Basic Transformations in Translation of Sport Discourse

Ex. 27 Scorer - центровой (from It's playoff time)

This term can be translated not only by loan translation but also by replacement “столб”, if the translation is oriented to basketball player only. This word is colloquial, it belongs to basketball slang, but it is frequently used by sportpersons, coaches, referees and umpires during both trainings and competitions. The second meaning if this term which in contrary to the first one is given by dictionaries but has not been found by us in the translated texts is судья соревнований.

Ex. 28 Athlete - спортсмен

This is the typical example of the so-called translator's false friends, A.D. Shveitser names it pseudo-international words as well. As distinct from genuine internation words which have a more or less similar phonetic form and carry the same meaning (electronics - электроника, cybernetics - кибернетика), the pseudo-international words differ in meaning from language to language either completely complexion - цвет лица, or partially elevator - 1. Элеватор, 2. Лифт [Shveitser, 2004]. Although there are two variants of translation in the dictionary (1. Спортсмен, 2. Атлет), but it is used in the second meaning not very often.

2.1.3 Problems on Rendering of Competitions' and Sports Organizations' Names

The names of competitions are not translated at all sometimes but rendered in the Russian text by the Roman alphabet; either the partial translation of the full translation of a word combination can be made as well. The choice is determined by the existing traditions or by the choice of a translator.

Ex. 29 From day one I knew that Chelsea needed to be in the UEFA Champions League final. (from Coaches look ahead to date with destiny)

С первого дня я знал, что Челси должен быть в финале Лиги Чемпионов УЕФА.

Ex. 30 Valencia and Osaka champions line-up for Ostrava - IAAF World Athletics Tour. (from Valencia and Osaka champions line-up for Ostrava - IAAF World Athletics Tour)

Победители чемпионата Европы в Валенсии и чемпионата мира в Осаке готовы к туру World Athletics ИААФ в Остраве.

Ex. 31 Andy Roddick lost to the third-seeded Novak Djokovic, 7-6 (4), 6-4, in the quarterfinals of the Rogers Cup yesterday in Montreal. (from Tennis: Roddick Ousted in Montreal)

Вчера Энди Роддик проиграл занимающему третью строчку турнирной таблицы Новаку Йоковичу 7-6, 6-4 в четвертьфинале Кубка Роджера в Монреале.

Ex. 32 Two other World champions announced are from the recent World Indoors in Valencia where Vlasic also took gold. (from Valencia and Osaka champions line-up for Ostrava - IAAF World Athletics Tour)

Два других чемпиона мира, которые были объявлены, принимали участие в Чемпионате Мира в залах в Валенсии, где Власич также завоевала золото.

Ex. 33 Nicolas Kiefer of Germany beat Marin Cilic of Croatia 3-6, 7-6 (4), 6-3 in the first round at the Monte Carlo Masters on Sunday. (Kiefer defeats Cilic in rainy Monte Carlo)

Николас Кифер из Германии обыграл Мартина Килича из Хорватии 3-6, 7-6, 6-3 в первом туре Monte Carlo Masters в Воскресенье.

An abbreviation of sport organization's name have its Russian equivalent that is abbreviated without any “decoding” if this abbreviation is well-known; can be translated with its decoding. Only seldom we can ding the English abbreviation without any transformation within a Russian text.

Ex. 34 IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) - ИААФ (Международная Ассоциация легкоатлетических федераций) (from Valencia and Osaka champions line-up for Ostrava - IAAF World Athletics Tour)

Ex. 35 UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) - УЕФА (Союмз Европемйских Футбомльных Ассоциамций) (from Coaches look ahead to date with destiny)

Ex. 36 NHL (National Hockey League) - НХЛ (Нациальнальная Хоккейная Лига) (from Sesito scores in overtime, Crunch take 2-1 series lead over Moose)

Ex. 37 BWF (Badminton World Federation) - Всемирная федерация бадминтона

2.1.4 Problems on Rendering of Time-spaces of the Game, and of the Team-Division into Groups

It is likely because of the laconicism of the English language in comparison with Russian the latter has borrowed the names of the game time-spaces by transliteration/transcription. In some cases we may found the Russian equivalent.

Ex. 38 Extratime/overtime - экстратайм/овертайм - дополнительное время

Ex. 39 Round - раунд, круг or тур

Ex. 40 Period - период

Ex. 41 Set - сeт or партия

Ex. 42 Games - гейм or игра

Set can also be translated as подход when describing training or a workout. The word has several meanings and the translator has to choose an appropriate variant on a context.

Ex. 43 Sustained aerobic work, several sets for each muscular group. (from Development and Training for the Decathlon)

Длительная аэробная нагрузка, несколько подходов на каждую группу мышц.

Ex. 44 Nicolas Kiefer of Germany beat Marin Cilic of Croatia 3-6, 7-6 (4), 6-3 in the first round at the Monte Carlo Masters on Sunday. (Kiefer defeats Cilic in rainy Monte Carlo)

Николас Кифер из Германии обыграл Мартина Килича из Хорватии 3-6, 7-6, 6-3 в первом туре Monte Carlo Masters в Воскресенье.

Ex. 45 Quarter - четверть (баскетбол)

The game lasts for 40 minutes in basketball, the quarter is 10 minutes subsequently. The translator should not confuse it with division of an hour into quarter that are 15 minutes.

Ex. 46 Eastern Conference - Восточный дивизион (in NBA)

The first variant of translation was восточная ассоциация команд. But more appropriate variant is восточный дивизион, although it is very often translated by commentators as восточная конференция that is also right and everybody understands it.

