The Impact of European Languages in Former Colonial territories
A case study of the impact of a European language (English) in a former colonial territory (Pakistan). As Pakistan is a frontline state helping the United States to fight terrorism while, and having an educational system too, which can create terrorists.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | магистерская работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 25.06.2010 |
| Размер файла | 114,2 K |
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Annexure-1
|
Literacy in English |
|||||
|
1951 Numbers |
Percentage |
1961 Numbers |
Percentage |
||
|
Mother Tongue Speakers |
12,359 |
0.016 |
20,343 |
0.02 |
|
|
Number able to read and write |
1,953,221 |
2.58 |
2,403,099 |
2.67 |
|
|
Number able to read |
452,249 |
0.60 |
49,198 |
0.05 |
|
|
Number who commonly speak either as mother tongue or additional language |
1,377,567 |
1.82 |
1,262,140 |
1.40 |
|
|
Source:1951: Table 8.A (Language of literacy); Table 7 (Mother Tongue) population 75,635,496. |
|||||
|
Census 1961:Statement 5.1 (Mother Tongue); 5.5 (Literacy in Main languages). Population: 90,282,674. |
|||||
|
NB:The above information was not provided in any of the subsequent Censuses (1972, 1981 and 1998). |
Annexure-2
|
Number of Students who appear in Pakistani Examinations Versus those who appear in British Examinations |
||
|
Total SSC (Pakistani Matriculation) |
1,026,805 (2002 Annual) |
|
|
Total HSSC (Pakistani F.A/F.Sc) |
5,02,209 (2002 Annual) |
|
|
Total O' Level (British Ordinary School Leaving Certificate) |
10,546 (2002 Annual) |
|
|
Total A' Level (British Advanced School Leaving Certificate) |
5,680 (2002 Annual) |
Ratio of Pakistani School Examinees to British Ones
|
Pakistani Matriculation (SSC) |
1,026,805 |
98.95% |
|
|
British GCE O' Level |
10,546 |
1.05% |
|
|
Pakistani Intermediate (HSSC) |
5,02,209 |
98.88% |
|
|
British GCE `A' Level |
5,680 |
1.12% |
|
|
Sources:For SSC/HSSC 24 BISE's of Pakistan. Data Base of Inter-Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Islamabad. For O' and A' Level, British Council, Examination Section, Islamabad, May 2004. |
Annexure-3
Monthly Income and Social Mobility of Students and Faculty in Different Educational Institutions in Pakistan
The government of Pakistan gives income in quintiles. These are calculated in Appendix-C of PIHS (2002). The income is in Pakistani rupees per month per capita is as follows:
1st QRs. 620.45 and below
2nd QRs. 620.46 - 769.9
3rd QRs. 769.1-947.53
4th QRs. 947.54-1254.53
5th QRs. 1254.54 and above.
For this survey, the present author has calculated income in rupees per month and divided it according to socio-economic class. This information has been collected in response to section 1 of the questionnaire which is given in Annexure-2.
Section-1: Monthly Income
The figures below give the monthly income of the families of students and faculty as reported by them in our sample. Those who have not written the income, as well as those those who have, have been tabulated separately. The correspondence with socio-economic class, however rough, is as follows:
Working (lower) class=Upto Rs 5000 per month.
Lower middle class=5001 - 10,000
Middle class=10,001-20,000
Upper middle class=20,001 - 50,000
Lower upper class=50,001 - 100,000
Middle upper class=Above 100,000
The income is for the whole family and not of the individuals earning it. In most cases income of female has not been written presumably because they are housewives and do not get paid. In case their income is written, the family income is calculated by adding their income to the income of the male earning member's income.
