Museum

In the same aisle lies Henry YII's mother, Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond. Her effigy, a bronze by Torrigiani, shows her in old age. She was known for her charitable works and for her intellect - she founded Christ's and St John's Colleges at Cambridge - and these activities are recorded in the inscription composed by Erasmus. Also in this aisle is the tomb of Margaret, Countess of Lennox.

THE CHAPEL OF ST EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, containing his shrine, lies east of the Sanctuary at the heart of the Abbey. It is closed off from the west by a stone screen, probably of fifteenth-century date, carved with scenes from the life of Edward the Confessor; it is approached from the east via a bridge from the Henry YII Chapel.

The shrine seen today within the chapel is only a ghost of its former self. It originally had three parts: a stone base decorated with Cosmati work, a gold feretory containing the saint's coffin, a canopy above which could be raised to reveal the feretory or lowered to protect it. Votive offerings of gold and jewels were given to enrich the feretory over the centuries. To this shrine came many pilgrims and the sick were frequently left beside it overnight in the hope of a cure. All this ceased at the Reformation The shrine was dismantled and stored by the monks; the gold feretory was taken away from them, but they were allowed to rebury the saint elsewhere in the Abbey.

It was during the reign of Mary I that a partial restoration of the shrine took place. The stone base was re-assembled; the coffin was placed, in the absence of a feretory, in the top part of the stone base and the canopy positioned on top. The Chapel has a Cosmati floor, similar to that before the High Altar, and a blank space in the design shows where the shrine once stood; it also indicates that the shrine was originally raised up on a platform, making the canopy visible beyond the western screen. The canopy of the shrine has recently been restored, and hopefully one day the rest of the shrine will also be restored.

And within the chapel can be seen the Coronation Chair and the tombs of five kings and four queens. At the eastern end is the tomb and Chantey Chapel of Henry Y, embellished with carvings including scenes of Henry Y's coronation. The effigy of the king once had a silver head and silver regalia, and was covered in silver regalia, and was covered in silver gilt, but this precious metal was stolen in 1546.

Eleanor of Castle, first wife of Edward I, lies beside the Chapel. Her body was carried to Westminster from Lincoln, a memorial cross being erected at each place where the funeral procession rested.

Beside her lies Henry III, responsible for the rebuilding of the Abbey, in a tomb of Purbeck marble. Next to his tomb is that of Edward I. Richard II and Anne of Bohemia, Edward III and Philippa of Hainnault, and Catherine de Valois, Henry Y's Queen, also lie in this chapel. THE SOUTH TRANSEPT is lit by a large rose window, with glass dating from 1902. Beneath it, in the angles above the right and left arches, are two of the finest carvings in the Abbey, depicting sensing angels. In addition to the many monuments there are two fine late thirteen-century wall-paintings, uncovered in 1936, to be seen by the door leading into St Faith's Chapel. They depict Christ showing his wounds to Doubting Thomas, and St Christopher. Beside the south wall rises the dormer staircase, once used by the monks going from their dormitory to the Choir for their night offices.

Poet's Corner

One of the most well-known parts of Westminster Abbey, Poet's Corner can be found in the south Transept. It was not originally designated as the burial place of writers, playwrights and poets; the first poet to be buried here, Geoffrey Chaucer, was laid to rest in Westminster Abbey because he had been Clerk of Works to the Palace of Westminster, not because he had written the Canterbury Tales. However, the inscription over his grave, placed there by William Caxton - the famous printer whose press was just beyond the transept wall - mentioned that he was a poet.

Over 150 years later, during the flowering of English literature in the sixteenth century, a more magnificent tomb was erected to Chaucer by Nicholas Brigham and in 1599 Edmund Spencer was laid to rest nearby. These two tombs began a tradition which developed over succeeding centuries.Burial or commemoration in the abbey did not always occur at or soon after the time of death - many of those whose monuments now stand here had to wait a number of years for recognition; Byron, for example, whose lifestyle caused a scandal although his poetry was much admired, died in 1824 but was finally given a memorial only in 1969. Even Shakespeare, buried at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1616, had to wait until 1740 before a monument, designed by William Kent, appeared in Poet's Corner. Other poets and writers, well-known in their own day, have now vanished into obscurity, with only their monuments to show that they were once famous.