Ex. 47 A last-gasp OG from John Arne Riise gave Chelsea a crucial away goal as the first leg ended 1-1, meaning the Reds are going to have to do something they have never done at the Bridge under Rafa Benitez - score. (from Gerrard: Torres Can Fire Us to Moscow)

Гол в собственные ворота Йона Арне Риисе на последних минутах матча дала Челси решающий гол на выезде в первом матче 1-1, и это означает, что красным нужно сделать то, чего никогда не делали на Стэмфорд Бридж под руководством Рафы Бенитеса - забить.

In this case first leg (it may be first or second) should be translated as первый матч. Next example provides an appropriate variant of rendering of notion second leg.

Ex. 48 The consensus seemed to be that, with this year's second leg at Stamford Bridge, the Londoners held a slight advantage. (from Late leveller alters Liverpool approach)

Никто не отрицает, что в этом году в ответном матче на Стэмфорд Бридж Лондонцы владели незначительным преимуществом.

Here, second leg is rendered as ответный матч. Leg is a match. First and second legs are played only cup/league systems such, for example in football, UEFA Champions League or UEFA Cup.

2.1.5 Other lexical problems

Translator should know the names of sport events while translating SD texts.

Ex. 49 Shot put - толкание ядра

Ex. 50 Pole vault - прыжки с шестом

Ex. 51 Hurdles - бег с барьерами

Ex. 52 Discus - метание диска

Ex. 53 Javelin - метание копья

Ex. 54 Long jump - прыжки в длину

Ex. 55 High jump - прыжки в высоту (from Development and Training for the Decathlon)

Ex. 56 The decathlon consists of ten track & field events that are contested over a two day period. (from Development and Training for the Decathlon)

Десятиборье состоит из десяти беговых и технических видов, которые проводятся в два дня.

In the example above the word field doesn't correspond with its first meaning. In this case field includes all other events that take place not on the track (shot put, pole vault, hammer throwing etc.).

Ex. 57 Muscular Strength - мышечная сила

Ex. 58 Weight training - упражнения с весом

Ex. 59 Muscular Endurance - выносливость мышц

Ex. 60 Cardiovascular Endurance - выносливость сердечнососудистого аппарата

Ex. 61 Efficient utilization of oxygen over a sustained period of time. - Рациональный расход кислорода на протяжении длительного периода в времени.

Ex. 62 Neuromuscular - упражнения для улучшения нейромышечных функций организма

Ex. 63 Flexibility - гибкость мышц

Ex. 64 Proprioceptive Neurological Facilitation (PNF) Techniques - cпособы проприоцептивного нервно-мышечного улучшения импульсов

Ex. 65 Dynamic stretches - активные упражнения на гибкость (from Development and Training for the Decathlon)

All these terms seem to be from Medical Discourse however SD and Medical Discourse are closely connected. There won't be any performance without proper medical supervision. Many terms obtain new translation within SD.

Ex. 66 Sprint drills - беговые отрезки

In athletics sprint is considered to be up to 400m. If it is more than 400m it will be stayering distance. Отрезки are supposed to be run several times that why they are drills.

Ex. 67 Drogba, much criticised for play acting at Anfield, was a constant menace on home turf. (from Reds Crash out in Extra-Time)

Дрогба, которого неоднократно критиковали за его игру на Энфилде, был постоянной угрозой на домашнем стадионе.

Home turf is more appropriated to be translated as домашний стадион, because the first meaning of the word turf (торф, дерн) hardly can be used in the newspaper article.

Ex. 68 Benayoun majestically skipped past one challenge, then another, then another, while Torres lurked in the box. (from Reds Crash out in Extra-Time)

Бенанюн великолепно ушел от одного защитника, затем второго, в то время как Торрес находился без опеки в штрафной зоне.

Here box or it can be also called danger area denotes the place in front of the gates (in football).

Ex. 69 Drogba latched onto to substitute Nicolas Anelka's cross. (from Reds Crash out in Extra-Time)

Дрогба замкнул прострел вышедшего на замену Николя Анелька.

Football term cross has its own meaning in this game and denotes прострел. It is a pass from one player to another from the flank into the box through the defenders of opposite team.

Ex. 70 Rebound - рикошет (hockey)

- подбор (basketball)

Ex. 71 The seven-time All-Star had 23 points, 13 rebounds and nine assists.

Семикратный участник команды All-Star набрал 23 очка, совершил 13 подборов и сделал 9 голевых передач.

In the example above there is another notion that can pose some obstacles for translator - assist. Assist - v. помогать, принимать участие, присутствовать. In SD, it needs to be concretized, so it should be translated as голевая передача or голевой пас.

Ex. 72 Houston's Bobby Jackson hit a 3-pointer that would have tied the game but Scola was called for an offensive foul away from the ball when he pushed Andrei Kirilenko. (from Jazz Burn Rockets to Take 2-0 Series Lead)

Next two words are of that layer of vocabulary used only in SD:

Foul - n. фол, нарушение правил игры; v. играть не по правилам, нарушать правила. More often it is used as фолить in colloquial speech. This word was borrowed from the English language both in form of a verb and that of a noun. The noun formed the set of phrase пробить фол (often basketball) in Russian what means to make penalty throw after a player of an opposite team broke the rules making foul. Foul can be offensive and defensive that is фол в нападении and фол в защите correspondently.

3-pointer - трехочковый бросок. This is a basketball term and it is not in other games. 3-pointer is a throw which is made by a player from the 3-point-line or further.