Income of the Families of Madrassa Students N = 142
|
Not written |
Upto 5,000 |
5,001-10,000 |
10,001- 20,000 |
20,001- 50,000 |
50,000- 100,000 |
||
|
Pay father |
65 of 142 (47.77%) |
59 of 77 (76.62%) |
10 of 77 (14.86%) |
04 of 77 (5.19%) |
04 of 77 (5.19%) |
Nil |
|
|
Pay mother |
139 of 142 (97.89%) |
02 of 3 (66.66%) |
1 of 3 (33.33%) |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Father and Mother |
N.A |
1 of 3 (33.33%) |
01 of 3 (33.33%) |
1 of 3 (33.33%) |
|||
|
Analysis: Most madrassa students belong to the working classes. |
Income of the Families of Madrassa Teachers N = 27
|
Not written |
Upto 5,000 |
5,001-10,000 |
10,001- 20,000 |
20,001- 50,000 |
50,000- 100,000 |
||
|
Pay self |
09 of 27 (33.33%) |
13 of 18 (72.22%) |
03 of 18 (16.66%) |
02 of 18 (11.11%) |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Pay spouse |
26 of 27 (96.30%) |
01 of 1 (100%) |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Husband and wife |
N.A |
Nil |
01 of 1 (100%) |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Analysis: Most madrassa teachers belong to the working classes. |
Income of the Families of Elitist English School Faculty N = 65
|
Not written |
Upto 5,000 |
5,001-10,000 |
10,001- 20,000 |
20,001- 50,000 |
50,000- 100,000 |
Above 100,000 |
||
|
Pay self |
11 of 65 (16.92%) |
03 of 54 (5.55%) |
22 of 54 (40.74%) |
18 of 54 (33.33%) |
10 of 54 (15.38%) |
01 of 54 (1.85%) |
Nil |
|
|
Pay spouse |
55 of 65 (84.62%) |
Nil |
1 of 10 (10%) |
6 of 10 (60%) |
02 of 10 (20%) |
01 of 10 (10%) |
Nil |
|
|
Husband and wife |
N.A |
Nil |
Nil |
3 of 10 (30%) |
04 of 10 (40%) |
02 of 10 (20%) |
01 of 10 (10%) |
|
|
Analysis: Most teachers have written their own income but not of their spouses. They fall between middle and upper middle class brackets. When husband and wife both earn, the family goes up in income even going into the lower upper class. |
Income of the Families of Elitist English School Students N = 116
|
Not written |
Upto 5,000 |
5,001-10,000 |
10,001- 20,000 |
20,001- 50,000 |
50,000- 100,000 |
Above 100,000 |
||
|
Pay father |
81 of 116 (69.83%) |
Nil |
01 of 35 (2.86%) |
03 of 35 (8.57%) |
18 of 35 (51.43%) |
08 of 35 (22.86%) |
05 of 35 (14.29%) |
|
|
Pay mother |
101 of 116 (87.07%) |
1 of 15 (6.66%) |
03 of 15 (20%) |
02 of 15 (13.33%) |
08 of 15 (53.33%) |
1 of 15 (6.66%) |
Nil |
|
|
Father and mother |
N.A |
1 of 15 (6.66%) |
02 of 15 (13.33%) |
Nil |
04 of 15 (26.66%) |
05 of 15 (33.33%) |
03 of 15 (20%) |
|
|
Analysis: |
Most of them have not written their parents' income. Out of those who have most belong to the upper middle class. More than one third belong to the upper classes |
Income of Families of Urdu-medium School Students N = 230
|
Not written |
Upto 5,000 |
5,001-10,000 |
10,001- 20,000 |
20,001- 50,000 |
50,000- 100,000 |
Above 100,000 |
||
|
Pay father |
95 of 230 (41.31%) |
83 of 135 (61.48%) |
36 of 135 (26.66%) |
13 of 135 (9.63%) |
03 of 135 (2.22%) |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Pay mother |
220 of 230 (95.65%) |
8 of 10 (80%) |
2 of 10 (20%) |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Father and mother |
N.A |
2 of 10 (20%) |
4 of 10 (40%) |
4 of 10 (40%) |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Analysis: |
Most have written their fathers' income but not their mothers' who are probably housewives. Out of those of who have written, most belong to working class families. About a quarter, however, also belong to the lower middle classes. Very few are above that in income. |
Income of the Families of the Faculty of Urdu-medium Schools N = 100
|
Not written |
Upto 5,000 |
5,001-10,000 |
10,001- 20,000 |
20,001- 50,000 |
50,000- 100,000 |
Above 100,000 |
||
|
Pay self |
6 of 100 (6%) |
17 of 94 (18.09%) |
62 of 94 (65.96%) |
15 of 94 (15.96%) |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Pay spouse |