Conversely, many whose writings are still appreciated today have never been memorialised in Poet's Corner, although the reason may not always be clear. Therefore a resting place or memorial in Poet's Corner should perhaps not be seen as a final statement of a writer or poet's literary worth, but more as a reflection of their public standing at the time of death - or as an indication of the fickleness of Fate.

Some of the most famous to lie here, in addition to those detailed on the next two pages include BenJonson, John Dryden, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning and John Masefield, among the poets, and William Camden, Dr Samuel Johnson, Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Rudyard Kipling and Thomas Hardy among the writers.

Charles Dickens's grave attracts particular interest. As a writer who drew attention to the hardships born by the socially deprived and who advocated the abolition of the slave trade, he won enduring fame and gratitude and today, more than 110 years later, a wreath is still laid on his tomb on the anniversary of his death each year.

Those who have memorials here, although they are buried elsewhere, include among the poets John Milton, William Wordworth, Thomas Gray, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Robert Burns, William Blake, T.S. Eliot and among the writers Samuel Butler, Jane Austen, Oliver Goldsmith, Sir Walter Scott, John Ruskin, Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte and Henry James.

By no means all those buried in the South Transept are poets or writers, however. Several of Westminster's former Deans, Archdeacons, Prebendaries and Canons lie here, as do John Keble, the historian Lord Macaulay, actors David Garrick, Sir Henry Irving and Mrs Hannah Pritchard, and, among many others, Thomas Parr, who was said to be 152 years of age when he died in 1635, having seen ten sovereigns on the throne during his long life.

Coronations in Westminster Abbey

Coronation has taken place at Westminster since at least 1066, when William the Conqueror arrived in London after his victory at the battle of Hastings. Whether or not Harold, his predecessor as monarch, had been crowned in Edward the Confessor's Abbey is uncertain - coronations do not seem to have had a fixed location before 1066, though several monarchs were crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames, where the King's Stone still exists - but William was determined to reinforce his victory, which gave him the right to rule by conquest, with the sacred hallowing of his sovereignty which the coronation ceremony would give him. He was crowned in the old Abbey - then recently completed and housing Edward the Confessor's body- on Christmas Day 1066.

The service to-day has four parts: first comes the Introduction ,consisting of: the entry of the Sovereign into the Abbey; the formal recognition of the right of the Sovereign to rule - when the Archbishop presents the Sovereign to the congregation and asks them if they agree to the service proceeding, and they respond with an assent; the oath, when the Sovereign promises to respect and govern in accordance with the lows of his or her subjects and to uphold the Protestant reformed Church of England and Scotland; and the presentation of the Bible to the Sovereign, to be relied on as the source of all wisdom and low. Secondly, the Sovereign is anointed with holy oil, seated on the Coronation Chair. Thirdly, the Sovereign is invested with the royal robes and insignia, then crowned with St Edward's crown. The final ceremony consists of the enthronement of the Sovereign on a throne placed on a raised platform, bringing him or her into full view of the assembled company for the first time, and there he or she receives the homage of the Lords Spiritual, the Lords Temporal and the congregation, representing the people of the realm.The service has changed little - English replaced Latin as the main language used during the ceremony following Elizabeth Ist coronation, and from 1689 onwards the coronation ceremony has been set within a service of Holy Communion although indeed this was a return to ancient custom rather than the creation of a new precedent).

Coronations have not always followed an identical pattern. Edward YI, for example, was crowned no less than three times, with three different crowns placed in turn upon his head; while at Charles I's coronation there was a misunderstanding and, instead of the congregational assent following the Recognition Question, there was dead silence, the congregation having finally to be told to respond - an ill omen for the future, as it turned out. Charles II's coronation, following on the greyness of the puritan Commonwealth, was a scene of brilliant colour and great splendour. As the old regalia had been destroyed, replacements were made for the ceremony, and the clergy were robed in rich red copes - the same copes are still used in the Abbey.

George IY saw his coronation as an opportunity for a great theatrical spectacle and spent vast sums of money on it. He wore an auburn wig with ringlets, with a huge plumed hat on top, and designed his own robes for the procession into the Abbey. After the coronation, because Queen Caroline had been forcibly excluded from the ceremony, the crowds in the streets were extremely hostile to him and he had to return to Carlton House by an alternative route.

