The history of Cornwall

2.5 CORNISH ART

Cornwall has produced and inspired many artists. John Opie was the first Cornish-born artist of note and J. M. W. Turner visited in 1811. A number of artists settled in the Newlyn area in the 1880s, following the building of the Great Western Railway, and they went to form the Newlyn School.

Sickert and Whistler both visited St Ives at the end of the 19th century, and the internationally famous studio potter, Bernard Leach set up his pottery in the town in 1920 St. Ives. In 1928 Ben Nicholson and Christopher Wood visited the town and met Alfred Wallis the naive painter, native to St Ives, who was to become an important influence on a generation of British artists: particularly those who were members of the Seven and Five Society.

War Memorial, in the churchyard, Constantine, Kerrier, carved from local stone by Elkana SymonsAt the outbreak of World War II Nicholson came to live in St Ives with his wife Barbara Hepworth; staying initially with the philosopher and writer Adrian Stokes (critic) and his wife Margaret Mellis. Naum Gabo also joined them there as well as artists who at the time were at an earlier stage in their careers: John Wells, Wilhelmina Barns-Graham, Terry Frost and Bryan Wynter. Other artists of international repute joined the colony later: notably Patrick Heron, Roger Hilton and Sandra Blow [Halliday 1999: 76].

There are still a lot of artists in Cornwall many associated with the Newlyn Society of Artists. Artists led projects like PALP and artsurgery have also been important in the 21st century.

Celtic art is found in Cornwall, often in the form of Celtic crosses. Cornwall boasts the highest density of traditional 'celtic crosses' of any nation. In modern times many crosses were erected as war memorials and to celebrate events such as the millennium.

The Part 2 deals with the history of Cornwall. The present human history of Cornwall begins with the reoccupation of Britain after the last Ice Age.

In the 8th century Cornwall came into conflict with the expanding kingdom of Wessex. Later Cornwall showed a very different type of settlement pattern from that of Saxon Wessex and places continued, even after 1066, to be named in the Celtic Cornish tradition with Saxon architecture being uncommon.

One of the main points to be singled out is Cornish language.Cornish is a Brythonic Celtic language. It continued to function as a community language in parts of Cornwall until the late 18th century, and a process to revive the language was started in the early 20th century, continuing to this day. Cornish literature possesses a lot of epic and poetic masterpieces. Cornwall has produced and inspired many artists.

Celtic Christianity was a feature of Cornwall and many Cornish saints are commemorated in legends, churches and place names.

Cornwall s a ceremonial county and unitary authority of England, United Kingdom, forming the tip of the south-western peninsula of Great Britain.

Prehistoric Britain is the period between the arrival of the first humans in Great Britain and the start of recorded British history. The period prior to occupation by the genus Homo is part of the Geology of the British Isles. The history of Britain is conventionally reckoned to begin in AD 43 with the Roman invasion of Britain, though some historical information is available from before this.

Prehistory is commonly divided chronologically into distinct periods, based on the development of tools from stone to bronze and iron as well as changes in culture and climate, but their boundaries are uncertain, and the changes between them gradual; the dates of the changes are generally different from those of continental Europe.

The Celts were a group of peoples that occupied lands stretching from the British Isles to Gallatia. The Celts had many dealings with other cultures that bordered the lands occupied by these peoples, and even though there is no written record of the Celts stemming from their own documents, we can piece together a fair picture of them from archeological evidence as well as historical accounts from other cultures.

The present human history of Cornwall begins with the reoccupation of Britain after the last Ice Age. According to John T. Koch and others, Cornwall in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading-networked culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age that also included the other Celtic nations, England, France, Spain and Portugal where Celtic languages developed with the Tartessian language, which he claims was the first written Celtic language so far discovered. During the British Iron Age Cornwall, like all of Britain south of the Firth of Forth, was inhabited by the Celtic people known as the Britons.

SOURCES:

1. Baker, Margaret. Folklore and customs of rural England. Newton Abbot, David & Charles, 1974.

2. Bere, Rennie (1982) The Nature of Cornwall. Buckingham: Barracuda Books

3. Brown, H. Miles (1976) A Century for Cornwall. Truro: Blackford

4. Bryant, Arthur. A history of Britain and the British people. London, Collins, 1990.

5. Charles-Edwards, T. (1970) "The Seven Bishop Houses of Dyfed," In: Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, vol. 24, (1970-1972), pp. 247-252.

6. Clark, George. English history: A survey. London, Oxford univ. Press, 1971.

7. Doble, G.H. (1990) The Saints of Cornwall. 5 vols. Truro: Dean and Chapter, 1960-70

8. Fitzgibbon, Theodora (1972) A Taste of England: the West Country. London: J. M.

9. Halliday, F.E. (1999) A History of Cornwall, London: Duckworth, ISBN 1-84232-123-4, p. 51.

10. Hogg, Garry. Customs and traditions of England. Newton Abbot, David & Charles, 1971.

11. Hole, Christina. English traditional customs. London - Sydney, Batsford, 1975.

12. Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (tr.) (1983), Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources, London, Penguin Books, p. 175; cf. ibid, p. 89

13. Mason, Laura; Brown, Catherine (1999) From Bath Chaps to Bara Brith. Totnes: Prospect Books

14. Michael Swanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, 2nd ed. London, Phoenix Press, 2000, p. 177

15. Pettigrew, Jane (2004) Afternoon Tea. Andover: Jarrold

16. Price, J.H., Hepton, C.E. L. and Honey, S. I. (1979). The Inshore Benthic Biota of the Lizard Peninsula, south west Cornwall: the marine algae -- History; Chlorophyta; Phaeophyta. Cornish Studies; no. 7: pp. 7-37

17. Rabley, Stephen. Customs and traditions in Britain. Harlow (Essex), Longman, 1989.

18. Stenton, F.M. (1997) Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press; p. 337

19. Todd, Michael (1987) The South West to AD 1000. London : Longman

Размещено на Allbest.ru