82 of 100 (82%) |
3 of 18 (16.66%) |
06 of 18 (33.33%) |
07 of 18 (38.89%) |
02 of 18 (11.11%) |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Husband and wife |
N.A |
Nil |
Nil |
09 of 18 (50%) |
09 of 18 (50%) |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Analysis: |
Most earners have written their income but not that of their spouse. Most belong to the lower middle class. Out of the few spouses whose income is reported, a fairly large proportion tend to have middle class incomes and a very small minority even higher than that. |
Income of the families of Public School and Cadet College Students N = 130
|
Not written |
Upto 5,000 |
5,001-10,000 |
10,001- 20,000 |
20,001- 50,000 |
50,000- 100,000 |
Above 100,000 |
||
|
Pay father |
72 of 130 (55.38%) |
Nil |
5 of 58 (8.62%) |
17 of 58 (29.31%) |
33 of 58 (56.90%) |
3 of 58 (5.17%) |
Nil |
|
|
Pay mother |
111 of 130 (85.39%) |
2 of 19 (10.53%) |
8 of 19 (42.11%) |
4 of 19 (21.05%) |
5 of 19 (26.32%) |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Father and mother |
N.A |
Nil |
Nil |
2 of 19 (10.53%) |
11 of 19 (57.89%) |
4 of 19 (21.05%) |
Nil |
|
|
Analysis: |
Most have written their father's income but not that of their mother. They mostly fall in the upper middle class. Very few of them, however, also fall in the lower upper classes. |
Income of the Faculty of Cadet Colleges/Public Schools N= 51
|
Not written |
Upto 5,000 |
5,001-10,000 |
10,001- 20,000 |
20,001- 50,000 |
50,000- 100,000 |
Above 100,000 |
||
|
Pay self |
1 of 51 (1.96%) |
1 of 50 (2%) |
17 of 50 (34%) |
28 of 50 (56%) |
4 of 50 (8%) |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Pay spouse |
45 of 51 (88.24%) |
Nil |
1 of 6 (16.66%) |
5 of 6 (83.33%) |
Nil |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Husband and wife |
N.A |
Nil |
Nil |
1 of 6 (16.66%) |
5 of 6 (83.33%) |
Nil |
Nil |
|
|
Analysis: |
Most have written their own income but not their wife's. They fall mostly in the middle class with families, where husband and wife both earn, falling mostly in the upper middle class. |
Annexure-4
Survey 2003
Survey of Schools and Madrassas,
This survey was conducted between December 2002 and April 2003 with the help of two research assistants Imran Farid and Shahid Gondal whom I take this opportunity to thank. The survey was conducted in Islamabad (myself), Rawalpindi (myself), Peshawar (myself), Karachi (myself), Mandi Bahauddin (Shahid Gondal), Lahore, Faisalabad and Multan (Imran Farid). It was a stratified, non-random survey because a complete list of all target institutions was not available. Moreover, we had to restrict ourselves to urban areas because we neither had the time nor the resources to venture into rural ones.
The major stratas are (1) Urdu-medium school, (2) elitist English-medium schools (3) Cadet Colleges/Public Schools and (4) madrassas. Gender-wise breakdown is available but is not given here for the sake of brevity. The following chart helps explain these strata:
|
STUDENTS |
||||
|
M (ale) |
F (emale) |
Total |
||
|
English-medium |
62 |
52 |
116 |
|
|
Cadet college/public schools |
130 |
Nil |
130 |
|
|
Urdu-medium |
123 |
107 |
230 |
|
|
Madrassas |
142 |
Nil |
142 |
|
|
Grand Total |
618 |
As the views of each strata are taken separately, they do not represent their proportional share in the student population of Pakistan.
The ages of the students are as follows
|
Institutions |
Mean |
Mode |
Range |
|
|
Cadet colleges |
15.5 |
15 |
12-19 |
|
|
Madrassas |
19 |
20 |
14-27 |
|
|
English-medium schools |
14.1 |
15 |
13-18 |
In the case of the madrassas the range is higher because some of the sanvia class groups had older boys who had joined the seminary late. In the O'level groups both 10th and 11th were represented. Urdu-medium schools had only class-10 clusters.
