History of the English language

If somethig happens ad nauseam it happens over and over again so that people get completely bored.

Ex. He talked ad nauseam about his achievements and how successful he is. It was boring!

bete noire (bet nwahr') [Fr.]

A bete noire is something that you esp. hate or that annoys you very much.

Ex. My bete noire is people using mobile phones loudly and indiscreetly in public.

bona fide (boh'na fide) [Lat.]

Something that is bona fide is genuine or real.

Ex. I saw his ID. He was a bona fide representative of the company.

carte blanche (kart blonsh') [Fr.]

If you have carte blanche to do smth you have complete power to do exactly as you wish.

Ex. My boss gave me carte blanche to organize an appropriate party.

deja vu [Fr.]

Deja vu is the experience of perceiving a new situation as if it had occurred before. Ex. I'm sure I've been here before. Either that or I'm having a real sense of deja vu. 9. faux pas (foh pah') [Fr.]

A faux pas is a socially embarrassing action or mistake.

The status quo is the situation that exists at a particular time without any changes. Ex. The arrival of a new baby is likely to change the status quo quite considerably. 11. (sic) [Lat.You write (sic) in brackets after a word or expression when you are quoting something that someone else has said or written.

Ex. She said that she liked very much London (sic) and wanted to stay here for a long time.

Middle English Period (1100-1500)

Scandinavian

Most of these first appeared in the written language in Middle English; but many were no doubt borrowed earlier, during the period of the Danelaw (9th-10th centuries). anger, blight, by-law, cake, call, clumsy, doze, egg, fellow, gear, get, give, hale, hit, husband, kick, kill, kilt, kindle, law, low, lump, rag, raise, root, scathe, scorch, score, scowl, scrape, scrub, seat, skill, skin, skirt, sky, sly, take, they, them, their, thrall, thrust, ugly, want, window, wing [4, p30]

Place name suffixes: -by, -thorpe, -gate

French

Law and government--attorney, bailiff, chancellor, chattel, country, court, crime, defendent, evidence, government, jail, judge, jury, larceny, noble, parliament, plaintiff, plea, prison, revenue, state, tax, verdict

Church--abbot, chaplain, chapter, clergy, friar, prayer, preach, priest, religion, sacrament, saint, sermon.

Nobility--baron, baroness; count, countess; duke, duchess; marquis, marquess; prince, princess; viscount, viscountess; noble, royal (contrast native words: king, queen, earl, lord, lady, knight, kingly, queenly) .

Military--army, artillery, battle, captain, company, corporal, defense,enemy,marine, navy, sergeant, soldier, volunteer.

Cooking--beef, boil, broil, butcher, dine, fry, mutton, pork, poultry, roast, salmon, stew, veal.

Culture and luxury goods--art, bracelet, claret, clarinet, dance, diamond, fashion, fur, jewel, oboe, painting, pendant, satin, ruby, sculpture.

Other--adventure, change, charge, chart, courage, devout, dignity, enamor, feign, fruit, letter, literature, magic, male, female, mirror, pilgrimage, proud, question, regard, special.

Also Middle English French loans: a huge number of words in age, -ance/-ence, -ant/-ent, -ity, -ment, -tion, con-, de-, and pre- .

SometimeSometimes it's hard to tell whether a given word came from French or whether it was taken straight from Latin. Words for which this difficulty occurs are those in which there were no special sound and/or spelling changes of the sort that distinguished French from Latin

Early Modern English Period (1500-1650)

Latin

agile, abdomen, anatomy, area, capsule, compensate, dexterity, discus, disc/disk, excavate, expensive, fictitious, gradual, habitual, insane, janitor, meditate, notorious, orbit, peninsula, physician, superintendent, ultimate, vindicate

Greek (many of these via Latin) anonymous, atmosphere, autograph, catastrophe, climax, comedy, critic, data, ectasy, history, ostracize, parasite, pneumonia, skeleton, tonic, tragedy Greek bound morphemes: -ism, -ize

Arabic via Spanish--alcove, algebra, zenith, algorithm, almanac, azimuth, alchemy, admiral via other Romance languages--amber, cipher, orange, saffron, sugar, zero, coffe Modern English (1650-present)

French

French continues to be the largest single source of new words outside of very specialized vocabulary domains (scientific/technical vocabulary, still dominated by classical borrowings).

High culture--ballet, bouillabaise, cabernet, cachet, chaise longue, champagne, chic, cognac, corsage, faux pas, nom de plume, quiche, rouge, roulet, sachet, salon, saloon, sang froid, savoir faire. War and Military--bastion, brigade, battalion, cavalry, grenade, infantry, pallisade, rebuff, bayonet.

Other--bigot, chassis, clique, denim, garage, grotesque, jean(s), niche, shock French Canadian--chowder.

Louisiana French (Cajun)--jambalaya

Spanish armada, adobe, alligator, alpaca, armadillo, barricade, bravado, cannibal, canyon, coyote, desperado, embargo, enchilada, guitar, marijuana, mesa, mosquito, mustang, ranch, taco, tornado, tortilla, vigilante

Italian alto, arsenal, balcony, broccoli, cameo, casino, cupola, duo, fresco, fugue, gazette (via French), ghetto, gondola, grotto, macaroni, madrigal, motto, piano, opera, pantaloons, prima donna, regatta, sequin, soprano, opera, stanza, stucco, studio, tempo, torso, umbrella, viola, violin from Italian American immigrants--cappuccino, espresso, linguini, mafioso, pasta, pizza, ravioli, spaghetti, spumante, zabaglione, zucchini.

