aug. - August
BOSE - better sound through research
BTN - Big Ten Network (sportcaster)
C/o - care of Calif. - California
CD - compact disc
CDC - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Cellphone - cellular telephone
Co. - corporation
Dec 6 - The sixth of December
Dem - democrat
Dems - democrats
Dr.King - Doctor Martin Luther King Junior
FDA - The Food and Drug Administration
Fri - Friday
Get2gether - get together
Gov - government
GP -general practitioner
Hwy - high way
Inc. - incorporated
Iphone - instinct phone
John McCain - American politician John MacCain
Laptop - notebook PC
LED - light-emitting diode
LSU - American football team
LW - long wave
Martin Luther King Jr. - Martin Luther King Junior
McEnroe - Mac Enroe
Mich. - state Michigan
MOD - Ministry of Defence
Mon - Monday
MP - member of Parliament
Mpg - miles per gallon
Mph - mile per hour
N - North
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NC - North California State
NFL - National Football League
NHS - National Health Service
No. - number
Nov. - November
NY - New York State
NYC - New York City
NYSE - New York Stock Exchange
o - degree (angle, temperature, proof of alcohol)
Oct - October
Ok - all correct
Ph.D. - Doctor of Philosophy
p.m. - (Lat. post meridiem) in the afternoon
p.r. - public relations
QC - quiet comfort
Rep - republican
RNC - Republican National Committee
RSPCA - Royal society for the prevention of cruelty to animals
Rt. Hon. - Right honourable
Sen. - Senator
Sept. - September
Sportcaster - sport broadcaster
St.Louis - Saint Louis
St.Paul - Saint Paul Cathedral
Truckin' - trucking
TV - television
ULEV - Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
USA - United States of America
VP - vice president
Vs - versus (Lat)
Washington D.C. - Washington District of Columbia
Wed - Wednesday
Xcel - excellent
®- registered trademark
©?- copyright
Appendix 6
Economic sector abbreviations
Stock footnotes
U - indicates a new 52-week high
d - indicates a new 52-week low
h - does not meet continued-listing standarts
if - late filing with the Securities and Exchange Commision
n - new issue in the past 52-weeks
rs - reserve stock split of at least 50% in the past 52-weeks
s - split or stock dividend of 25% or more in the past 52 weeks, high-low range and dividend are adjusted
wi - when issued
vj - in bankruptcy or receivership or being reorganized under the Bankruptcy Act, or securities assumed by such companies
Mutual fund footnotes
NAV - Net asset value
NA - Data not available
NE - Data in question; deleted by Lipper
NS - Fund did not exist for entire period
NN - Fund does not wish to be tracked
YTD% - Year-to-date total return percent, including reinvested dividends and capital gains
E - capital gain distribution previous day
F - previous day's quote
X - cash dividend previous day
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