The questionnaire for students is reproduced here.
QUESTIONNAIRE (STUDENTS)
DO NOT WRITE YOUR NAME TO ENSURE SECRECY. WRITE THE NAME of your SCHOOL with medium of Instruction.
age.
Class
Sex(1)Male(2)Female
What is the occupation of your father? Give his rank, title, occupational status; salary; grade; income from all sources etc?
What is the occupation of your mother? Give her rank, title, occupational status, salary, grade, income from all sources etc?
PART-II
What should be Pakistan's priorities?
1.Take Kashmir away from India by an open war?
(1)Yes(2)No(3)Don't Know
2.Take Kashmir away from India by supporting Jihadi groups to fight with the Indian army?
(1)Yes(2)No(3)Don't Know
3.Support Kashmir cause through peaceful means only (i.e. no open war or sending Jihadi groups across the line of control?).
(1)Yes(2)No(3)Don't Know
4.Give equal rights to Ahmedis in all jobs etc?
(1)Yes(2)No(3)Don't Know
5.Give equal rights to Pakistani Hindus in all jobs etc?
(1)Yes(2)No(3)Don't Know
6.Give equal rights to Pakistani Christians in all jobs etc?
(1)Yes(2)No(3)Don't Know
7.Give equal rights to men and women as in Western countries?
(1)Yes(2)No(3)Don't Know
Consolidated Data of Opinions Indicating Militancy and Tolerance Among three Types of Schools Students in Pakistan in Survey 2003 (in percentages)
|
Abbreviated Questions |
Madrassas |
Urdu-medium |
English-medium |
Cadet Colleges/ Public Schools |
|||
|
1. |
Open War |
Yes |
59.86 |
39.56 |
25.86 |
36.92 |
|
|
No |
31.69 |
53.04 |
64.66 |
60.00 |
|||
|
Don't Know |
8.45 |
7.39 |
9.48 |
3.08 |
|||
|
2. |
Jihadi groups |
Yes |
52.82 |
33.04 |
22.41 |
53.08 |
|
|
No |
32.39 |
45.22 |
60.34 |
40.00 |
|||
|
Don't Know |
14.79 |
21.74 |
17.24 |
6.92 |
|||
|
3. |
Peaceful means |
Yes |
33.80 |
75.65 |
72.41 |
56.15 |
|
|
No |
54.93 |
18.26 |
18.97 |
36.92 |
|||
|
Don't Know |
11.27 |
6.09 |
8.62 |
6.92 |
|||
|
4. |
Ahmedis |
Yes |
12.68 |
46.95 |
65.52 |
41.54 |
|
|
No |
82.39 |
36.95 |
9.48 |
36.92 |
|||
|
Don't Know |
4.93 |
16.09 |
25.00 |
21.54 |
|||
|
5. |
Hindus |
Yes |
16.90 |
47.39 |
78.45 |
64.62 |
|
|
No |
76.06 |
42.61 |
13.79 |
31.54 |
|||
|
Don't Know |
7.04 |
10.00 |
7.76 |
3.85 |
|||
|
6. |
Christians |
Yes |
18.31 |
65.65 |
83.62 |
76.92 |
|
|
No |
73.24 |
26.52 |
8.62 |
18.46 |
|||
|
Don't Know |
8.45 |
7.83 |
7.76 |
4.62 |
|||
|
7. |
Women |
Yes |
16.90 |
75.22 |
90.52 |
67.69 |
|
|
No |
77.46 |
17.39 |
6.03 |
25.38 |
|||
|
Don't Know |
5.63 |
7.39 |
3.45 |
6.92 |
NB:Figures for (3) are uninterpretable because some respondents ticked opinion (1) and/or (2) while also ticking (3).