2.2 Grammatical problems

The grammatical structure of language is an important part of its overall system, no less important that its lexicon or vocabulary. The elements of the grammatical structure, such as affixes, forms of inflection and derivation, syntactic patters, word order, functional words, etc. serve to carry meanings which are usually referred to as “grammatical” or “structural”, as distinct from lexical meanings. The rendering of such meanings in the process of translation is an important problem relating to the general problem of translation equivalence, which now must be considered at length [Shveitser, 2004].

There is absolutely nothing in common between the grammatical structures of two different languages. On the contrary, there exist in all languages the so-called grammatical universals, that is, categories that are found in all language and without which no language can function as a means on communication. The formal ways in which they are manifested may differ widely. The translator's task here (as with lexical meanings) is, first to assign the correct meaning to this or that form and, secondly, to find an appropriate form in the target language for the expression of the same meaning, taking into account various factors, such as: the meaning inherent in the grammatical for itself; the lexical character of the word or word-group used in this or that form; factors of style; and frequency of use [Shveitser, 2004].

Let us pay attention to two headlines of the articles which are equal according to their form:

Ex. 73 Chelsea defeats Liverpool to book their place in Moscow final (from Reds Crash out in Extra-Time)

Челси обыграли Ливерпуль и завоевали путевку в финал в Москве.

Ex. 74 Kiefer defeats Cilic in rainy Monte Carlo to go through in next round (from Kiefer defeats Cilic in rainy Monte Carlo to go through in next round)

Кифер прошел в следующий этап соревнований, обыграв Силича в дождливом Монте Карло.

First we should mention the English publicistic style differs from that of Russian. Headlines have their specific character in particular. In our examples two grammatical forms of verbs are used, the form of present tense and the infinitive (defeats; to book or to go). Both English and Russian make use of the so-called “Historic Present” (the present tense form of verb used to denote past events); however, it is only in English that this form is employed in newspaper headlines [Shveitser, 2004]. And it is the reason of replacement the English present tense form by either the past tense form or past participle in Russian (defeats - обыграли; обыграв). Form of the infinitive is employed in the headlines to describe events that will happen in future. In the above examples the verbs to book and to go through express the event that will be a result of the action denoted by the verb defeat. All the situation are ascribed to the past, in Russian it requires the use of past tense for all verb forms that is why to book and to go through transform into завоевали and прошел. These peculiarities lead to transformations not only on grammatical but also on the lexical level.

Ex. 75 Among the local athletes who have been confirmed are: Maurren Maggi (Long Jump), Elisвngela Adriano (Discus), Fбbio Gomes da Silva (Pole Vault) and Keila Costa (Long Jump), officials said. (from Fields taking shape as Brazilian meetings approach)

По официальным данным, среди местных легкоатлетов, которые примут участие в соревнованиях оказались Мауррен Мэгги (прыжки в длину), Элизангела Адриано (метание диска), Фабио Гомес де Сильва (прыжки с шестом) и Кейла Коста (прыжки в длину).

In Russian the source of information is placed first in sentence usually. Following this we officials said on the first place in translation or speaking in terms of theory of translation make transposition of clauses.

Ex. 76 It was Dirk Kuyt who eventually fired home, though a thoroughly deserved victory was denied by an enormous stroke of bad luck for Riise with 30 seconds of injury time remaining. (from Gerrard: Torres Can Fire us to Moscow)

Именно Дирк Кейт, в конце концов забил гол, на своем поле, хотя заслуженной победе не суждено было быть из-за чудовищно неудачного удара Риисе за 30 секунд до окончания дополнительного времени.

Here we deal with the transformation of the whole sentence (victory was denied - победе не суждено было быть). If the English sentence bad luck is determinant, in Russian we observe удар as a determinant word. The English publicistic style unlike Russian is more emotional, and in articles devoted to sport news it is seen quite well. To avoid the violation of norms of style it is better to employ neutralization (30 seconds of injury time remaining - за 30 секунд до окончания дополнительного времени).

Ex. 77 Gerrard also had comforting words for substitute Riise, putting the last-minute equaliser down to misfortune. (from Gerrard: Torres Can Fire us to Moscow)

Джеррард также высказал утешительные слова и в адрес вышедшего на замену Риисе, который сравнял счет на последней минуте, забив гол в собственные ворота.

Here we deal with the same transformations as previous one. Original clause (putting the last minute equalizer) is transformed into the past form in Russian. The new clause appears (забив гол в собственные ворота) while in the original there is only a construction (down to misfortune). If we omit this additional clause in the Russian sentence then we will not express the emotional constituent of the English variant in the translation. The translator's main task is to make the reader closer to the events, to make him/her a participant of these events.

Ex. 78 Jazz Burn Rockets to Take 2-0 Series Lead. (from Jazz Burn Rockets to Take 2-0 Series Lead)

Юта Джаз обыграли Хьюстон Рокетс лидируя по сумме встреч со счетом 2-0.

This example has similar grammatical structure as the first examples of this chapter. However, we may observe here the implicit information about score. It is rendered by a noun with a preposition (со счетом) into Russian. A verb that has emotive meaning loses it in translation (burn - обыграли).

Several long sentences were analyzed above and we have seen all of them use the resembling transformations in translation. But in the small sentences a translator can find a lot of problems as well. Let us illustrate this.

When translating a description of workout it is necessary to follow strictly the definite structure which exists as a tradition of creating these texts in particular language. Both in Russian and in English the imperative mood is used in such texts, the sentences are short.

Ex. 79 Work per unit time (from Development and Training for the Decathlon)

Выполняйте по одному упражнению.

In these examples the structures of sentences are almost equal.

Ex. 80 Step forward with any leg (change legs on each step). (from Development and Training for the Decathlon)

Cделайте выпад вперед с любой ноги (меняйте ногу на каждый выпад).