Dutch, Flemish Shipping, naval terms--avast, boom, bow, bowsprit, buoy, commodore, cruise, dock, freight, keel, keelhaul, leak, pump, reef, scoop, scour, skipper, sloop, smuggle, splice, tackle, yawl, yacht Cloth industry--bale, cambric, duck (fabric), fuller's earth, mart, nap (of cloth), selvage, spool, stripe Art--easel, etching, landscape, sketch War--beleaguer, holster, freebooter, furlough, onslaught Food and drink--booze, brandy(wine), coleslaw, cookie, cranberry, crullers, gin, hops, stockfish, waffle [4,p45]

Other--bugger (orig. French), crap, curl, dollar, scum, split (orig. nautical term), uproar German bum, dunk, feldspar, quartz, hex, lager, knackwurst, liverwurst, loafer, noodle, poodle, dachshund, pretzel, pinochle, pumpernickel, sauerkraut, schnitzel, zwieback, (beer)stein, lederhosen, dirndl 20th century German loanwords--blitzkrieg, zeppelin, strafe, U-boat, delicatessen, hamburger, frankfurter, wiener, hausfrau, kindergarten, Oktoberfest, schuss, wunderkind, bundt (cake), spritz (cookies), (apple) strudel Yiddish (most are 20th century borrowings): bagel, Chanukkah (Hanukkah), chutzpah, dreidel, kibbitzer, kosher, lox, pastrami (orig. from Romanian), schlep, spiel, schlepp, schlemiel, schlimazel, gefilte fish, goy, klutz, knish, matzoh, oy vey, schmuck, schnook,

Scandinavian fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord [4,p35]

Russian apparatchik, borscht, czar/tsar, glasnost, icon, perestroika, vodka

Sanskrit avatar, karma, mahatma, swastika, yoga Hindi bandanna, bangle, bungalow, chintz, cot, cummerbund, dungaree, juggernaut, jungle, loot, maharaja, nabob, pajamas, punch (the drink), shampoo, thug, kedgeree, jamboree Dravidian curry, mango, teak, pariah Persian (Farsi) check, checkmate, chess Arabic bedouin, emir, jakir, gazelle, giraffe, harem, hashish, lute, minaret, mosque, myrrh, salaam, sirocco, sultan, vizier, bazaar, caravan African languages banana (via Portuguese), banjo, boogie-woogie, chigger, goober, gorilla, gumbo, jazz, jitterbug, jitters, juke(box), voodoo, yam, zebra, zombie American Indian languages avocado, cacao, cannibal, canoe, chipmunk, chocolate, chili, hammock, hominy, hurricane, maize, moccasin, moose, papoose, pecan, possum, potato, skunk, squaw, succotash, squash, tamale (via Spanish), teepee, terrapin, tobacco, toboggan, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam, woodchuck (plus thousands of place names, including Ottawa, Toronto, Saskatchewan and the names of more than half the states of the U.S., including Michigan, Texas, Nebraska, Illinois)

Chinese chop suey, chow mein, dim sum, ketchup, tea, ginseng, kowtow, litchee.

Japanese geisha, hara kiri, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze, karaoke, kimono, samurai, soy, sumo, sushi, tsunami Pacific Islands bamboo, gingham, rattan, taboo, tattoo, ukulele, boondocks.

Australia boomerang, budgerigar, didgeridoo, kangaroo (and many more in Australian English) Conclussion English language has been changing for all of it's history. Many words has been borrowed from other languages. Also we can distinguish a specifical periods of it's history, in which influence of foreign elements to the language was the most significant. They are: Old English- in this period the most influence to the language was rendered by Germanic languages, Old Norse language( Was spoken by Norsemen tribe), and of course from 1066 A.D(Norman Conquest) norman tribes expanded maybe the biggest amount of influence. Next period it's a Middle English period. In this period the influence of such languages as Scandinavian, French, Latin was rendered to the English literature. Early Modern English- The effects of the renaissance begin to be seriously felt in England. We see the beginnings of a huge influence of Latin and Greek words, many of them learned words imported by scholars well versed in those languages. But many are borrowings from other languages, as words from European high culture begin to make their presence felt and the first words come in from the earliest period of colonial expansion. Modern English- French continues to be a largest source of words, borrowed by English. Also it can be seen the influence of Spanish, Russian, Italian, Dutch, Hindi etc. The main aim of research was achieved. Now we can see English language in very streamlined variant. It appears that English become really language of whole world, lingua franca, because there are many words from maybe every country in the world. So it has a status of dominant language by right.

List of Literature

1. F.R.Palmer. Semantics. A new outline. - M. V.Sh. 1982

2. Cercignani, Fausto, Shakespeare's Works and Elizabethan Pronunciation, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1981.

3. Mallory, J. P (2005). In Search of the Indo-Europeans. Thames & Hudson.

4. Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S.Brewer

5. NN Amosova. Etymological BASICS of the vocabulary of MODERN ENGLISH PUBLISHING Books in Foreign Languages M. 1956

6. Robinson, Orrin (1992). Old English and Its Closest Relatives. Stanford Univ.

7. Crystal, David (1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

8. Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University

9. Crystal, David (2004). The Stories of English. Allen Lane.

10. Schneider, Edgar (2007). Postcolonial English: varieties around the world. Cambridge University Press

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