Borrowings into English as a Sociolinguistic aspect
Borrowings as a way of replenishment of the vocabulary, сauses and сriteria, classification, grammatical and lexical assimilation. Historical Contacts between England and The world countries. Russian, French, German, Latin, Greek loan words in English.
Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
Вид | творческая работа |
Язык | английский |
Дата добавления | 27.03.2012 |
Размер файла | 497,4 K |
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List of Greek Loanwords
With all the loanwords borrowed from Greek into English, an exhaustive list would be too lengthy to be possible. The following are some of the commonly used Greek loanwords in English:
· academia
· academy
· architecture
· barbarian
· bible
· catapultmedy
· contiguity
· cynic
· data
· diagonal
· diamond
· diaspora
· dichotomy
· dolphin
· ecstasy
· eczema
· embryo
· ephemeral
· etymology
· eucharist
· euphoria
· galley
· harmony
· hemisphere
· hierarchy
· hormone
· idiot
· jealousy
· kaleidoscope
· lexicon
· lexis
· lion
· lithography
· logic
· lyrics
· mania
· music
· mythology
· necromancy
· nemesis
· ocean
· oceanography
· octopus
· optics
· organization
· orgasm
· pain
· paranoia
· parasite
· photography
· piracy
· placenta
· plasma
· plastic
· psychiatry
· psychology
· quince
· rhetoric
· rhinoceros
· rhombus
· rhythm
· scandal
· school
· semantics
· symbol
· taxonomy
· theology
· tragedy
· typography
· urethra
· xenophobia
· xylophone
· zealot
· zoology
Conclusions
Permanent diplomatic and cultural contacts between England and the world countries were established in the 16th century. The visits of the different ambassadors and trades-men to Russia were depicted in the works of various English authors. In this way the English got knowledge of neighboring countries and its culture. In addition, for a long time an exchange of ideas has taken place. Russia and many neighboring countries imported many skilled English specialists and the works of some foreign authors were known in England. Cultural contacts between these countries included art, science, literature etc. After the October Revolution many Russians immigrated to England and they published their newspapers and magazines there. As a result of these cultural contacts many Russian words were borrowed into English.
All foreign words chosen for analysis from the two dictionaries are nouns. Among them there are both proper and common nouns. There are also some common nouns that converted from proper nouns. The majority of the nouns analyzed have -s as the plural suffix just like most English nouns. However, there are also nouns that have two endings: the Russian -i/y ending and the English -s ending.
The borrowings developed their meanings in a variety of ways. Many words have new meanings in English and they do not denote only foreign phenomena anymore. Taking into account the analyzed facts it is not possible to agree with the opinion that the foreign borrowings are few and that they denote only Russian phenomena and are not naturalized.
Unfortunately, the very restricted character of this work makes it impossible to analyze all foreign words borrowed into English and their morphologic and semantic features. However, the analyzed facts are enough to understand the character of the development of borrowings in English.
Bibliography
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Appendices
1. THE LIST OF RUSSIAN BORROWINGS IN MODERN ENGLISH LANGUAGE
16th century
arsheen - мера длины, равная 0,71 м
copeck - мелкая монета, сотая доля рубля
Kremlin - городская крепость
muzhik - невоспитанный, необразованный крестьянин
rouble - основная денежная единица в России, равная 100 копейкам
sevruga - крупная промысловая рыба из семейсва осетровых
tsar - единственный государь, а также титул монарха
verst - мера длины, равная 1,06 км
17th century
kibitka - крытая дорожная повозка
pood - мера веса, равная 16,3 кг
sagene - мера длины, равная трем аршинам (2,13 м)
suslik - небольшое животное из отряда грызунов, а также его мех
18th century
balalaika - щипковый струнный мызыкальный инструмент с треугольной декой
knout - веревка или ремень, прикрепленные к палке и служащие для понукания животного, а также для телесных наказаний
to knout - бить кнутом
shuba - верхняя зимняя одежда на меху
tsarevich - сын царя
yurt - переносное, конусообразной формы жилище у некоторых кочевых народов Азии и Южной Сибири
19th century
ataman - название предводителя в казачьих областях
Cadet - члена буржуазной конституционно-демократической партии