In complete contrast, William IY took a lot of persuading before he would agree to have a coronation at all, and the least possible amount of money was spent no it - giving it the name the «penny coronation». Despite his dislike of extravagant show and ceremony, he still brought a slightly theatrical touch to the scene by living up to his nickname of the «sailor king» and appearing , when disrobed for the Anointing, in the full-dress uniform of an Admiral of the Fleet.

The last three coronations have demonstrated continuing respect for the religious significance of the ceremony and recognition of the importance of such a public declaration by Sovereign of his or her personal dedication to the service of the people.

At the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953, for the first time the service was televised and millions of her subjects could see and hear the ceremony taking place. It is possible that few watching realised just how far back into history the roots of that historic ceremony starched, and how little fundamental change had occurred over the centuries.



List of words

Mention - упоминание

Stock- хранилище

Masterpiece- шедевр

Mankind -человечество

Satisfy -удовлетворять

Aesthetic -эстетический

To be in touch with- быть в контакте c

Script -рукопись

Humdrum -суета

Acquire -обретать

Rank among- быть в ряду

ctake up- поглощать

Stretch -простираться

Arrangement -расположение

Fabulous- сказочный

Span -миг,пролет

Applied art- прикладное искусство

Enamel -эмаль

Lace -кружево

Ivory- слоновая кость

Excavation -раскопки

Scope- размах

Accessible- доступный

Merchant- купец

Purchase- покупка

Favourable -благоприятный

Due to the care -благодаря заботе

Fill up- заполнять

Gap- пробел

Deficiencies- недостаток

Accumulation- накопление

At smb's disposal- в чьем-либо распоряжении

Portraiture- портретная живопись

Landscape- пейзажp

Otteryware -фарфор

Possess -обладать

Vanquish- преодолевать

Presumably- вероятно

Gain -получать

Vividness -очевидность

Merge- граничить

Ascribe- приписывать

Reflect- отражать

Spirit- дух

Permanent- постоянный

Rapidly -быстро

Intrinsic -присущий

Amass- собирать

Hereby- при сем

Distinctive -очевидный

Intend- намереваться

Palatial- дворцовый

Carry out- осуществлять

Substitute- заменять

Scheme- схема

Throng -трон

Lavish -щедрый

Wing- крыло

Lay out -располагать

Ill-fated -несчастливый

Attempt -попытка

Mulberry tree -шелковица

Dignity- достоинство

Suitor- поклонник

Eccentrisity- эксцентричность

Remedy- лекарство

Chain of fortification -цепь укреплений

Access -доступ

Proximity- близость

Timber- строевой лес

Alteration -перемена, изменение

Improvement- улучшени

Еreddent of chivalry- носитель рыцарства

Non-metropolitan -нестоличный

Austerity- строгость

Sequence- последовательность

Wainscot- обшивка

Inspiration вдохновение

Marble мрамор

Association- ассоциация

Inherit- наследовать

Apogee- апогей

Reorient- переориентировать

Legitimate -законный

Descendant- потомок

Spiritual -духовный

Inlaid -инкрустированный

Depict- описывать, отражать

Disuse -неупотребление

Subsequent- последовательный

Monk -монах

Consecration -посвящение

Burial -погребение

Demolish- разрушать

Shrine- храм

Reerect- перестроить

Clumsy- неуклюжий

Fan-vaulting- веерный свод

Predecessor -предшественник

Buttress- опора

Underneath -под

Grave- могила

Chaplain- капеллан

Confer- присуждать

Bequeath- завещать

Intricate- сложный

Embelish- украшать

Effigy- портрет

Regalia -регалия

Depict- отражать

Dormitory- спальня

Commemoration- память

Occur at -иметь место

Вvanished -исчезнувший

Obsqurity -препятствие

Deprive -лишать

Abolition- уничтожение

Reinforce -укреплять

Conquest -завоевание

Sovereignty- монархия

Accordance -соответствие

Insignia- знаки различия

Congregation -община

Realm -власть



EXERCISES

Exercises 1.