Annexure-5
Circulation of English Periodicals
|
Year |
Circulation of English Periodicals |
Circulation of Periodicals in other languages |
Total circulation |
Circulation of English periodicals to total circulation in percentages |
|
|
1994 |
727,772 |
4,424,956 |
5,152,728 |
14.12 |
|
|
1995 |
712,698 |
5,046,292 |
5,758,990 |
12.38 |
|
|
1996 |
636,440 |
4,696,862 |
5,333,302 |
11.93 |
|
|
1997 |
675,185 |
5,063,582 |
5,738,767 |
11.77 |
|
|
1998 |
637,140 |
5,889,499 |
6,526,639 |
9.76 |
|
|
1999 |
701,018 |
6,609,968 |
7,310,986 |
10.61 |
|
|
2000 |
722,443 |
6,736,219 |
7,458,662 |
9.69 |
|
|
2001 |
747,165 |
6,841,971 |
7,589,136 |
9.85 |
|
|
2002 |
835,435 |
7,140,742 |
7,976,177 |
10.47 |
|
|
2003 |
866,825 |
7,383,810 |
8,250,635 |
10.51 |
|
|
Source:Audit Bureau of Circulation, Ministry of Information are Broadcasting, Govt. of Pakistan, May 2004. |
Annexure-6
Number of English Periodicals
|
Year |
Number of English Periodicals |
Total Number of Periodicals |
Percentage of English periodicals out of the total number of periodicals |
|
|
1994 |
152 |
3242 |
4.69 |
|
|
1995 |
180 |
3429 |
5.25 |
|
|
1996 |
162 |
3444 |
4.70 |
|
|
1997 |
368 |
4455 |
8.26 |
|
|
1998 |
215 |
1344 |
16.00 |
|
|
1999 |
215 |
1571 |
13.69 |
|
|
2000 |
150 |
815 |
18.40 |
|
|
2001 |
153 |
763 |
20.05 |
|
|
2002 |
163 |
720 |
22.64 |
|
|
2003 |
204 |
945 |
21.59 |
|
|
Source:Provincial Public Relations Department, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of Pakistan, may 2004. |
Annexure-7
Films Examined by the Central Board of Film Censors (2003)
|
Language of the Film |
Number |
Percentage out of the total |
|
|
*English |
34 |
40.96 |
|
|
Urdu |
18 |
21.69 |
|
|
Punjabi |
15 |
18.07 |
|
|
Pashto |
15 |
18.07 |
|
|
Other |
01 |
1.20 |
|
|
Total |
83 |
100 |
|
|
Source:Central Board of Film Censors, Govt. of Pakistan. |
|||
|
*Out of these 11 (13.25 per cent) were dubbed into Urdu. Others were to be shown in English without being dubbed. |
Annexure-8
Increase in O' and A' Level Candidates in 2001-2003 of the Cambridge Board of Examinations
|
Year |
Number of O' Level Candidates |
Number of A' Level Candidates |
|
|
2002 (June) |
10,139 |
5,459 |
|
|
2003 (June) |
12,669 |
6,984 |
|
|
Source:British Council, Islamabad, Pakistan, June 2004. |
|||
|
NB:Examinations are held in November and June. Besides the Cambridge Board, the London Board also conducts these examinations. |
Annexure-9
|
DIFFERENCES IN COSTS IN MAJOR TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (in Pakistani rupees) |
||||
|
Institution |
Average cost per student per year |
Payer (s) |
Cost to the state |
|
|
Madrassas |
5,714 (includes board and lodging) |
Philanthropists + religious organizations |
*Rs. 1.55 in 2001-02 an additional sum of Rs. 28.60 for subsidies on computers, books etc in some madrassas in 2003-04. |
|
|
Urdu-medium Schools |
2264.5 (only tuition) |
State |
2264.5 |
|
|
Elitist English medium schools |
96,000---for `A' level & 36,000 for other levels (only tuition) |
Parents |
None reported except subsidized land in some cantonments. |
|
|
Cadet colleges/public schools |
90,061 (tuition and all facilities). |
Parents + state (average of 6 cadet colleges + 1 public school |
14,171 (average of 5 cadet colleges only) |
|
|
*The cost per student per year in the madrassas is calculated for all 1,065,277 students reported in 2000. In 2001-02 a sum of Rs. 1,654,000 was given by the government to those madrassas which accepted financial help. In 2003-04 Rs. 30.45 million will be given in addition for computerization and modernization of textbooks. However, not all students receive this subsidy as their madrassas refuse government help (these figures are from IPS 2002: tables 1.17 and 1.19). Source:Data obtained from several institutions. |
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