Ex. 81 Stand with hands up. (from Development and Training for the Decathlon)

Поднимите руки вверх.

The sentences miss out the opposition with in the translation that indicates an instrument in English while in Russian it can be rendered by accusative or instrumental cases.

Ex. 82 To optimize performance, do smooth transition through each phase and higher the hips toward the ground.

Чтобы оптимизировать выступление, выполняйте плавный переход на каждой фазе, пытаясь держаться как можно выше . (from Development and Training for the Decathlon)

The Russian sentence is less imperative than English one (пытаясь держаться). Both addition and omission are represented (higher the hips toward the ground - пытаясь держаться как можно выше).

2.3 Peculiarities of Style

We have already mentioned throughout the second chapter the stylistic peculiarities that make problems, such as use of historical present tense of verbs in meaning of past and form of infinitive instead of future tense in the headlines of articles; different positions in a sentence of adverbial modifiers of time and place in English and Russian and long extended sentences with difficult structure. We may speak about all these peculiarities within the publicistic style, but we should not neglect the articles describe sport events, i.e. they are peculiarities of SD as well. Speaking about vocabulary we have marked out a wide range of words with emotional coloring used in aforementioned examples. In this subsection let us compare English verbs with their Russian translations in order to show the greater emotionness of English SD.

Ex. 83 To burn

Ex. 84 To beat победить, одержать победу, обыграть

Ex. 85 To defeat

Ex. 86 To crash out

Ex. 87 To oust выгонять, вытеснять

Ex. 88 To fight

Ex. 89 To struggle бороться

The example of translation these verbs into Russian within context:

Ex. 90 Tennis: Roddick Ousted in Montreal.

Теннис: Роддик выходит из борьбы в Монреале.

Ex. 91 Jazz Burn Rockets to Take 2-0 Series Lead.

Юта Джаз обыграли Хьюстон Рокетс лидируя по сумме встреч со счетом 2-0.

Ex. 92 Chelsea defeat Liverpool to book their place in Moscow final.

Челси обыграли Ливерпуль и завоевали путевку в финал в Москве.

Ex. 93 It was Dirk Kuyt who eventually fired home, though a thoroughly deserved victory was denied by an enormous stroke of bad luck for Riise with 30 seconds of injury time remaining.

Именно Дирк Кейт, в конце концов забил гол, на своем поле, хотя заслуженной победе не суждено было быть из-за чудовищно неудачного удара Риисе за 30 секунд до окончания дополнительного времени.

Ex. 94 We are confident we can beat Chelsea on their patch.

Мы уверены, что сможем победить Челси в выездном матче.

Ex. 95 Dirk has been fantastic for us, he's worked his socks off for us again tonight and deserved his goal.

Дирк Кейт был великолепен, он сегодня как всегда работал в поте лица и заслужил свой гол.

Ex. 96 Kiefer defeats Cilic in rainy Monte Carlo to go through in next round.

Кифер прошел в следующий этап соревнований, обыграв Силича в дождливом Монте Карло.

Conclusion

When translating texts of SD the same transformations are used as in translation of other types of texts. But we can distinguish transformations that are employed in definite groups more frequently. Proper names of participants (sportsperson, referees and others) are transliterated/transcripted, the same names of groups, positions of players and terms of unpopular in Russia sports. We counted the number of transformations that are used while translating SD texts. On one page of a printed text we can find from 10 to 20 transformations. It depends on the saturation of text with certain terms and word-combinations of SD.

The names of organizations and competitions require to be rendered in their full form. The abbreviations should be “decoded”.

If a term has several meanings the choice of a translator is dictated by a context. At the same time it is worth to pay attention to all the variations of translation as they can denote the same action or object which has different names. The common lexis that changes its meaning within SD is also determined by the context.

We have found the following peculiarities: there is definite group of words that is not translated at all. They are names of teams, competitions and proper names. Proper names of sportspersons of some “non-Russian” sport can decline though with the help of adding Russian flexions after an apostrophe. The abbreviations are not decoded and even not translated if it is well known and is used worldwide.

The grammatical and stylistic peculiarities are not as frequent as lexical ones. Mainly they are determined by the fact articles are the representatives of publicistic style. But we consider they must be mentioned. When describing a game in process the author build long sentences with subordinate clauses. When there is the sequence of actions an author uses simple small sentences. A translator is required to know the building the same sentences in Russian, and cognitive dissonance will be overcome. Here all the grammatical transformations are used.

The problems of style is a number of emotively colored words. The Russian both publicistic style and sport discourse are not characterized by such an expressiveness, a translator has to neutralize the connotation of these words.

It does not mean at all the translators should apply only these transformations that were distinguished as the main ones in the definite group of linguistic units. Let us say once again translation is the creative work and a translator chooses the way by him-/herself. The main task is to achieve equivalence in translation.

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14. Карасик, В.И. О типах дискурса [Электронный ресурс] / В.И. Карасик. - Волгоградский Государственный Педагогический Университет. - http://www.vspu.ru/~axiology/vik/vikart10.htm (2000)

15. Карасик, В.И. Этнокультурные типы институционального дискурса [Электронный ресурс] / В.И. Карасик. - Волгоградский Государственный Педагогический Университет. - http://www.vspu.ru/~axiology/vik/vikart9.htm (2000)

16. Кибрик, А. Дискурс {Электронный ресурс] / А. Кибрик, П. Паршин // Энциклопедия “Кругосвет”. - http://www.krugosvet.ru

17. Кланщакова, А.Ю. Метафора в структуре экономического дискурса: опыт комплексного исследования (на материале английского языка) [Текст] : дис. на соискание учебной степени кандидата филол. наук : 10.02.04 / А.Ю. Кланщакова. - Иркутск, 2003. - 181 с.