Choose the correct definition to the following:

1. Take up a) careful study or investigation, esp.in order to discover nnew facts or information

2. Due to sth or sb

b) To become or make sth completely full

3. Fill up

c) To fill or occupy an amount of space or time

4. Research on

d)caused by sth,sb; because of sth,sb.

5. Carry out

e) to do sth,as required or specified; to fulfil sth.

Exercise 2.

Make all the changes necessary to produce five sentences:

I. /The collections/ are distributed/ and/ possessed/ by/ among/ departments/ over forty/ exhibition/ the museum/ its/ permanent/ seven/.

2. /An important/ the museum/ part/ is taken by/ collection/ among/ the numismatic/ possessions/.

3. /The aquisitionn of complete/of individual works/ in the 19th/ the previous/ century/ period/ was continued/ but/ collections/ of art/ and/ on a more modest scale/ during/ than/.

4. /The Hermitage/ section/ of the very/ on the Continent/ contains/ for / pictures/ is/ which/ a special/ few/ English/ one/.5. /Joshua Reynolds/ all/ in/ by/ is/ 1780s/ represented/ the/ canvases/ painted/ four/.



Exercise 3.

Fill in the blanks with the following pronouns: in of from on by

1. The collection has no paintings __ William Hogarth, but some __ his prints selected ___ a large and representative collection possessed __ the Museum are usually ___ show.2. The State Hermitage __ St Petersburg ranks among the world's most outstanding art museums.3. The Museum numbers among its treasures monuments __ ancient Greece and Rome and those__ the Greek settlements __ the North coast __ the Black Sea.4. Most helpful __ the Museum's research work is the Hermitage Library.5. It is open to every student __ art.6. A number __ 17th -18th century works are __ show too.



EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

Choose the correct sentence:

1. a/ The Tretiakov Gallery was founded by a Russian painter - Tretiakov.b/The Tretiakov Gallery was founded by a Moscow merchant and art patron - Tretiakov.

2. a/ The Gallery's centenary was widely celebrated throughout Russia in June 1956.

b/ The Gallery's centenary was widely celebrated throughout Russia in May 1856.

3. a/ The Gallery's collection has grown considerably in the years since the Revolution.

b/ The Gallery's collection has not grown since the Revolution.

4. a/ The early Russian Art department and the collections of sculpture and drawings were constant.

b/The early Rassian Art department and the collections of scylpture and drawings were enlarged.

5. a/ Tretiakov spent his life collecting the works of Russian painters.b/Tretiakov spent 10 years collecting the works of Russiann painters.

Exercise 2.

Read the informatuion about the Tretiakov Gallery and answer the following questions:

1. Is the Tretiakov Gallery one of the best-known picture galleries of the world? Why?

2. What do you know about the history of the Tretiakov Gallery?

3. Who was it founded by?

4. When and how did Tretiakov begin his collection?

5. Did he collect antique icons?

6. He was on friendly terms with many progressive, democratic Russian painters, wasn't he?

7. Why did his collection grow rapidly?

8. What pictures do you know from the Tretiakov Gallery?

9. What do you know about the Tretiakov Gallery's collection of «Peredvizniki»?10.What were the first pictures of Tretiakov's collection?



EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence:

1. Buckingham Palace is the official /residence, home/ of the Her Majesty The Queen.

2. The Queen's House was gradually /ruined, modernised/.

3. John Nash had rightly /predicted, promised/ that the Palace would prove too small, but this was a fault capable of remedy.

4. In 1847 the architect Edward Blore /added, took away/ the East front.

5. It /isn't, is/ the centre of a large office complex.

6. The business of monarchy /sometimes, never/ stops.

7. Buckingham Palace became the /administrative, juriditial/ centre of the monarchy.

8. Buckingham Palace /is, was/ built for Jihn, first Duke of Buckingham, between 1702 and 1705.

9. The director of the Royal Collection is /responsible, look after/ for one of the finest collections of works of art in the world.

10. The Royal collection is a vast assemblage of works of art of all /sizes, kinds/

Exercise 2.

Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions and use them in your own sentences:

1. Potent symbols

2. Carry out

3. Suitor

4. Predict

5. Coronation

6. Ill-fated

7. Dignity

8. Eccentricity

9. Accredit

10. Require



EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

True or false?