dacha - загородный дом, обычно для летнего отдыха
pirog - печеное изделие из теста с начинкой
shchy - суп из капусты
taiga - дикий, труднопроходимый лес на севере Европы и Азии
tarantas - дорожная четырехколесная повозка на длинных дрогах
tchin - служебный разряд у военных и гражданских служащих; чиновник, служащий, представитель какого-либо ведомства
tsarevna - дочь царя
20th century
afganets - горячий сухой южный ветер
apparat - совокупность учреждений, обслуживающих какую-либо отрасль управления, хозяйства и партии
apparatchik - работник хозяйственного и партийного аппарата
babushka - старая женщина; головной платок, косынка
Bolshevik - член большевистской партии, коммунист
glasnost - открытость воззрений
Gulag - лагерь для военнопленных у немцев в период Второй мировой войны
intelligentsia - работники умственного труда, обладающие образованием и специальными знаниями в различных областях науки, техники и культуры
jarovisation - процесс обработки семян, ускоряющий их рост и созревание
kazachoc - народный танец с ускоряющимся темпом
kissel - студенистое жидкое кушанье
komsomol - коммунистический союз молодежи
kulturny - воспитанный человек
lunik - космическая ракета, направленная на Луну
lunokhod - автоматический самоходный аппарат, передвигающийся по Луне
nitchevo - nothing
nomenklatura - работники, персонально назначаемые высшей инстанцией
to pogrom - осуществлять погром
prisiadka - присидание с попеременным выбрасыванием ног (о пляске)
proletkult - культура народных масс
rassolnik - суп, сваренный с солеными огурцами
residentura - разведка
resident - тайный представитель разведки в каком-либо районе иностранного государства
samizdat - самостоятельное издательство
solonchak - почва, содержащая соли
solonetz - почва с большим содержанием натрия
starets - уважаемый и почитаемый старик
tvorog - сгустившиеся частицы кислого молока, отжатые от сыворотки
ukha - суп из свежей рыбы
vobla - небольшая промысловая каспийская рыба, разновидность плотвы
zek - заключенный
2. DISTRIBUTION OF RUSSIANISMS IN OXFORD ENGLISH
DICTIONARY 2(1550-2000)
3. DISTRIBUTION OF RUSSIANISMS IN OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY 2(1900-2000)
4. EXAMPLES OF VARIANT SPELLINGS
Table 2. English - A Historical
Table 3. French borrowings
Word |
Meaning |
Notes |
|
accuse |
One of many legal words from Norman French. |
||
adultery |
|||
archer |
One of several military words from Norman French. |
||
arson |
Crime of deliberate burning. |
||
assault |
|||
asset |
enough |
||
bacon |
Cured pig's meat. One of many names for meats from Norman French. |
||
bail |
to take charge |
Security for a prisoner's appearance. |
|
bailiff |
carrier |
Officer who executes writs. |
|
beef |
Meat of ox or cow. |
||
button |
|||
courtesy |
|||
cricket |
A ball game played in the UK, Caribbean, parts of Africa and Asia, Australia, New Zealand. |
||
crime |
judgment |
||
curfew |
cover fire |
Period to be off the streets. |
|
custard |
Baked mixture of eggs and milk. |
||
duty |
|||
eagle |
Large bird of prey. |
||
enemy |
non friend |
||
error |
|||
evidence |
|||
felony |
A serious crime. |
||
fraud |
|||
gallon |
jug |
A unit of liquid volume (= 4.546 Ч 10-3 m3 in UK; = 3.785 Ч 10-3 m3 in USA) |
|
grease |
fat |
||
grief |
|||
grocer |
Food dealer. Originally "one who deals in the gross". |
||
gutter |
drop |
Track for water. |
|
hogmanay |
Now a Scottish festival at New Year. |
||
honour |
|||
injury |
wrong |
Wrongful action or damage. |
|
jettison |
throw overboard |
||
jury |
swear |
||
justice |
|||
larceny |
The crime of theft. |
||
lavender |
Perfumed shrub. |
||
launch |
hurl |
||
lever |
to raise |
||
liable |
may be bound |
||
libel |
little book |
||
liberty |
free |
||
liquorice |
sweet root |
Originally from a Greek root, "glico riza". |
|
matrimony |
From the same root as "matriarch" (mother). |
||
noble |
|||
noun |
name |
||
occupy |
seize |
||
odour |
smell |
||
parliament |
speaking |
Ruling council in countries like UK. |
|
purloin |
put away |
||
quarter |
The Normans introduced the QU spelling for the KW sound. |
||
rape |
take by force |
||
royal |
|||
rummage |
|||
shop |
cobbler's stall |
||
sir |
From "sire". |
||
tally |
mark on a stick |
Tally sticks were used to record financial transactions. |
|
treaty |
|||
uncle |
|||
usher |
door keeper |
||
valley |
|||
vulture |
Large bird of prey. |
||
warden |
Same root as "guardian". |
||
wicket |
gate |
Wooden sticks used in the game of cricket. |
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