18. Комиссаров, В.Н. Теория перевода (лингвистические аспекты) [Тексты] / В.Н. Комиссаров. - М. : Высшая школа, 1990. - 253 с.

19. Куницына, Е.Ю. Историко-функциональный аспект шекспиризмов [Текст] : дис. на соискание учебной степени кандидата филол. наук : 10.02.04 / Е.Ю. Куницына. - Иркутск, 1998. - 212 с.

20. Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. [Текст] / под ред. В.Н. Ярцевой. - М. : Малая советская энциклопедия, 1990. - 685 с.

21. Миньяр-Белоручев, Р.К. Как стать переводчиком? [Текст] / Р.К. Миньяр-Белоручев. М. : Стелла, 1994. - 142 с.

22. Сабиров, Ю.А. Англо-русский словарь гимнастических терминов [Текст] / Ю.А. Сабиров. - М. Русский язык, 1985. - 199 с.

23. Спортивные сооружения [Текст] // МСЭ. - 3-е изд. - М., 1958. - Т.8. - С. 1008-1009

24. Фестингер, Л. Введение в теорию диссонанса [Электронный ресурс] / Л.Фестингер. - Федеральный образовательный портал. - http://ecsocman.edu.ru/db/msg/59676.html (1984)

25. Хоккей на траве. Спортивные термины на пяти языках [Текст] / под ред. М.К. Лейкина - М. Русский язык, 1979. - 90 с.

26. A Few Words of Ratings and Grades [Электронный ресурс]. - http://home.tiscalinet.de.ockier/ratings.htm

27. Arnason, D. Semiotics: the system of sings. [Электронный ресурс] / D. Arnason. - http://130.179.92.25/Arnason_DE/Saussure.html

28. Basketball Glossary [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.firstbasesports.com/basketball_glossary.html

29. Football Glossary [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.firstbasesports.com/football_glossary.html

30. Four Hockey Players Disciplined for Melee [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.sports.yahoo.com (25 фев. 2005)

31. Functional Fitness Training [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.playerdugout.com.functfitness.html

32. Haliday, M.A.K. Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-Semiotics Perspective [Текст] / M.A.K. Haliday, R. Hasan - Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1991. - 126 р.

33. Hockey Glossary [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.firstbasesports.com/hockey_glossary.html

34. Coaches Look Ahead to Date with Destiny [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/fixturesresults/round=15108/match=301912/report=rw.html

35. Development and Training for the Decathlon [Электронный ресурс]. - http:// www.coachr.org/deca.htm?

36. Fields taking shape as Brazilian meetings approach [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www. iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=44473.html

37. Gerrard: Torres Can Fire Us To Moscow [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www. liverpoolfc.tv/news/drilldown/N159674080422-2301.htm

38. Hardee Returns with 8371 Point Tally in Austin - Texas Relays days 1 and 2 [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=44330.html

39. It's Playoff Time. Let's Go [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.nba.com/news/

40. James-Led Cavaliers Throttle Wizards [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.nba.com/games/20080421/WASCLE/recap.html

41. Jazz Burn Rockets to Take 2-0 Series Lead [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www. nba.com/games/20080421/UTAHOU/recap.html

42. Kiefer defeats Cilic in rainy Monte Carlo [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.tennis.com/news/

43. Late leveller alters Liverpool approach [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/news/kind=1/newsid=686809.html

44. Mьller eyes EURO return [Электронный ресурс]. - http://en.euro2008.uefa.com/news/kind=1/newsid=687770.html

45. Reds Crash Out in Extra-Time [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www. liverpoolfc.tv/match/season/2007-2008/apr/671/a_finalwhistle.shtml

46. Sesito Scores in Overtime, Crunch Take 2-1 Series Lead Over Moose [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.t opix.net/content/cp/2008/04/sesito-scores-in-overtime-crunch-take-2-1-series-lead-over-moose

47. Tennis Roddick Ousted in Montreal [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.tennis.com/news/

48. Valencia and Osaka Champions Line-up for Ostrava - IAAF World Athletics Tour [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www.iaaf.org/GP08/news/kind=100/newsid=44127.html

49. Victory an 'absolute must' for Barзa [Электронный ресурс]. - http://www. uefa.com/competitions/ucl/fixturesresults/round=15108/match=301911/report=pr.html

 Appendix 1

http://www.uefa.com

Coaches look ahead to date with destiny

Match review

Tuesday 22 April 2008

Rafael Benнtez spoke of his players' "great disappointment" after Liverpool FC conceded an added-time own goal to hand the initiative in their semi-final to Chelsea FC. Dirk Kuyt opened the scoring just before the break, and the Reds were still pushing for a second when a Chelsea counter ended with John Arne Riise inexplicably heading beyond Pepe Reina with seconds to play. The Spaniard remains confident nonetheless, while Avram Grant looked back on "a great result and a big step" towards a first UEFA Champions League final.

Rafael Benнtez, Liverpool FC

It is difficult to understand what happened - there were 94 or 95 minutes on the clock. I was really surprised and of course very disappointed with the own goal - these kind of bouncing balls are very difficult to deal with. The reaction in the dressing room afterwards was one of great disappointment. The only thing we can do now is be positive and think about the next game. We now need to go there and win. It's not easy to create chances in these games but we had three clear chances to score and I am disappointed we did not take them. We have to change our mindset now and be positive for the return at Stamford Bridge. My confidence is based on watching the team today. We were on top for a lot of the game - especially at the start of the second half. With a bit of luck we can do it [reach the final].