1. Windsor Castle is the youngest royal residence.

2. The Castle covers an area of nearly 30 acres.

3. The Castle was founded by William the Conqueror in 1080.

4. Norman castles were built to a special plan.

5. Queen Victoria spent the smallest part of a year at Windsor.

6. St George's Chapel is the spiritual home of of the Prodder of the Garter, Britain's senior Order of Chivalry.

7. Windsor is only the place of beauty without any functions.

8. St George is the patron saint of the Order.

9. The Valley Gardens are open only in summer.

10. The vaulted ceiling of the Albert Memorial Chapel is decorated in gold mosaic by Antonio Salviati.

Exercise 2.

Fill in the blanks with the correct tense forms of the verbs in brackets:

In many ways Windsor Castle ____ (enjoy) its apogee in the reign of Queen Victoria. She ____ (spend) the largest portion of every year at Windsor, and in her reign it ____ (enjoy) the position of principal palace of the British monarchy and the focus of the British Empire as well as nearly the whole of the royal Europe. The Castle____(visit) by heads of state from all over the world and ___(be) the scene of a series of splendid state ____ (use) for their original purpose by royal guests.



Exercise 3.

Retell the text about St George's Chapel using the following: spiritual home; founded by; medieval style; to bury; represented by.



EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

Give Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions from the text about Westminster Abbey and use them in sentences of your own:

1. Reerect

2. Clumsy

3. Grave

4. Intricate

5. The domer staircase

6. Commemoration

7. Abolition

8. Conquest

9. Congregation

10. An auburn wig

Exercise 2.

Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions: of on from for by

1. Westminster Abbey is one __ the most famous, historic and widely visited churches not only ___ Britain but ___ the whole Christian world.

2. ___ 1920 the body ___ another unknown soldier was brought back ___ the battlefields to be reburied ___ the Abbey ___ 11 November.

3. The Henry YII Chapel, beyond the apse, was begun ___ 1503 as a bural place ___ Henry YII, ___ the orders ___ Henry YII, but it was Henry YII himself who was finally buried here, ___ an elaborate tomb.

4. At the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II ___1953, ___ the first time the service was televised and millions ___ her subjects could see and hear the ceremony taking place.

5. The last three coronations have demonstrated continuing respect ___ the religious significance ___ ceremony and recognition ___ the importance ___ such a public declaration ___ sovereign ___ his or her personal dedication to the service ___ the people.

Exercise 3.

Answer the following questions:

1. Why is Westminster Abbey so popular not only in Britain but in the whole world?

2. When was the Lady Chapel rebuilt as the magnificent Henry YII Chapel?

3. The Nave was begun by Abbot Litlington, wasn't it?

4. What was originally the part of the Abbey where the monks worshiped?

5. Where does the High Altar stand?

6. Who was the first poet buried in the Abbey?

7. What do you know about processes of coronation today?

8. Have coronations always followed an identical pattern?

9. Who was crowened no less than three times?

10. What was special in the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II?

World's painters

Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519, an Italian painter

Manet 1832-1883, a French painter

Michelangelo 1475-1564, an Italian sculptor, painter, poet

Millet 1814-1875, a French painter

Monet 1840-1926, a French painter

Murillo 1617-1682, a Spanish painter

Phidias 5th cent. BC, a Greek sculptor

Pissaro 1830-1903, a French painter

Potter 1625-1654, a Dutch painter

Raphael 1483-1520, an Italian painter

Rembrandt 1606-1669, a Dutch painter

Reynolds 1841-1919, an English painter

Roerich 1874-1947, a Russian painter

Rubens 1577-1640, a Flemish painter

Sargent 1856-1925, an American painter

Scott, Gilbert 1811-1878, an English architect Show,

Norman 1831-1912, an English architect

Titian 1477-1576, an Italian painter

Turner 1775-1881, an English landscape painter

Van Der Helst 1613-1676, a Dutch portrait painter

Van Gogh 1853-1890, a Dutch painterVasari 1511-1571, an Italian painter and art historian

Velasques 1599-1660, a Spanish painter

Whistler 1834-1903, an American painter

Zurbaran 1598-1662, a Spanish painter