Avram Grant, Chelsea FC

We have conceded a lot of late goals recently so I think we deserved to get one ourselves. I hope we will say next week that this was an important goal. It was a game without many chances - typical for a semi-final. They had one or two and we did too. But a 1-1 draw away from home is always a good result. Anfield is a very difficult place to play but it is not easy for [visiting] teams to play at Stamford Bridge either - we also have good supporters. Both goals tonight came from mistakes. I felt we had control of the game until we made a mistake and they scored. Petr Иech was unlucky for the goal but he did well and made one very good save - but that's Petr, we're used to it. I think this result gives us an advantage but I know it will be another tough game next week. From day one I knew that Chelsea needed to be in the Champions League final. The 1-1 draw hasn't promised us a place in the final but it's a great result and a big step for us. The final is in Moscow but I think Roman [Abramovich, Chelsea's Russian owner] would be just as happy for us to play it in Mongolia.

Appendix 2

http://www.coachr.org

Development and Training for the Decathlon

by Sheldon Blockburger

1. What is the Decathlon (Overview)

The decathlon consists of ten track & field events that are contested over a two day period. The competition is separated into two days of competition. The first day consists of the 100 meters, long jump, shot put, high jump and 400 meters in that order. The second day includes the 110 meter high hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin and 1500 meter run.

The second day is always the most demanding because it is the most technical day and the athlete is tired from the first days events. The decathlon does not really start until the second day because any good athlete can do well on the first day but only a decathlete can do well over two days. The second day separates the men from the boys.

The multi event athlete must possess or attain the following characteristics in order to be successful:

1. MUSCULAR STRENGTH (Power) -Work per unit time (anaerobic strength)

EXAMPLES: Weight training (4x5 reps), Multi throws, Medicine Ball, Multi Jumps (Plyos)

2. MUSCULAR ENDURANCE -The ability to sustain muscular contraction over a period of time (sustained aerobic work)

EXAMPLES: Weight training (3x12 reps), Circuit training, repeat stairs, repeat hills, 10x200m

3. CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE -Efficient utilization of oxygen over a sustained period of time.

EXAMPLES: 3 mile runs, 4x800 meters, 8x400 meters

4. FLEXIBILITY -Enables the body's lever system to apply force over an increased range of motion. Athletic performance will be enhanced, plus the incidence of injury will be reduced.

EXAMPLES: Proprioceptive Neurological Facilitation (PNF), Dynamic stretches, Sprint drills

5. NEUROMUSCULAR (Technique) -The coordination of specific movements into a motor pattern to enhance the body's ability to efficiently apply force. This aspect is the most important to an athlete because without technique there is no performance. This part of the athlete takes the longest to train and should have the first priority of the beginning decathlete.

6. PSYCHOLOGICAL -An on-going positive mental outlook, which includes discipline, determination, aggressiveness, desire, perseverance, and positive self-image. You can have all of the above listed qualities (1-5) but if you are not mentally committed you will have a short career. I have come across many better natural athletes than me over the years but I have beaten the majority (99%) of them because they have lacked the desire to be great.

2. How to train the beginning Decathlete

As I stated above, technique is the most important thing the young decathlete should concentrate on. It does no good to be strong, fast and have great jumping ability if you do not know how to use it. I would strongly suggest starting to learn the second days techniques on a 2-1 ratio with the first days techniques. The hurdles, discus and pole vault are the three events that have the most effect on the other events as explained below.

HURDLES

The hurdles directly help the decathlete in the 100 meters by developing a consistent stride pattern between and over each hurdle. The hurdles are essentially ten mini sprints to each hurdle. It also reinforces proper running technique by teaching the athlete to run tall with proper posture. Hurdles and hurdle drills also help develop the hip flexor muscles along with the hamstrings and glutes. These muscles are the most important in sprint development.

The hurdles help the long jump by teaching the athlete how to sprint correctly with a rhythmic stride pattern. It also helps the athlete learn how to set up for a take off with minimal deceleration. By learning how to run through a hurdle you will know how to run off the long jump board.

Hurdle endurance runs (4x12 hurdles) will help the 400 meters in the same way by developing speed endurance.

The hurdles help the pole vault in the same exact way that they helped the long jump.

The hurdles have an effect on 5 of the 10 decathlon events (l00m, LJ, 400m, 110m HH and PV), so I feel it would be a wise investment in time to master that event first off.

DISCUS

The discus is a difficult event because spinning is not involved in any of our childhood games. The is a technique that must be learned at a late age. The discus is the event where the most is lost in any competition.

But by learning the fundamentals early, the athlete will have learned balance, coordination, patience and foot work and most importantly have confidence that he will not be the one looking stupid throwing it.

POLE VAULT

The pole vault has the same effect as the hurdles in that it helps the same 5 events and some of the discus. It involves sprinting; jumping off the ground; strength to plant the pole, hold on to it and rock back. All the while demanding that the athlete use patience, timing, coordination, body awareness. By knowing how to vault properly, the athlete will have confidence that will carry over into his other events. In short, if you can pole vault effectively you are on your way to learning the rest.

The hurdles, discus and pole vault should always be the core to the multi event training schedule. Everything else should fit around it.

3. What things should a beginning decathlete do to develop?

There are many different things a decathlete needs to do.

1xPER WEEK GYMNASTIC CIRCUIT (Wall rack, rings, pulley, swing rope, high bar, trampoline)

2xPER WEEK WEIGHT TRAINING CIRCUIT (Inclines, cleans, lunges, step-ups, squats, etc.)

Appendix 3

http://www.iaaf.org

Fields taking shape as Brazilian meetings approach

The month of May will be an intense one for athletics in Brazil, and will also mark the return of one of the most classic South American venues - Sгo Paulo - to the calendar with an Area Permit meet, also part of the South American GP, which will take place on Sunday 4 May.

Later, on 25 May, Belйm will host the “Grande Prкmio Brasil/Caixa de Atletimo”, which is part of the IAAF World Athletics Tour. Sгo Paulo had been the venue of the “Grande Prкmio” for more than a decade until 1995.

For the Sгo Paulo meet, the organizers have confirmed the presence of American Kim Kreiner (Javelin), who last 16 May 2007 in the Brazilian meet of Fortaleza, set the current national US record of 64.19m. That mark left her in the 8th spot of the 2007 World Lists.

The 30 year-old American could not compete at the 2007 IAAF World Championships in Osaka due to an arm injury which required surgery.

Along with Kreiner, the Javelin will feature the best South American specialists, including the 2007 Area Champion, Brazilian Alessandra Resende.

Another international attraction will be Canadian Angela Whyte, 100m Hurdles finalist in Osaka, and bronze medallist at the 2007 Rio de Janeiro Pan-American Games. The 27 year-old Whyte has a PB of 12.63, set last year.

Along with Whyte, the 100m Hurdles will feature American Sheena Johnson-Tosta in its lineup. Johnson-Tosta is a 400m Hurdles specialist, and semifinalist in Osaka. She will run the latter event in Belйm, but for Sгo Paulo, and the South American GP of Uberlвndia (11 May), she will compete in the 100m Hurdles, where she holds a 12.75 PB (2004).

Featured in the 400m will be Bahamian Michael Mathieu, a member of the 4x400m relay team that took the silver medal in Osaka. Mathieu (24) holds a PB of 45.22 (2007).

Among the local athletes who have been confirmed are: Maurren Maggi (Long Jump), Elisвngela Adriano (Discus), Fбbio Gomes da Silva (Pole Vault) and Keila Costa (Long Jump), officials said.

The lineup of Brazilian meets starts in Sгo Paulo (4 May), continues in Uberlвndia (11 May), Rio de Janeiro (18 May), Fortaleza (21 May), and ends at the IAAF World Tour event of Belйm (25 May).

World Triple Jump leading mark for Gisele de Oliveira

Brazilian Gisele Lima de Oliveira, the 2005 NCAA Indoor Champion, and outdoor runner-up while at Clemson University, set the 2008 outdoor World Leading mark in Triple Jump, while reaching 14.28m (wind -0.9 m/s) in Sгo Paulo, at a local meet on 16 April.

The 27-year-old from the State of Rio Grande do Sul became the third Brazilian track-and-field athlete to obtain an “A” Olympic qualifying standard in 2008. De Oliveira had a series with jumps of 14.00, 14.02 and 14.05, before her fourth attempt of 14.28. Previously, on 29 March, also in Sгo Paulo, she had jumped a wind aided 14.13 (2.5 m/s) and a legal 13.99 (1.0), a PB until that moment.

On 9 April de Oliveira also showed progress in the Long Jump, setting a PB of 6.37 (0.2 m/s).

After being injured for much of 2007, and making the transition to train in Sгo Paulo under the guidance of Nйlio Moura - the coach of Maurren Maggi, Keila Costa and World Champion Irving Saladino - de Oliveira is finally reaching the performances she projected as a junior athlete, where she had PBs of 6.22 and 13.34.

De Oliveira is also the third Brazilian with an “A” standard in the Triple (14.20). In 2007, Keila Costa (14.57) and Maurren Maggi (14.44) both reached the qualifying mark for Beijing 2008, and now, according to the rules set by the Brazilian Confederation, they both need to - at the least - ratify the marks by jumping further than the “B” standard (14.00) this season.

The other track and field Brazilian athletes who have obtained “A” standards in 2008 are Bruno de Barros, who ran 20.47 at 200m (Sгo Paulo, 23 February) and Sandro Viana, who ran 10.19 at 100m (Sгo Paulo, 26 March).

Among those who have also reached B standards is Lucimara da Silva at the Heptathlon. The 2007 Pan-American bronze medalist set a PB of 5906 points in Rio de Janeiro (12-13 April). Chasing the almost-25-year-old South American record, which belongs to Maria da Conceiзгo Geremias (6017 points), da Silva set a LJ PB of 6.26m.

Other South American athletes who have obtained an Olympic standards in 2008 are Argentina's Juan Ignacio Cerra (74.09 in HT; Santa Fe, 29 March), Germбn Lauro (19.88 NR in SP; Porto Alegre 25 February), and Pablo Pietrobelli (78.52 in JT: 27 March, San Fernando, Chile).

Other qualifiers from Chile are Ignacio Guerra (78.54 in JT; 29 March, Valdivia), Gonzalo Barroilhet (7828 in Decathlon; 3 April, Austin, Texas) and Natalia Ducу (17.62 in SP; Havana, 22 February). Guerra, Barroilhet and Ducу's marks are new NR's, while Ducу's is also a new South American Junior top mark.

The South American athletes who have obtained A standards in Road Running and Race Walking events during 2008 are: Brazilians Franck Caldeira de Almeida (2:12:32), Josй Telles de Souza (2:13:09) and Cosme de Souza (2:13:50) in the Marathon.

The Race Walkers are: Rolando Saquipay (ECU; 1:20:52), Jefferson Pйrez (ECU; 1:21:21), Luis Fernando Lуpez (COL; 1:22:35), Gustavo Restrepo (COL; 1:22:43) and Josй Alessandro Bagio (BRA; 1:22:56).

Appendix 4

http://www.liverpoolfc.tv

Gerrard: Torres Can Fire Us to Moscow

By Jimmy Rice

A defiant Steven Gerrard has backed Fernando Torres to break Liverpool's goalless record at Stamford Bridge to secure a place in Moscow.

A last-gasp OG from John Arne Riise gave Chelsea a crucial away goal as the first leg ended 1-1, meaning the Reds are going to have to do something they have never done at the Bridge under Rafa Benitez - score.

Asked by Liverpoolfc.tv about that record, Gerrard replied bluntly: "We haven't played there with Fernando Torres, have we?"

Torres, who was absent from both of Liverpool's trips to Chelsea this season, missed a golden opportunity to open the scores when he went one-on-one with Petr Cech in the first half.

It was Dirk Kuyt who eventually fired home, though a thoroughly deserved victory was denied by an enormous stroke of bad luck for Riise with 30 seconds of injury time remaining.

Gerrard admits it's his job to now pick up his teammates ahead of the return leg next Wednesday.

He said: "Obviously we're disappointed with the late goal but it's done. We've got to pick ourselves up. We've got to get a result at the weekend then give it everything we can at Stamford Bridge. We know this tie is not over.

"It's my job as captain to pick the boys up and make sure we're ready for next week.

"Let people say Chelsea are favourites, let them. We've got to block that out and do what we've got to do. We are confident we can beat Chelsea on their patch.

"We've created the better chances against them here. I don't think Pepe had anything to do besides pick the ball out late doors. Petr Cech has had to pull off two or three great saves. To be honest, we'd have been disappointed if this game had ended 1-0 when it could have been 2-0."

Kuyt has now scored in every round of this season's Champions League - a remarkable stat considering the stick dished out to the Dutchman in some sections of the press earlier in the season.

The skipper added: "I haven't heard him get any stick. We don't listen to any of that (the media). Dirk has been fantastic for us, he's worked his socks off for us again tonight and deserved his goal. He is well respected in the dressing room."

Gerrard also had comforting words for substitute Riise, putting the last-minute equaliser down to misfortune.

He said: "These ties are decided on small details and Chelsea have had a bit of luck here at the end, but maybe we'll get that luck at Stamford Bridge. This team wins, loses and draws together.

"It's the second leg of the European Cup semi-final - if you can't motivate yourself for that you shouldn't be playing football."

Appendix 5

http://www.iaaf.org

Hardee returns with 8371 point tally in Austin - Texas Relays days 1 and 2

Austin, Texas, USA - Trey Hardee, who set an American collegiate Decathlon record of 8465 here at the Texas Relays two years ago and then spent all of 2007 injured, returned to the scene on Thursday (3 Apr) with a performance that in many ways was even more remarkable.

With only six weeks of serious training behind him, the 1.96m, 95kg Hardee racked up 8371 points, an early season world leader, and put himself back into the U.S Olympic picture.

Hardee, 24, came into the second day with 4212 points, chiefly thanks to a 10.40 (1.8) 100m and a 47.76 400.

“I was sort of feeling my way the first day,” he said later, adding, “This is my Pre-Olympics Olympics,” explaining that he needed to get a qualifying score for the U.S. Olympic Trials set for 29-30 June.

He opened his second day with a modest 13.99 (3.3) 110m hurdles, then hit PBs in the Discus Throw (52.76m) and Pole Vault (5.25m), before taking a single Javelin Throw of 58.96m and finishing with a 5:02.18 in the 1500m.

Behind him were Chilean Gonzalo Barroilhet, with a national record tally of 7828, Americans Brandon Hoskins (7800) and Rickey Moody (7787) and Camille Vandendriessche of France with 7559.

Hardee's year off in 2007 included surgery on his right wrist; recovery which he describes as “A lot of stuff that kind of culminated in one big trauma to my hip and groin,” and a long period of rehabilitation.

Julie Pickler approaching 6000 point barrier

The Heptathlon was won by Julie Pickler with a PB score of 5990. She and her twin sister Diana have won the event here four years in a row. Diana, who won last year with 6205, scratched after a hamstring scare a week ago. She is scheduled to compete in a Heptathlon in Italy on 9-10 May.

On the track, a University of Texas team won the 4x800m relay, a staple of these relay carnivals, with a sparkling 7:17.63. The Texas team of Tevan Everett (1:51.1), Kyle Miller (1:50.3) and Leonel Manzano (1:48.9) was anchored by Jacob Hernandez in 1:47.4.

The men's Hammer Throw was won by 21-year-old Boldizsar Kocsor of UCLA with a throw of 67.80m; he was closely followed by the 19-year-old Walter Henning of the University of North Carolina at 67.46.

Appendix 6

http://www.nba.com

It's playoff time. Let's go.

Posted by: Tyson Chandler

I'm super amped up. I've been watching film and all the tape. We went through the walk-through yesterday. It's playoff time.

It's a different atmosphere. I think it gets everybody excited and it's a different focus this spring.

On Wednesday, we had already locked up the second spot. We were already the division champs. And the game meant a lot more to them than it meant to us. We knew we weren't gonna get to the No. 1 spot and we weren't necessarily worried about who we played. It was either they win and we play them or we win and we play Denver. It really didn't matter to us. So, I wouldn't say that we didn't give them our best game, but I don't think we were as focused as they were.

All year, and the last month or so, we've been like, "Let the chips fall where they do." We weren't going to plan on anything. Last year, I think Dallas wanted Golden State, and we saw what happened to them. So, whoever we got, we were going to be satisfied.

And there's no worries about Wednesday's game getting their confidence up. I know they know we played them completely differently the three games before that. So, I don't think they take anything from that last game.